Y

30 kN
Stiffness Method (Frame Example)
faculty.ksu.edu.sa/aldeghaither/.../Stiffness%20Methodex.doc 3
3m
Analyze the frame shown using Stiffness method. 2
20 kN
E is constant for all members.
2
Section properties:

member Area Moment of 1 5m

Inertia* 1
1 A I
1 X
2 1.5A 3.5I
1
4m
* A=0.04 m2 , I=0.0004/3 m4  A=300I

(I) Member stiffness Matrices in Global coordinates:

(1) Member 1: i-node=1, j-node=2, L= 5 m, 5

x j  xi y j  yi 5  0 j= 2 4
00 6
c  cos  x    0, s  sin  x   1
L 5 L 5
1
EA 12 EI 6 EI
a  0.2 EA  60 EI , d  3  0.096 EI , e  2  0.24 EI , 1
L L L 2
4 EI 2 EI
f   0.8EI , g   0.4 EI . i= 1 1
L L 3

K 11  a c 2  d s 2  0.096 EI , K 12  (a  d )c s  0, K 13  e s  0.24 EI
K 22  a s  d c  60 EI , K 23  e c  0
2 2

K 33  f  0.8 EI

Coord. #
1 2 3 4 5 6
 0.096 0  0.24  0.096  0  0.24 1
 0 60 0 0  60 0 
 2
  0.24 0 0.8 0.24 0 0.4  3
[ K ]1  EI  
 0.096 0 0.24 .096 0 0.24  4 (See Stiffness Handout)
 0  60 0 0 60 0  5
 
  0.24 0 0.4 0.24 0 0.8  6
6
 (2) Member 2: i-node=2, j-node=3, L= 5 m,

x j  xi 40 y j  yi 85
c  cos  x    0.8, s  sin  x    0.3
L 5 L 5
E (1.5 A) 12 E (3.5I ) 6 E (3.5I )
a  0.3EA  90 EI , d  3
 0.336 EI , e   0.84 EI ,
L L L2
4 E (3.5I ) 2 E (3.5I ) 8
f   2.8EI , g   1.4 EI .
L L 7
9
j= 3
5 2
1
i= 2 4 Coord. #
6

4 5 6 7 8 9
 K11  a c 2  d s 2  57.7210 EI   57.7210 43.0387 - 0.5040 - 57.721 - 43.0387 - 0.5040  4
   43.0387
 K12  (a  d )c s  43.0387   32.6150 0.6720 43.0387 - 32.6150 0.6720  5
 K13  e s  0.5040 EI   - 0.5040 0.6720 2.8000 0.5040 - 0.6720 1.4000  6
   [ K ] 2  EI  
 K 22  a s 2  d c 2  32.6150 EI   - 57.7210 - 43.0387 0.5040 57.7210 43.0387 0.5040  7
   - 43.0387 - 0.6720 43.0387 32.6150 - 0.6720
 K 23  e c  0.6720
- 32.6150 8
  
 K 33  f  2.8EI   - 0.5040 0.6720 1.4000 0.5040 - 0.6720 2.8000  9

(II) Structure Stiffness Matrix (Global Stiffness Matrix):

[ K ]99  [ K ]1  [ K ]2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.096 0 -0.24 -0.096 0 -0.24 1
0 60 0 0 -60 0 2
-0.24 0 0.8 0.24 0 0.4 3
-0.096 0 0.24 0.096+ 0+ 0.24+
4
57.721 43.0387 -0.504 -57.721 -43.0387 -0.504
=EI  0 -60 0 0+ 60+ 0+
5
43.0387 32.615 0.672 -43.0387 -32.615 0.672
-0.24 0 0.4 0.24+ 0+ 0.8+
6
-0.504 0.672 2.8 0.504 -0.672 1.4
-57.721 -43.0387 0.504 57.721 43.0387 0.504 7
-43.0387 -32.615 -0.672 43.0387 32.615 -0.672 8
-0.504 0.672 1.4 0.504 -0.672 2.8 9
 or

0.0960 0 - 0.24 - 0.0960 0 - 0.2400 0 0 0 

 0 60.0 0 0 - 60.0 0 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.240 0 0.8000 0.2400 0 0.4000 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.096 0 0.2400 57.8170 43.0387 - 0.264 - 57.721 - 43.0387 - 0.504 
[ K ]  EI  0 - 60.0 0 43.0387 92.6150 0.672 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 0.672 
 
 - 0.24 0 0.4000 - 0.2640 0.6720 3.600 0.504 - 0.6720 1.400 
 0 0 0 - 57.7210 - 43.0387 0.504 57.7210 43.0387 0.504 
 
 0 0 0 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 - 0.672 43.0387 32.6150 - 0.672 
 0 2.8000 
 0 0 - 0.5040 0.6720 1.400 0.5040 - 0.6720
0.0960 0 - 0.24 - 0.0960 0 - 0.2400 0 0 0 
 0 60.0 0 0 - 60.0 0 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.240 0 0.8000 0.2400 0 0.4000 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.096 0 0.2400 57.8170 43.0387 - 0.264 - 57.721 - 43.0387 - 0.504 
[ K ]  EI  0 - 60.0 0 43.0387 92.6150 0.672 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 0.672 
 
 - 0.24 0 0.4000 - 0.2640 0.6720 3.600 0.504 - 0.6720 1.400 
 0 0 0 - 57.7210 - 43.0387 0.504 57.7210 43.0387 0.504 
 
 0 0 0 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 - 0.672 43.0387 32.6150 - 0.672 
 0 2.8000 
 0 0 - 0.5040 0.6720 1.400 0.5040 - 0.6720
0.0960 0 - 0.24 - 0.0960 0 - 0.2400 0 0 0 
 0 60.0 0 0 - 60.0 0 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.240 0 0.8000 0.2400 0 0.4000 0 0 0 
 
 - 0.096 0 0.2400 57.8170 43.0387 - 0.264 - 57.721 - 43.0387 - 0.504 
[ K ]  EI  0 - 60.0 0 43.0387 92.6150 0.672 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 0.672 
 
 - 0.24 0 0.4000 - 0.2640 0.6720 3.600 0.504 - 0.6720 1.400 
 0 0 0 - 57.7210 - 43.0387 0.504 57.7210 43.0387 0.504 
 
 0 0 0 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 - 0.672 43.0387 32.6150 - 0.672 
 0 2.8000 
 0 0 - 0.5040 0.6720 1.400 0.5040 - 0.6720

(III) Force Vector {F}

{F}91 ={F0}-{FE}
where

{F0} = vector of nodal forces ,

and
{FE} = vector of equivalent end forces (fixed end forces and moments due to span loadings.)
For our problem;

{F0}={F1, F2, …,F9}T = {Fx1, Fy1, Mz1, 20, 0 , 0, Fx3, Fy3, Mz3}T

Fixed End Moments and Forces:

Span 2 is loaded with concentrated load acting at its middle. The fixed end forces in member lcs are
calculated as shown below:

F
 f x1   9  fe6 =-15 kN.m fe4 =9 kN
f   12 
 y1    30 kN
 M 1   15  24 kN
 fe2     (in member local coordinate s ) 18 kN
 f x2   9 
 f y2   12  fe5 =12 kN
   
M 2   15
fe3 =15 kN.m

fe1 =9 kN
fe2 =12 kN

Member 2

Coord. #
Fixed End Forces In global coordinates:

0.8  0.6 0 0 0 0  9   0  4
0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0  12   15  5

0 0 1 0 0 0  15   15  6
FE 2  T 2 T  fe 2    
0 0 0 0.8  0.6 0  9   0  7
0 0 0 0.6 0.8 0  12   15  8
    
 0 0 0 0 0 1  15  15 9

The Global load vector becomes:

Unkown forces and

moents (Reactions)
 F1   Fx1   0   Fx1   1   0 
F   F   0   F     0 
 2   y1     y1   2  
   M 1   0   M 1      0 
            Unkown d.o.f.
   20   0   20     x 2 
           
     0    15     15  The global disp. vector        y 2 
   0   15    15     
           
   Fx 3   0   Fx 3     0 
   F          
   y 3   15   Fy 3  15    0 
 F9  M 3   15 M 3  15  9   0 

The global stiffness equation: [K]{}={F}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.0960 0 - 0.24 - 0.0960 0 - 0.2400 0 0 0   0   Fx1 1

 0 60.0 0 0 - 60.0 0 0 0 0  0   F 2
    y1 
 - 0.240 0 0.8000 0.2400 0 0.4000 0 0 0   0   M 1 3
    
 - 0.096 0 0.2400 57.8170 43.0387 - 0.264 - 57.721 - 43.0387 - 0.504   x 2   20 4
   
EI  0 - 60.0 0 43.0387 92.6150 0.672 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 0.672   y 2     15 5
 
 - 0.24 0 0.4000 - 0.2640 0.6720 3.600 0.504 - 0.6720 1.400   2    15 6
   
 0 0 0 - 57.7210 - 43.0387 0.504 57.7210 43.0387 0.504   0   Fx 3 7
 
 0 0 0 - 43.0387 - 32.6150 - 0.672 43.0387 32.6150 - 0.672   0   Fy 3  158
 0 2.8000   0  M 3  159
 0 0 - 0.5040 0.6720 1.400 0.5040 - 0.6720

(Eq. I)

Solution of Stiffness Equations

After applying the boundary conditions, the stiffness matrix equation in free coordinates is

57.817 43.0387  0.2640  x 2   20 

   
EI  92.615 0.672   y 2    15
 3.60    2   15

which have the solution

 x 2   0.6517 
  1  
 y 2    0.4355
   EI  4.0376
 2   
Support Reactions are found by back substituting in equation in (Eq. I) above:

 Fx1   0.9065 
 F   26.13 
 y1   
 M 1    1.459 
  
 Fx 3    20.91
 Fy 3   3.87 
   
M 3   21.27 

Local effect (end shear forces and Moments in each member) can be obtained by substituting the
displacement results in the member stiffness equations.

Typical Computer Output:

NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
node x-disp. y-disp. z-rotation
1 000 000 000
2 6.517e-001 -4.355e-001 -4.038e+000
3 000 000 000

SUPPORT REACTIONS
supp. x-reac y-reac z-reac
1 9.065e-001 2.613e+001 -1.459e+000
3 -2.091e+001 3.870e+000 -2.127e+001

MEMBER FORCES:
MEM. END SHEAR FORCES END MOMENTS END AXIAL FORCES
I-NODE J-NODE I-NODE J-NODE I-NODE J-NODE
1 -9.065e-001 9.065e-001 -1.459e+000 -3.074e+000 2.613e+001 -2.613e+001
2 8.360e+000 1.564e+001 3.074e+000 -2.127e+001 3.240e+001 -1.440e+001