Students’ Handbook

B.Tech

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Semester-VII

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
(Affiliated With)
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

Mission and Vision of the Institute

Vision of the institute

To become a source of technology and start an Incubation Centre for entrepreneurs resulting in

this region developing into a vibrant industrial hub with many startup companies dealing with

new technology.

Mission of the institute

1. To impart quality engineering education to students through quality teaching, hands on

training, and applied research in practical and product oriented projects.

2. To impart such education that passing out students are ready with good theoretical and

practical knowledge to suite the current need of industry.

3. To expose students to applied research, especially the fact that research does not require

much money but does require great persistence.

4. To sow the seed of entrepreneurship in them so that our engineers become job providers

and not job seekers.

5. To train students as a complete person through extracurricular activities and with an

exposure to a transparent system based on ethics so that they believe that a successful
institution and a successful business can be run with ethics without corruption.

Mission and Vision of the Department

Vision of the Department

Vision of the department is to impart the students of Electronics and Communication engineering

quality teaching embedded with updated and upgraded technical knowledge based on research

and innovations by practical hands on training.

Mission of the Department

1. To make students capable to convert theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge.

2. To frame the students to follow heuristic approach i.e. learning while doing.

3. To impart the knowledge among students to have practical hands on latest software and

technical tools.

4. To inculcate students with hard skills and soft skills.

Programme Educational Objectives

The department has defined its PEOs, which are described as below.

1. To impart to the students knowledge in basic sciences, engineering sciences and humanities

to understand the societal context of engineering.

2. To impart technology based engineering education to students for developing their analytical

skills leading to optimization in system design.

3. To make students capable to be effective in multidisciplinary and diverse professional

environments so that they become capable to work with product based projects through

applied research.

4. To make students capable to function as an individual or as a part of a team, therefore,

enhancing their leadership and cooperative abilities to fulfill the needs of industry, locally

and globally.

5. To develop the desire to keep learning throughout life and a passion towards modern

technical engineering tools for understanding professional and ethical standards.

6. To motivate students to serve and to benefit the society in a constructive manner by

developing soft skills and hard skills in them through training of teachers.

List of Programme Outcomes

1. Knowledge of basic sciences, humanities and engineering.

2. Identify, formulate and analyze to solve complex engineering problems.

3. Capable to design and integrate the systems.

4. Able to work as an individual and in multidisciplinary team.

5. An ability to engage in life-long learning.

6. Ability to communicate effectively.

7. Knowledge of latest design tools.

8. To design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and understand data.

9. Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental,

and societal context.

10. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary

for engineering practice.

11. To design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability

Bachelor of Technology (Electronics and Communication Engg.)

Scheme of Courses/Examination
(7th Semester)
Sl. Course Subject Teaching Schedule Examination Schedule Duration
No No. (Marks) of Exam
. L T P/ Tot Th Ses P/V Tot (Hours)
D s V
1 ------- Departmental Elective-I 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3
2 ------- Departmental Elective-II 3 2 - 5 100 50 - 150 3
3 ECE-401E VLSI Design 3 2 - 5 100 50 - 150 3
4 ECE-403E Television Engineering 4 1 - 5 100 50 - 150 3
5 ECE-405E Optical Communication 4 1 - 5 100 50 - 150 3
6 ECE-407E Microwave Engineering 3 2 - 5 100 50 - 150 3
7 ECE-409E Digital Signal Processing 3 3 50 25 75 3
(Pr)
8 ECE-411E Minor Project - - 3 3 - 75 50 125 3
10 ECE-413E Practical Training Report - - - - 75 - 75 -
Total 20 9 6 35 600 500 75 1175

DEPARTMENTAL ELECTIVES-I
ECE-415E Micro-controllers
ECE-417E Bio-medical Signal Processing
ECE-419E Reliability
ECE-421E Nanotechnology

DEPARTMENTAL ELECTIVES-II

ECE-423E Advanced Microprocessors

ECE-425E Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
ECE-427E Power Electronics

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
Subject : Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-425E Lecture per Week :3
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :2
Sessional Marks : 50 Practical :-

SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
Introduction: - Definition of AI, evolution of Computing, History of AI, Classical, Romantic and Modern period,
subject area, Architecture of AI machines, logic family, conclusion.
Production System: - Production rules, the working memory, Recognize-act cycle, conflict resolution strategies,
refractoriness, Regency, specificity, alternative approach for conflict resolution, Architecture of production system,
conclusion.
UNIT-II
Prepositional Logic: - Proposition, tautologies, Theorem proving in prepositional logic, Semantic method of theorem
proving, forward chaining, backward chaining, standard theorems in prepositional logic, method of substitution,
theorem proving using Wang’s algorithm, conclusion.
Predicate Logic: - Alphabet of First order logic (FOL), predicate, well formed formula, clause form, algorithm for
writing sentence into clause form, inflict of predicates, unification algorithm, resolution Robinson’s inference rule,
conclusion.
UNIT-III
Logic Programming and Prolog: - Logic program, Horn clause, program for scene interpretation, unification of
goals, definite perform clause, SLD resolution, SLD tree, controlling back tracking, common use of cut,
implementation of backtracking using stack, risk of using cuts, fail predicate, application of cut-fail combination,
replace cut-fail by not, conclusion.
Default & Non monotonic reasoning: - Axiomatic theory, non-atomic reasoning using NML-I, problems with NML-
I, reasoning with NML-II, truth maintenance system with example, conclusion.
UNIT-IV
Imprecision & Uncertainty: - Definition, Probabilistic technicians, Fuzzy reasoning, certainty factor based reasoning
conditional probability, Baye’s Theorem and its limitations, Bayesian belief network, propagation of belief,
Dempster-Shafer theory of uncertainty management, belief interval, Fuzzy ration, inverse Fuzzy relations, Fuzzy
post inverse, Fuzzy Inversion scope of neural network, EX-OR classifier, clustering by neural network, function
approximation by neural net, retrieval of content, Fuzzy association memory, cognitive reasoning using fuzzy neural
net, Hebbian learning, stability analysis.
Intelligent Search Technique: - Heuristic function, AND-OR graph, Heuristic search, A* algorithm and examples.
Suggested Book:
1. E.Charniak & D. McDermott , Introduction to Artificial Intelligence , Addison Wesley Longman.

LECTURE PLAN
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC
No.
L-1. Introduction: - Definition of AI, evolution of Computing
L-2 History of AI, Classical, Romantic and Modern period
L-3 subject area, Architecture of AI machines,, logic family, conclusion
L-4 Production System: - Production rules, the working memory, Recognize-act cycle,
L-5 Conflict resolution strategies, refractoriness, Regency, specificity
L-6 Alternative approach for conflict resolution, Architecture of production system
L-7 Revision of 1ST UNIT
L-8 Prepositional Logic: - Proposition, tautologies, Theorem proving in prepositional logic
L-9 Semantic method of theorem proving
L-10 Forward chaining, backward chaining
L-11 Standard theorems in prepositional logic, method of substitution
L-12 Theorem proving using Wang’s algorithm
L-13 Predicate Logic: - Alphabet of First order logic (FOL) predicate, well formed formula
L-14 Clause form, algorithm for writing sentence into clause form,
L-15 Inflict of predicates, unification algorithm
L-16 Resolution Robinson’s inference rule, conclusion.
L-17 Logic program, Horn clause,Program for scene interpretation
L-18 Unification of goals, definite perform clause
L-19 SLD resolution, SLD tree, controlling backtracking, Common use of cut
L-20 Implementation of backtracking using stack,Risk of using cuts, fail predicate
L-21 Application of cut-fail combination, replace cut-fail by not, conclusion.
L-22 Default & Non monotonic reasoning: - Axiomatic theory, non-atomic reasoning using NML-I,
NML-II
L-23 Truth maintenance system with example, conclusion
L-24 Imprecision & Uncertainty: - Definition, Probabilistic technicians,
L-25 Fuzzy reasoning, certainty, factor based reasoning conditional probability
L-26 Baye’s Theorem and its limitations, Bayesian belief network, propagation of belief
L-27 Dempster-Shafer theory of uncertainty management, belief interval
L-28 Fuzzy ration, inverse Fuzzy relations, Fuzzy post inverse, Fuzzy Inversion scope of
neural network
L-29 EX-OR classifier, clustering by neural network, function approximation by
neural net, retrieval of content
L-30 Fuzzy association memory, cognitive reasoning using fuzzy
neural net, Hebbian learning, stability analysis.
L-31 Intelligent Search Technique: - Heuristic function, AND-OR graph, Heuristic search
L-32 A* algorithm and examples

Tutorial sheet 1
1. Explain the History and Evolution of AI.
2. Give the architecture of production systems.
3. Give and explain the search algorithms for AI.
4. Give the various disciplines of AI.
5. Discuss the evolution of computing.
Tutorial sheet 2
1. Explain the recognize-act cycle.
2. Give the architecture of production systems.
3. Explain the following conflict resolution strategies:
4. What is the production system? In the context of a production system explain the following
(a) Production rules.
(b) working memory.
5. Discuss conflict resolution strategies.
Tutorial sheet 3
1. Prove that resolution theorem is complete.
2. What do you mean by production rules and working memory? What is the need of interpreter?
3. Explain the semantic method of theorem proving.
4. Discuss of history of AI and architecture of production system.
5. Explain propositional logic and theorem proving in propositional logic.

Tutorial sheet 4
1. Explain and prove the contraposition theorem using method of substitution.
2. Explain the syntactic method of theorem proving.
3. Write the following sentences in FOL.
4. Explain the Robinson inference rule.
5. Explain the semantic method of theorem proving.
Tutorial sheet 5
1. Explain the truth maintenance system (TMS) in detail.
2. What is the use of CUT predicate. What is the risk of using cuts.
3. Give the difference between monotonic and non monotonic reasoning.
4. Explain non monotonic reasoning NML I in detail. What are the drawbacks of NML I.
5. What is predicate logic and alphabet of first order logic.

Tutorial sheet 6
1. Write typical format of prolog program taking help of a classroom where a teacher writes on a board and at
least one student sits on a bench in the class-hour and time is equal to class-hour.
2. How non-monotonic reasoning is achieved through NML?
3. What is the use of NOT predicate.
4. Explain implementation of backtracking using stack.
5. What is WFF. Discuss the algorithm for writing the sentences into clause form.

Tutorial sheet 7
1. Explain the A * algorithm.
2. What is Heuristic search on AND OR graph.
3. Give the properties of heuristic function.
4. Give the baye’s theorem. Also give its limitations.
5. Discuss unification of algorithm with example.

Tutorial sheet 8
1. Explain how backtracking is done with the help of an example.
2. Write a short note on clustering of neural network.
3. Explain Best first search.
4. Explain robinson’s inference rule with example.
5. Discuss forward chaining and backward chaining method.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
Subject : MICROCONTROLLERS Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-415E Lecture per Week :3
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :1
Sessional Marks : 50 Practical :

SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION: Comparing Microprocessors and Microcontroller. Technological trends in micro controllers
development. Survey of micro controllers- 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit micro controllers. Applications of
microcontrollers.
UNIT-II
8051 ARCHITECTURE: Block diagram, pin diagram of 8051. Functional descriptions of internal units, registers,
PSW, internal RAM, ROM, stack, oscillator and clock. I/O pins, ports and circuits connecting external memory.
Counters and timers. Serial data interrupt. Serial data transmission/reception and transmission modes. Timer flag
interrupt. External interrupt, software generated interrupts. External memory and memory space decoding,
expanding I/Os, memory mapped I/O, reset and clock circuits.
UNIT-III
8051 INSTRUCTION SET AND PROGRAMMING: 8051 instruction syntax, addressing modes, data transfer
instructions, logical instructions, arithmetic instructions, jump and call instructions. Interrupts and interrupt handler
subroutines. Writing assembly language programs. Time delays. Pure software time delays. Software polled timer.
Pure hardware delay. Lookup tables. Serial data transmission using time delays and polling. Interrupt driven serial
transmission and reception.
UNIT-IV
8051 APPLICATONS: interfacing, keyboards, programs for small keyboards and matrix, keyboards interfacing
multiplexed displays, 7 segment displays, LCD displays, measuring frequency and pulse width. Interfacing ADCs &
DACs. Hardware circuits for handling multiple interrupt. 8051 Serial data communication modes- Mode 0, Mode 1,
Mode 2 and Mode 3.
NOTE:-
The question paper shall have eight questions in all organized into four sections, each section having two questions
from each of the four units. The candidate shall have to attempt five questions in all, selecting atleast one question
from each unit.
Suggested Books:
 K. J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller- 2nd Penram International.
 Intel’s manual on “Embedded Microcontrollers”
 Muhammad Ali Mazidi,The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems-Pearson

LECTURE PLAN
Lecture No. Topic
UNIT-1 Comparing Microprocessors and Microcontroller. Technological trends in micro controllers
L1 development
L2 Survey of micro controllers- 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit micro controllers.
L3 Applications of microcontrollers.
UNIT-2 L4 Block diagram, pin diagram of 8051.
L5 Functional descriptions of internal units, registers,
L6 PSW, internal RAM, ROM,
L7 stack, oscillator and clock.
L8 I/O pins, ports and circuits
L9 connecting external memory.
L10 Counters and timers.
L11 Serial data interrupt. Serial data transmission/reception and transmission modes.
L12 Timer flag interrupt.
L13 External interrupt,
L14 software generated interrupts.
L15 External memory and memory space decoding,
L16 expanding I/Os, memory mapped I/O,
L17 reset and clock circuits.
UNIT-3 L18 8051 instruction syntax,
L19 addressing modes,
L20 data transfer instructions,
L21 logical instructions, arithmetic instructions,
L22 jump and call instructions
L23 Interrupts and interrupt handler subroutines.
L24 Writing assembly language programs.
L25 Time delays. Pure software time delays.
L26 Software polled timer. Pure hardware delay.
L27 Lookup tables.
L28 Serial data transmission using time delays and polling. Interrupt driven serial transmission and
reception.
UNIT-4 L29 interfacing keyboards,
L30 programs for small keyboards and matrix,
L31 keyboards interfacing multiplexed displays, 7 segment displays,
L32 LCD displays, measuring frequency and pulse width.
L33 Interfacing ADCs & DACs.
L34 Hardware circuits for handling multiple interrupt.
L35 8051 Serial data communication modes- Mode 0, Mode 1, Mode 2 and Mode 3

Tutorial sheet 1
1. Perform Hex addition on 23D9 and 94BE.
(ii) Hex subtraction on 59F-2B8.

2. (i) Convert 3410 to binary and Hex codes.

(ii) Convert 1011002 to Hex and Decimal.

3. (a) How many nibbles are16 bits?

(b) How many bytes are 32 bits?

4. Find out the values of memory units in terms bytes.

 1Kilobyte = bytes
 1Megabyte = bytes
 1Gigabyte = bytes
 1Terabyte = bytes

5. Find out 2’s complement of 10011101.

Tutorial sheet 2
1. Convert 3310 to ASCII, then to unpacked BCD and packed BCD.
2. Add HEX numbers
(a) 2CH+3FH (b) F34H+5D6H
3. Perform HEX subtraction
(a) 24FH-129 (b) FE9H-5CCH
4. List four criterions for choosing microcontroller
5. Explain the difference between 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit microcontrollers.
Tutorial sheet 3
1. Show the stack and stack pointer for the following. Assume the default stack area and
Register 0 is selected.
 MOV R6, #25H
MOV R1, #12H
MOV R4, #0F3H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
PUSH 4

2. A programmer puts the first opcode at address 100H.What happens when microcontroller is powered up?
3. Write a program to save the accumulator in R7 of bank 2.
4. A switch is connected to pin P1.7 and an LED to pin P2.0.Write a program to get the status of switch and send it
to the LED.
5. Draw the pin diagram of 8051. Explain.

Tutorial sheet 4
1. Write the instructions to move value 34H into register A and value 3FH into register B, then add them together.
2. What is the largest value that can be moved into 8 bit register? What is the decimal equivalent of the hex value?
3. Assume that register A has packed BCD. Write a program to convert to ASCII Numbers and place them in R2
and R6.
4. Differentiate between S/W and H/W delays and time.
5. Discuss serial data transmission using time delays and pooling.

Tutorial sheet 5
1. Find the machine cycle of the following chips if XTAL=11.0592MHz.
AT89C51 (b) DS89C4×0 (c) DS5000

2. Indicate which mode and which timers are selected for each of the following.

MOV TMOD, #01H

MOV TMOD, #20H
MOV TMOD, #12H
3. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 MHZ. What value do we need to load into the timer’s registers if we want to
have a time delay of 5ms? Show the program for timer 0 to create a pulse width of 5ms on P 2.3.

4. Assume that a 1 Hz frequency pulse is connected to input pin 3.4. Write a program to display counter 0 on a
LCD. Set the initial value of TH0 to -60.

5. Explain how to interface an ADC to the 8051.

Tutorial sheet 6
1. Write a program for 8051 to transfer letter “A” serially at 4800 baud, continuously.

2. Write a program that continuously gets 8 bit data from P0 and sends it to P1.While simultaneously creating a
square wave of 200microseconds period on pin P2.1.Use timer 0 to create the square wave. Assume that
XTAL=11.0592MHz

3.The instruction set of the 4 bits uC is smaller than that of conventional another processors. Does this mean that a 4
bits uC program will require more instructions than an equivalent another program ?

1. Is it possible to perform 16bit multiplication and division?

2. Discussing measuring of pulse width using 8051.

Tutorial sheet 7
1. Write a program in which the 8051 reads the data from P1 and writes it to P2 continuously while giving a copy
of it to the serial COM port to be transferred serially. Assume that XTAL=11.0592MHz.Set the baud rate at
9600.

1. Assume that after reset, the interrupt priority is set by the instruction “MOV IP, #00001100B”.
2. Explain the various addressing modes of 8051.
3. Explain the purpose of PSW register in 8051.
4. Discuss software generated interrupts in 8051.

Tutorial sheet 8
1. Draw diagram showing interfacing of ADC 0804 in (self clocking mode) with 8051 microcontroller. Write the
program for conversion of analog signal to digital and then also display that analog value on LCD.
2.In 8051 an external interrupt 1 vector address is of ________ and causes of interrupt if ____.
a) 000BH, a high to low transition on pin INT1
b) 001BH, a low to high transition on pin INT1
c) 0013H, a high to low transition on pin INT1
d) 0023H, a low to high transition on pin INT1

3. Serial port vector address is of _______. And causes an interrupt when ________.
a) 0013H, either TI or RI flag is set
b) 0023H, either TI or RI flag is reset
c) 0013H, either TI or RI flag is reset
d) 0023H, either TI or RI flag is set
4. Draw the pin diagram of 8051 and explain.
5. Explain the ROM memory map of 8051.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
Subject : VLSI Design Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-401E Lecture per Week :3
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :2
Sessional Marks : 50 Practical :-

SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 :
NMOS & CMOS Fabrication Process Sequence, Basic electrical properties of NMOs & CMOS inverters, MOS
Design Process : Stick Diagram & Design rules.

UNIT 2 :
Delay in MOS Circuits, Scaling of MOS Circuits, Some design examples, inverter, NAND gates, Multiplexer,
Logic Function Block.
Introduction to physical design of IC’s Layout rules & circuit abstractor, Cell generation, Layout environments,
Layout methodologies, Packaging, Computational Complexity, Algorithmic Paradigms.

UNIT 3:
Placement : Partitioning, Floorplanning, Placement.
Routing : Fundamentals, Global Routing, Detailed Routing, Routing in FPGA’s.

UNIT-4:
Performance issues in Circuit Layout : Delay models, Timing Driven placement, Timing Driven Routing, Via
Minimization, Power Minimization, other issues.

NOTE: The question paper shall have eight questions in all organized into four sections, each section having two
questions from each of the four units. The candidate shall have to attempt five questions in all , selecting at least one
question from each unit.Each question will be of equal marks.

Suggested Books:
 Pucknell DA & Eshraghian K, Basic VLSI Design, PHI.
 Sanfarazdeh M. & Wong C.K , An Introduction to VLSI Physical Design,.Mc Graw Hill.
 John P. Uyemura , Introduction to VLSI circuits and systems, John Wiley.

LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC

No.
L-1 Introduction to VLSI Technology, Revision of Microelectronics
L-2 NMOS fabrication
L-3 CMOS Fabrication
L-4 Drain current and transconductance
L-5 Energy Band diagram , Threshold Voltage of MOS
L-6 NMOS Inverters all types
L-7 CMOS inverter
L-8 Stick diagram
L-9 Design Rules
L-10 TEST of Unit 1
L-11 Delay in MOS circuits
L-12 Scaling Of MOS circuits and limitations
L-13 Packaging of IC
L-14 Inverter examples, logic function block.
L-15 Introduction to physical design and layout rules
L-16 Layout environments
L-17 Layout methodologies
L-18 Algorithmic Paradigms
L-19 Test of unit 2
L-20 Partitioning, KL algorithm
L-21 FM algorithm
L-22 Floorplanning
L-23 Placement
L-24 Global routing
L-25 Lee Algorithm, Maze running
L-26 Detailed routing
L-27 Channel Routing- Introduction- Left edge routing
L-28 Channel routing- Greedy router ,YACR
L-29 Switchbox Routing

L-30 Delay models in circuits

L-31 Timing Driven placement
L-32 Timing Driven routing
L-33 Via Minimization
L-34 Power minimization

Tutorial sheet 1
1. Explain about the Enhancement mode transistor action.
2. Describe the NMOS IC fabrication with its process and discuss mask requirements.
3. Give the explanation of pull-up to pull-down ratio for an NMOS inverter Driven by another NMOS
inverter.
4. Explain about Latch-up condition in CMOS circuits.
5. Explain about Design Rule Check. Why is it employed?

Tutorial sheet 2
1. Explain about the MOS transistor transconducatnce gm and output conductance gds.
2. Explain about the Lambda based design rules.
3. Draw the stick diagram for n type pass transistor based 4-way MUX.
4. Draw the layout for two input NMOS nor gate.
5. For various processes in MOS IC fabrication, explain about design rules.

Tutorial sheet 3

1. What do you mean by delay in MOS circuits? Explain how it effects the circuit operation with necessary
expressions.
2. Explain about scaling of MOS circuits and write down scaling factors of few device parameters.
3. Explain about the Area capacitance and Standard unit of capacitance.
4. Explain about Propagation delays.
5. Discuss the Limitations of Scaling.
6. Explain about the sheet resistance.
Tutorial sheet 4
1. What do you mean by the layout of a circuit? Explain basic layout methodologies.
2. Discuss the concept of circuit abstraction and its significance in layout design rules.
3. Explain various Packaging techniques that are adopted in VLSI systems. What are the key Factors that are
to be taken care of during packaging a MOS device?
4. Explain about cell generation
5. Explain about the Layout Environments in FPGAs.
6. Explain about the Algorithmic Paradigms.

Tutorial sheet 5
1. Explain about Kernighan-Lin Heuristic Algorithm for Partitioning.
2. Explain about the Ratio cut Algorithm for partitioning.
3. Discuss simulated annealing approach for placement.
4. Describe basic fundamentals of Routing with neat sketches.
5. Explain Switchbox routing in detail.

Tutorial sheet 6
1. Explain about FM Algorithm for partitiong.
2. Explain about simulated annealing for floorplaning.
3. Explain about the Channel routing.
4. Describe routing in Array based FPGAs.
5. Describe routing in Row based FPGAs.

Tutorial sheet 7
1. Describe Delay in RC trees for CMOS VLSI circuit with example.
2. Describe with example when to use Constrained via minimization.
3. Explain about Un Constrained via minimization.
4. Expalin Buffered clock trees in timing driven routing.
5. Explain about Clock Skew Problem in timing driven routing.

Tutorial sheet 8
1. Explain about Gate delay models.
2. Explain about the linear programming apparoch in timing driven placement.
3. Explain about the other issues in via minimization.
4. Explain about Power minimization.
5. Explain the Zero Slack algorithm with example.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
 Subject : Television Engineering Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-403E Lecture per Week :4
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :1
Sessional Marks: 50 Practical :-
SYLLABUS
UNIT – I:
ELEMENTS OF A TELEVISION SYSTEM :
Picture transmission, sound transmission, picture reception, sound reception synchronization, receiver controls.
Analysis and Synthesis of Television Pictures: Gross structure, image continuity, no. of scanning lines, flicker, fine
structure, tonal gradation. Composite Video signal , channel B.W. Vestigial side band transmission and reception,
TV standards.
UNIT – II:
THE PICTURE TUBE : Monochrome picture tube, Beam deflection, screen phosphor, face plate, picture tube
characteristics, picture tube circuit controls.Television Camera Tubes: Basic principal, Image orthicon, Vidicon,
plumbicon.
MONOCHROME SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION :Block diagram of Monochrome Signal
Transmitter and Receiver, Explanation of different sections, Transmitting and receiving antennas.

UNIT-III
ELEMENTS OF COLOUR TV :Introduction, compatibility considerations, Interleaving process, Three color
theory, Chrominance Signal, composite color signal, comparison of NTSC, PAL and SECAM Systems. color
television display tubes (Delta gun, PIL, Trinitron).
Color signal transmission, bandwidth for color signal transmission.

UNIT – IV:
ADVANCED TOPICS IN TV. ENGINEERING :Introduction, & working and block diagram of the Projector TV,
3D-TV, HDTV, Digital TV, Camcorders.
TELEVISION APPLICATIONS: Cable television, CCTV, picture phone & fascimile, television via satellite,
Remote Control ( Electronic control system ), Introduction to Digital TV Technology and their merits.

NOTE: The question paper shall have eight questions in all organized into four sections, each section having two
questions from each of the four units. The candidate shall have to attempt five questions in all , selecting at least
one question from each unit. Each question will be of equal marks.

Suggested Books:
 AM Dhake, Monochrome and Colour TV, TMH.
 R.R.Gulati, Colour TV.Engg. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
 SP Bali, Colour TV theory & practice, TMH
 Merrill I. Skolnik, Introducion to Radar Systems, TMH

LECTURE PLAN
LECTUR LECTURE TOPIC
E No.
L1. Picture transmission, sound transmission,
L2 Picture reception, sound reception synchronization,
L3 Receiver controls.
L4 Analysis and Synthesis of Television Pictures: Gross structure, image continuity,
L5 No. of scanning lines, flicker, fine structure, tonal gradation.
L6 Composite Video signal,
L7 Channel B.W. Vestigial side band transmission and reception,
L8 TV standards
L9 Numerical of scanning lines
L10 REVISION OF UNIT-1
L11 Monochrome picture tube, Beam deflection,
L12 Screen phosphor, face plate,
L13 Picture tube characteristics, picture tube circuit controls
L14 Basic Principal of camera tubes
L15 Image orthicon
L16 Vidicon, plumbicon
L17 Block diagram of Monochrome Signal Transmitter Explanation of different sections
L18 Block diagram of Monochrome Signal Receiver, Explanation of different sections,
L19 Block diagram of Monochrome Signal Receiver, Explanation of different sections,
L20 Transmitting and receiving antennas.
L21 REVISION OF UNIT-II
L22 Introduction, compatibility considerations
L23 Interleaving process, Three color theory
L24 Chrominance Signal, composite color signal
L25 Comparison of NTSC, PAL and SECAM Systems
L26 Construction and working of Delta gun picture tube
L27 Construction and working PIL picture tube
L28 Construction and working Trinitron picture tube
L29 Color signal transmission
L30 Bandwidth for color signal transmission.
L31 REVISION OF UNIT-III
L32 Projector TV
L33 3D-TV
L34 HDTV
L35 Digital TV
L36 Camcorders.
L37 Cable television
L38 MATV
L39 CCTV
L40 Picture phone & fascimile
L41 Television via satellite
L42 Remote Control
L43 Introduction to Digital TV Technology and their merits
L44 Application of advanced TV systems
L45 REVISION OF UNIT-IV

Tutorial sheet 1

1. What is raster and how it is produced on the picture tube screen?

2. Describe the basic principle of color television transmission and reception.
3. What do you understand by interlace error and how does it affect the quality of picture? Calculate the percentage
interlace error when the second field is delayed 16µs.Retrace time may be assumed negligible.
4. Justify the need for pre and post equalizing pulses. Why it is necessary to keep duration equal to half line period.
5. Explain the meaning of terms tonal gradation, contrast, contrast ratio and gamma of the picture.

Tutorial sheet 2

1. Discuss the merits of electromagnetic deflection over electrostatic deflection in television picture tubes. Why
cosine winding is used for deflection coils.
2. What type of phosphor is employed for picture tubes? Why is medium persistence phosphor preferred?
3.What is the basic principle of camera pick-up tube? Describe the two photoelectric effects used for converting
variations of light intensity into electric signals.
4. In an image orthicon, what is the function of wire mesh screen and why it is located close to the target plate?
5. Explain Yagi-Uda antenna? What is the function of director and reflector in a Yagi antenna?

Tutorial sheet 3

1. What do you understand by compatibility in T.V?

2. Describe essential features of a Trintron color picture tubes. Explain why is it considered superior both the delta
gun and P.I.L picture tubes?
3. Discuss the comparison between NTSC, PAL, SECAM.
4. Explain how by frequency interleaving the colour information is accommodated within the same channel
bandwidth of 7 MHz?
5.Decribe the relative merits and demerits of the three television system. Explain the factors which influence the
choice of any of the three systems.

Tutorial sheet 4
1. How is a CCTV system different from regular TV broadcasts? Enumerate various applications of this system of
television. Describe with suitable block diagrams various methods employed to feed /transmit video signal to
different monitors/receivers.
2. Describe briefly various systems which can be employed for distributing national television programmes by a
satellite over extended regions in large countries like India. What is the function of a special front-end used along
with TV receivers for direct reception from a satellite?
3. What are the main components of a television remote control?
4. Draw the block diagram of a MATV system and explain how television signals are picked up from several
stations and distributed to various locations in an apartment building or hotel. How is the impedance match
maintained at different subscriber tap points?
5. Describe the main merits and applications of a CATV system. Draw a typical layout of this system of signal
distribution and label all the blocks. Why amplifiers and equalizers are required along trunk distribution lines?

Tutorial sheet 5
1. Describe briefly the functions of various controls provided on the front panel of a TV receiver?
2. Justify the choice of rectangular frame with width to height ratio = 4/3 for television transmission and reception?
3. Explain the meaning of terms tonal gradation, contrast, contrast ratio and gamma of the picture.
4. What is vestigial sideband transmission and why it is used for transmission of T.V signals?
5. What are the various television standards?

Tutorial sheet 6
1. Why FM is preferred over AM for sound signal transmission.
2. How is illusion of continuity created in television pictures? Why has the frame reception rate been chosen to be
25 and not 24 as in motion pictures?
3. Sketch composite video signal waveform for at least three successive lines and indicate (i) extreme white level (ii)
blanking level (iii) pedestal height (iv) sync pulse level.
4. Why is it necessary to modulate the picture and sound signal before transmission.
5. Explain the concept of horizontal and vertical resolution.

Tutorial sheet 7
1. What is the function of a reflector and a director in a Yagi antenna? Explain why such antenna configurations are
highly directional. What is the effect of increasing the number of director elements?
2. Give constructional details of a turnstile antenna and explain by drawing radiation pattern its suitability for
television transmission?
3. In an image orthicon, what is the function of wire mesh screen and why it is located close to the target plate?
4. Draw a block diagram to show how the video signal is modulated and processed at the picture transmitter?
5. Explain how sync pulses are separated from the composite video signal and processed to synchronize the vertical
and horizontal oscillators.
Tutorial sheet 8
1. What is meant by deflection angle of a picture tube? What is the advantage of providing a large deflection angle
yoke?
2. What are functions of brightness and contrast controls? Explain their action with suitable circuit diagrams.
3. What do you understand by image multiplication and signal multiplication in an image orthicon picture tube?
4. Explain with the help of suitable sketches, how video signal is developed in a Vidicon camera tube? How the
Vidicon is different from an image orthicon and what is its special application?
5. Discuss the merits and demerits of negative and positive amplitude modulation and justify the need choice of
negative modulation in most of the television.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
 Subject : Optical Communication Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-405E Lecture per Week :3
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :1
Sessional Marks: 50 Practical :-
SYLLABUS
UNIT – I:
INTRODUCTION: Propagation within the fiber, Numerical aperture of fiber, diffraction, step index and graded
index fiber, Modes of propagation in the fiber, Single mode and multi mode fibers. Splices and connectors.

UNIT – II:
LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER : Rayleigh Scattering Losses, Absorption Losses, Leaky modes, mode coupling
losses, Bending Losses, Combined Losses in the fiber.
DISPERSION EFFECT: Effect of dispersion on the pulse transmission Intermodal dispersion, Material dispersion,
Wave guide dispersion, Total dispersion, Transmission rate.

UNIT – III:
LIGHT SOURCES : LEDS, Laser Action in semiconductor Lasers, Semiconductor Lasers for optical
communication – Laser modes, Spectral Characteristics, Power Voltage Characteristics, Frequency response.
DETECTORS: P-I-N Photodiode, APD Noise Analysis in detectors, Coherent and non-coherent detection, The
fiber-optic Communication System, Infrared sensors (eg: TSOP 1738).

UNIT – IV:
OPTICAL NETWORKS: Optical coupler,space switches,linear divider-combiners,wavelength division multiplexer
and demultiplexer,optical amplifier,optical link network-single hop ,multi-hop, hybrid and photonic networks.
NOTE:The question paper shall have eight questions in all organized into four sections, each section having two
questions from each of the four units. The candidate shall have to attempt five questions in all , selecting at least
one question from each unit. Each question will be of equal marks.
Suggested Books:
 John Power, An Introduction to Fiber optic systems, McGraw Hill International.
 John Gowar , Optical communication Systems.
 R. Ramaswamy, Optical Networks, Narosa Publication

L-17 Introduction about various light sources in optical fiber

L-18 LIGHT SOURCES : LEDS, Laser Action in semiconductor Lasers
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC
L-19 Semiconductor Lasers for optical communication
No.
L-20 Laser modes, Spectral Characteristics
L-1 Introduction about Optical Fiber Communications
L-21 Power Voltage Characteristics
L-2 Propagation within the fiber,
L-22 Frequency response.
L-3 Numerical aperture of fiber, diffraction,
L-23 Introduction about various DETECTORS
L-4 Step index and graded index fiber
L-24 Laser modes, Spectral Characteristics
L-5 Modes of propagation in the fiber
L-25 P-I-N Photodiode, APD Noise Analysis in detectors,
L-6 Single mode and multi mode Fibers. Splices and connectors.
L-26 Coherent and non-coherent detection
L-7 Discussion on Various Issues of UNIT-1
L-27 The fiber-optic Communication System
L-8 Test of UNIT-1
L-28 Infrared sensors (eg: TSOP 1738).
L-9 Introduction about Different losses in Optical Fiber
L-29 Discussion on Various Issues of UNIT-3
L-10 Rayleigh Scattering Losses, Absorption Losses
L-30 Test of UNIT-3
L-11 Leaky modes, Mode coupling losses
L-13 Intermodal dispersion Material dispersion, Wave guide dispersion
L-14 Total dispersion, Transmission rate.
L-15 Discussion on Various Issues of UNIT-2
L-16 Test of UNIT-2
LECTURE PLAN
L-31 Introduction about OPTICAL NETWORKS
L-32 Optical coupler, space switches
L-33 linear divider-combiners
L-34 Wavelength division multiplexer and Demultiplexer
L-35 Optical amplifier, optical link network
L-36 Single hop , Multihop, networks
L-37 Hybrid and photonic networks.
L-38 Discussion on Various Issues of UNIT-4
L-39 Test of UNIT-4

Tutorial sheet 1

1. A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has a core
refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index of 1.47.
(a) Determine the critical angle at the core cladding interface.
(b) NA for fiber.
(c) Acceptance angle in air for the fiber.
2. An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. Compare the acceptance angle for meridional rays with that for skew rays
which change direction by 100 degree at each reflection

3. A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80 μm and a relative index difference of 1.5% is operating
at a wavelength of 0.85 μm. If the core refractive index is 1.48, estimate (a) the normal frequency for fiber; (b) the
number of guided modes.
4. A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a diameter of 50 μm. The fiber
has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Estimate the total number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is
operating at a wavelength of 1 μm.
5. Obtain the expression of Numerical Aperture Expression and explain it’s significance.
6. Describe the various modes of optical fiber and explain their significance

Tutorial sheet 2

1. Explain various advantages of optical fiber communications.

2. Drive an expression for total internal reflection.
3. Explain Splices and Connectors in details.

4. What are step and graded index fiber and explain their significance.
5. What is the significance of Acceptance angle.
6. Explain various advantages of optical fiber communications.

Tutorial sheet 3
1. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 μW, the mean optical power at the
fiber output is 3 μW. Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels through the fiber assuming there
are no connectors or splices.
2 A multimode graded index fiber exhibite total pulse broadening of 0.1 μs over a distance of 15 km. Estimate the
pulse dispersion per unit length.
3 Two polarization maintaining fiber operating at a wavelength of 1.3 μm have beat length of 0.7 mm and 80m.
Determine the modal birefringence in each case and comment on the results.

4 Explain the effects of dispersion on optical fiber.

5 Obtain an expression of total dispersion on optical fiber.
6. What do you mean by transmission rate in optical fiber?
 Tutorial sheet 4
1. Silica has an estimate fictive temperature of 1400 k with an isothermal compressibility of 7 X 10-11 m2N-1 . The
refractive index and the photoelastic coefficient for silica are 1.46 and respectively. Determine the theoretical
attenuation in decibels per kilometer due to the fundamental Rayleigh scattering in silica at optical wavelength of
0.63, 1.00 and 1.30 μm.Boltzmann’s constant is 1.381 x 10-23 JK-1

2 Drive an expression for Rayleigh scattering.

3 Silica has an estimate fictive temperature of 1400 k with an isothermal compressibility of 7 X 10-11 m2N-1 . The
refractive index and the photoelastic coefficient for silica are 1.46 and respectively. Determine the theoretical
attenuation in decibels per kilometer due to the fundamental Rayleigh scattering in silica at optical wavelength of
0.63, 1.00 and 1.30 μm.Boltzmann’s constant is 1.381 x 10-23 JK-1
Ans: .3dBkm-1
4 Explain Nonlinear scattering losses in optical fiber.
5 Explain fiber bend losses and how it affects in transmission.
6 Explain the difference between Intramodal and Intermodal dispersion

Tutorial sheet 5
1. A lens coupled surface emitting LED launches 190 μW of optical power into a multimode step index fiber when a
forward current of 25 mA is flowing through the device. Determine the overall power conversion efficiency when
the corresponding forward voltage across the diode is 1.5 V.
2. Explain the laser action in detail.
3. Explain different LED structures.
4. Explain the concepts of modulation in optical fiber communications.
5. Explain the difference between surface and edge emitting LED’s.
6. Explain the concept of distributed feedback laser.

Tutorial sheet 6
1. When 3x1011 photons each with a wavelength of 0.85 μm are incident on a photodiode, on average 1.2x1011
electrons are collected at the terminal of the device. Determine the quantum efficiency and the responsivity of the
photodiode at 0.85 μm.
2. GaAs has a bandgap energy of 1.43 eV at 300K. Determine the wavelength above which an intrinsic photo
detector fabricated from this material will cease to operate.
3. The carrier velocity in a silicon p-i-n photodiode with a 25 μm depletion layer width is 3x104 m s-1. Determine the
maximum response time for the device.
4. Explain drive derive relation for Quantum efficiency and Responsivity in optical fiber communications.
5. Explain coherent and Non coherent detection.
6. Explain the working of PIN photodiode with Output response.

Tutorial sheet 7

1. Explain the working of Optical Coupler’s.

2. Explain the Multiplexing scheme in Optical Fiber Communications.
3. Explain the time division Multiplexing with their advantages and disadvantages
4. Explain the Frequency division Multiplexing with their advantages and disadvantages.
5. Explain distributed systems of Optical Fiber Communication Systems.
6. Explain the mechanism of Optical Amplifier.

Tutorial sheet 8
1. Drive an expression for direct Intensity modulation.
2. What is ISI and how it can minimize.
3. Draw the block diagram of optical Receiver circuit and explain it’s each block in detail.
4. Explain different drive circuit for Optical Communications.
5. Explain single hop and multihop Networks.
6. Difference between Hybrid and photonic Networks.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
Subject : Microwave Engineering Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-407E Lecture per Week :3
Theory Marks : 100 Tutorials per Week :2
Sessional Marks: 50 Practical :-
SYLLABUS

UNIT – I:
MICROWAVE RESONATORS: Brief description of waveguides, coplanar waveguides, cavity resonators:
rectangular, cylindrical, spherical and coaxial, excitation and coupling of cavities, Q factor.
MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS: Measurement of frequency, impedance (using slotted section) attenuation,
power, dielectric constant, measurement of V.S. W. R., insertion loss and permeability
UNIT – II:
MICROWAVE GENERATORS: Construction, characteristics, operating principle and typical applications of
Klystron (two cavity, multicavity), Reflex Klystron, magnetron (Cylindrical magnetron and description of  mode
applications) and Traveling Wave Tube (TWT).

UNIT – III:
MATRIX DESCRIPTION OF MICROWAVE CIRCUITS: Scattering matrix-its properties, measurement of
scattering coefficients, scattering matrices for common microwave systems.
MICROWAVE COMPONENTS: Waveguide tees- E-plane, H-plane, magic tee, rat race, directional coupler, tuning
screws and stubs, isolators and circulators-their constructional features and applications. Microwave filters, Phase
shifters, attenuators, Wave meters.

UNIT-IV.
SOLID STATE MICROWAVE DEVICES: Transferred electron devices- GUNN EFFECT; negative differential
resistance phenomenon, field domain formation GUNN diode structure. Avalanche transit time devices: , IMPATT,
TRAPATT, BARITT diodes, Parametric amplifiers

NOTE: The question paper shall have eight questions in all organized into four sections, each section having two
questions from each of the four units. The candidate shall have to attempt five questions in all , selecting at least one
question from each unit. Each question will be of equal marks.

Suggested Books:

1. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, Prentice-Hall of India.

2. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley and sons Inc.
3. Das, Annapurna & Sisir K. Das, Microwave Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill.
4. POZAR DM, Microwave Engg, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

LECTURE PLAN

Lecture Lecture Topic

No.
L1 Introduction of microwave
L2 Microwave Resonator: Brief description of waveguides
L3 coplanar waveguides, cavity resonators: rectangular
L4 Cylindrical, Spherical and coaxial , excitation.
L6 Measurement of frequency, impedance (using slotted section)
L7 Measurement of attenuation, power ,dielectric constant, V.S. W. R.
L8 measurement of insertion loss and permeability
L9 Construction, characteristics, operating principle and typical applications of Klystron(two cavity)
L10 multicavity Klystron
L11 Reflex Klystron
L12 magnetron(Cylindrical magnetron)
L13 Description of Π mode applications
L14 Revision
L15 Scattering matrix-its properties
L16 Measurement of scattering coefficients.
L17 scattering matrices for common microwave systems
L18 Waveguide tees- E-plane,
L19 H-plane, magic tee
L20 directional couplers
L21 tuning screws and stubs,
L22 Isolators and circulators-their constructional features and applications.
L23 Microwave filters
L24 Phase shifters
L25 attenuators, Wave meter
L26 Transferred electron devices- GUNN EFFECT

L27 negative differential resistance phenomenon,

L28 field domain formation ,
L29 GUNN diode structure.
L30 Avalanche transit time devices: IMPATT,
L31 TRAPATT
L32 BARITT diodes,
L33 Parametric amplifiers
L34 Revision
L35 Revision
L36 Revision

Tutorial sheet 1
1. Determine the ratio of cross-section of a circular waveguide to that of a rectangular waveguide if each is to have
the same cut off wavelength for its dominant mode.
2. A rectangular waveguide has a=4cm; b=2cm; Determine the minimum frequency which can be transmitted if a
dielectric E=4 be inserted inside the waveguide
3. Show that a 1Ghz signal cannot propagate in TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide having a=50mm.
4. A rectangular air filled waveguide has a cross-section of 45*90 mm find
a) Cut off wavelength for dominant mode
b) Relative phase velocity in guide at 1.6 times the cut off frequency.
5. For a dominant mode of operation in air filled circular waveguide of inner diameter 4cm.find
a) Cutt off wavelength
b) Cutt off frequency
c) Wavelength in guide
6. A circular waveguide of internal diameter 5cm is exited by dominant mode at 9Ghz.Calculate the breakdown
power.
Tutorial sheet 2
1. A lossless transmission line has a characteristics impedance of 50 and is terminated in a load of 100 , the
magnitude of a voltage wave incident to the line is 20V (rms).Determine
a) VSWR on line
b) Maximum voltage Vmax and Minimum voltage Vmin on the line
c) The maximum current Imax and minimum current Imin on the line
d) Power transmitted by the line
2. A quarter wave lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 50 and is terminated in the load of 100. The line
is energized by a generator of 20V (rms) with an internal resistance of 50. Calculate -:a) Sending end impedance
b) The magnitude of receiving end voltage
c) Power delivered to load
3. Calculate the SWR of Transmission system operating at 10Ghz.Assume TE10 wave transmission inside a
waveguide of Dimensions a=4cm; b=2.5cm. The distance measured between twice minimum power points=1mm on
a slotted line.
4. Two identical directional couplers are used in a waveguide to sample the incidence and reflected powers. The
output of the two couplers is found to be 2.5mw and 0.15mw. Find the value of VSWR in the waveguide.

5. We have two Directional Couplers (20db) in a guide to sample the incident and reflected powers. The outputs of
two couplers are 3mw and 0.1mw respectively. What is the value of VSWR in a main waveguide? What is the value
of reflected power?

Tutorial sheet 3
1. Two cavity klystron amplifier has the following characteristics Voltage gain=15db; Input Power=5mw; Rsh
of input cavity=30K; Rsh of output cavity=40K. Determine
a) Input RMS Value
b) Output RMS Value
 c) Power
2. A four cavity klystron amplifier has the following parameters-:Beam voltage V0=20KV; Beam Current
I0=2A; Operating Frequency F=9Khz; DC Charge density ρ0=10^-6c/m3; RF charge density ρ=10^8 c/m3;
velocity perturbations v=10^5m/s. Determine following
a) Dc electron velocity
b) Dc phase constant
c) Plasma frequency
d) Reduced Plasma
e) Dc beam current density
f) Instantaneous Beam current density
3. A Reflex klystron is operated at 56Hz with an anode voltage of 1000V and cavity gap 2mm.Calculate the
gap transit angle. Find optimum Length of drift region.
4. An X-band pulsed cylindrical magnetron has V0=30KV; I0=80A; B0=0.01wb/sqm; a=4cm; b=8cm.
Calculate
a) Cyclotron angular frequency
b) Hull cut off voltage
a) cut off magnetic flux density
5. A Reflex klystron operates at peak mode of n=2 with beam voltage V0=300V; Beam current I0=20mA;
signal voltage V1=40V. Determine a) Input Power

Tutorial sheet 4
1. A two cavity klystron amplifier has following specification, Beam voltage V0=900v; Beam current
I0=30A; Frequency f=8Ghz; Gap spacing d=1mm cavity; spacing between centres of cavities L=4cm;
Effective shunt impedance Rsh=49Ω Determine
a) electron velocity
b) dc transit time
c) maximum input voltage
d) voltage gain

2. A reflex klystron operates at peak of n=1 or ¾ mode.The dc power input is 40mw and ratio of V1 over V0
is 0.278 Determine 1)efficiency of reflex klystron 2) Total power output in mw 3)if 20% power delivered
by electron beam is dissipated in cavity
3. A helical TWT has diameter of 2mm with 50 turns per cm then Calculate 1) Axial phase velocity and anode
voltage at which TWT can be operated for useful gain.
4. Explain cylindrical magnetron and description of n mode applications.
5. What is Reflex Klystron; explain its operating principle and characteristics.

Tutorial sheet 5
1. Determine the scattering parameters for a 10 db directional coupler. The directivity D=30db. Assume that it is
lossless & VSWR at each port is 1.0 under matched conditions. Designate the port in the main guide as 1 or 2 &
ports in the auxiliary guide as 3 & 4.
2. A signal of power 32mw is fed into one of collinear ports of a lossless H plane Tee. Determine the powers in
remaining ports when other ports are terminated by means of matched loads.
3. A helical slow wave structure has a pitch P of 2mm & a diameter of 4cm.Calculate the wave velocity in the axial
direction of the helix.
4. A 90w power source is connected to the input of a directional coupler with C=20db, D=35db and an insertion loss
of 0.5db. Find the output powers at the through, coupled & isolated ports assume all ports to be matched.
5. An isolator has an insertion loss of 0.5db and an isolation of 30db. Determine the scattering matrix of the isolator
if the isolated ports are perfectly matched to the junction.

Tutorial sheet 6
1. In an H plane Tee junction, 20mw power is applied to port 3 that is perfectly matched to the junction. Calculate
the power delivered to the load 60Ω and 75Ω connected to port 1 & 2.
2. In a phase shift measurement set up with the waveguide component the guide wavelength measured 7.2cm and
the reference null was at 10.5cm with the component, the reference null got shifted to 9.3cm. Determine the phase
shift of the component.
3. Determine [S] of a 3 port circulator given insertion loss of 0.5db, isolation of 20db and VSWR of 2.
4. Find the [S] matrix of 3port circulator also prove that it is impossible to construct a perfectly matched lossless,
reciprocal3port junction.
5. Double minima method is used to find VSWR on a waveguide. If separation between two nulls is 3.5cm and that
between twice minimum power points is 2.5mm. Calculate VSWR

Tutorial sheet 7
1. To find out the conductivity of an n-type GaAs gunn diode, electron density n=1018cm3; electron density at lower
valley ne=1010cm3; electron density at upper valley nu=108cm3; Temperature T=300K.

2. Find the characteristics of GaAs gunn diode n-type has following parameters:- threshold field Eth=2800V/cm;
Applied field E=3200V/cm; Device length L=10µm; Doping concentration no=2*1014cm3; Operating frequency
f=10Ghz Calculate 1)electron drift velocity 2)Current density 3)Negative electron mobility.
3. Find the modes of operation:- An n-type GaAs gunn diode has following parameters :- electron drift velocity
vd=2.58105m/s; negative electron mobility /un/=0/015m2/V; relative dielectric constant Er=13.1.
4. Compute Maximum CW output power of impatt diode in watts, resonant frequency in gigahertz. Parameters
carrier drift velocity vd=2*107cm/s; drift region L=6µm ; maximum operating voltageV0max=100V; ; maximum
operating current I0max=200mA; efficiency ɳ=15%; breakdown voltage vbd=90V
5. Calculate Avalanche Zone velocity of Trapatt diode. Doping concentration NA=2*1015cm3; current density
J=20KA/cm2.

Tutorial sheet 8
1. A negative resistance parametric amplifier has a signal frequency 2Ghz, pump frequency of 12 of Ghz, output
resistance of signal generator of 1KΩ. Find 1) Power gain in db 2) power gain if its work is USB converter.
2. A negative resistance parametric amplifier has following parameters:-
Fs=2Ghz; fp=12Ghz; fi=10Ghz; fd=5Ghz; Ri, Rg ,RTs,RTi=1KΩ; r=0.35; rq=10; rd=300K;c=0.01pf Calculate
a)equivalent noise resistance b) Gain=4fi/fsRgRi/RtsRTi a/(1-a)2 c)Noise figure d)bandwidth
3. A Si Baritt diode has the following specifications :- relative dielectric constant=12.5; Donor
concentration=3.281022/m3; length=8µm Calculate 1)Critical voltage 2)breakdown voltage 3) breakdown electric
field.
4. Lp of 0.5nH.Cp is negligible. If the breakdown voltage voltage is 100V and bias current is 100mA, find out the
resonant frequency and efficiency. Assume RF peak current as 0.8A and RL as 2Ω.
5. A trapatt diode has following specifications -: Doping concentration N=2.581016cm3; current density
J=33KA/cm2. Find avalanche zone velocity.
6. A gunn diode has drift length of 5µm.What minimum voltage would be needed to initiate Gunn effect.
7. Determine the power gain of impatt diode have power amplifier has a negative resistance of 25Ω and load
resistance of 50Ω.
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AMBALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED RESEARCH, AMBALA
Subject : Digital Signal Processing Practical Semester : 7th
Subject Code : ECE-405E Lecture per Week :-

Theory Marks : 25 Tutorials per Week :-

Sessional Marks: 50 Practical :3

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Define a function to compute DTFT of a finite length signal. Plot the magnitude and phase plots using
subplots. Use this function to obtain DTFT of a 21 point triangular pulse over the domain -10<n<10.
Plot the results over -<w<.
2. Write a program to plot the following functions : a)impulse function b)unit step c)unit ramp

d) Exponential e) sinusoidal

3. Verify the Symmetry, time shifting and modulating properties of DTFT with a rectangular pulse of
length 21.
4. Study the aliasing effect by using a Sinusoidal Signal. Show the plots of continuous time Signal.
Sampled Signal and reconstructed signals by using subplot.
5. Study different window functions available in signal processing toolbox and their controlling
parameters.
6. Write a program to plot real, imaginary phase and magnitude of exponential function.

7. Verify the properties of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).

8. Write a program to find the convolution of two sequences using in built convolution function
9. Study of Digital Signal Processing Kit (TMS/ADSP)
10. Implementations of FIR/digital filter using DSP Kit.

NOTE: At least 10 experiments are to be performed with atleast 7 from above list, remaining 3 may either
be performed from the above list or designed & set by concerned institution as per the scope of the syllabus.