Unit - IX Interaction Between A.C and D.C Systems 9.0 Introduction

Unit— IX
INTERACTION BETWEEN A.C AND D.C SYSTEMS

■ 9.0 INTRODUCTION:-
A D.C. link can be operated based upon various control modes such as constant current control and
constant extinction angle control. Moreover this d.c link is provided with effective dynamic controls,
in order to respond to any deviation from normal operating conditions in both A.C. and D.C. systems.
The exclusive use of the above controls gives rise to the voltage, harmonic and power instabilities
causing unwanted interaction between AC and DC systems. But with fast and adaptable control of
converts more useful interaction will be achieved this leads to the stable operation of A.C. and D.C.
system. Here the degree of interaction depends upon strength of the both AC and DC system, so that
it is necessary to know the concept of relative system strength.
Fig. 9.1 AC system representation with individual impedances.
Fig. 9.1. Shows the AC system representation at the converter busbar Individual impendences of AC
system are given. Now, strength of the system can be obtained by combining various impendences
into an equivalent Thevinin's source impedence Zst
Where,
Zs = Source impedence
Xc = lmpedence of filters and static compensators
ZL = Load impendence
Zs, = Equivalent impendence
I.e. Zst is the parallel combination of Zs Xc and ZL.

And the equivent Thevenin's voltage 'Es,' is the vector sum of bus voltage
Vc/√3 (Phase) and voltage drop due to equivalent impedence IZst.

Converter rating is convenient factor to express all of the quantities in per unit system. It
is defined as the ratio of the converter MVA to d.c. power (Pd) denoted by the symbol 'r'.
Where short circuit ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio of short circuit M VA at the AC bus bar to the
nominal d.c. power of the converter station connected to the same bus bar. Fault MVA (or) SCR of A.C.
system gives the transient impedence.
In most of the A.C. systems at fundamental frequency, system impedence is approximately equals to
a fixed inductance but at other harmonics it is not the case. Short circuit Ratio (SCR) is very important
factor to know the converter behaviour even though it does not define the system impedence at
higher order harmonics.
Modern invertors feed power into relatively weak systems which is due to decrease in short circuit
ratio of HVDC system at the receiving end. This may causes to increased over voltages and inverter
mal operation. It is better to have SCR in the range 2 to 4 with regard to stability and voltage control.
At high values of SCR fundamental and harmonic frequency voltage problems may still occur in the
A.C. network. In such cases special measures have to be taken in order to maintain an acceptable
quality of supply to consumers.
■ 9.1 VOLTAGE INTERACTION

Terminal voltage at the converter station is depends upon both real and reactive power
characteristics. If reactive power supply is matching with the reactive power demand at the converter
station. In HVDC system DC transmission link consumes reactive power at both the ends which is
normally 60% of the power transmitted at full load. The reactive power is not varying linearly with ac
power when both constant current and extinction angles controllers of rectifier and inverter backed
up by on load tap changer. Here the minimum firing and extinction angles can be determined in order
to prevent the valve mal operation and to limit the stress on the valve.
It is always economical to generate reactive power from local generators with minimum size filter to
reduce harmonics.
In some cases it may be necessary to provide reactive power compensation fbr A.C. systems. Most of
reactive power is supplied by shunt harmonic filters and reactive power compensation can be
provided by shunt capacitors banks and synchronous condenser.
Usually filters and capacitors are provided at by terminal and synchronous Compensators are
connected at the load end.
The size of filters for harmonic reduction is justified by economy and ability of A.C. system to permit
the step changes in system voltage due to filter switching operation.
Switching of filter is necessary to control the reactive power at DC loads.
■ 9.3 DC POWER MODULATION

Usually the levels of power interchanged between hv.dc connected system has considerable degree
of significance. This property can be used in some existing schemes to provide various degrees of d.c
power modulation which are described in detail in the following section.
9.3.1 Frequency Control

Let us consider two hvdc systems are interconnected by means of a DC link. Frequency of system can
be controlled by a frequency feed back loop acting on the d.c. link. Thus the small system among them
draws the required power change from the large system.
In case of Gotland link control, DC link is provided with a synchronous compensator. Here there is no
other power fended than the D.C.link once if the network started.
Whenever the power rating of line is greater than the rating of running generators in A.C. system then
the line terminal can share in the frequency regulation.
9.3.2 Power Frequency Control

Usually Combination of Various Control modes is used for effective operation of interconnected
system. If the frequency of system remains with in the predetermined limits then control signal
applied to the current controller is a power signal. When the limits are violated, frequency control
takes over the system function to assist in difficulty. Whenever the maximum power is transmitted
the frequency controller will not operate.
Fig. 9.4 shows the power/frequency control characteristics.
Fig. 9.4 Power/frequency control
It is to be noted that the d.c. link is insensitive to frequency variations, unless some sensitivity
is deliberately added to the control system.
A constant power flow can over speed a receiving system and sending system eventually overlaps
whenever the d.c. link power is more than the generation
Unit-X
MULTI TERMINAL DC SYSTEM
■ 10.0 INTRODUCTION
As we discussed earlier that HVDC transmission system is a point to point system with only two
terminal one of which it rectifier end and the other end. HVDC station converts AC into DC (or) DC into
AC. A MTDC system has more than two terminals some of them operating as rectifiers and other as
inverters.
A two terminal HVDC system can he transformed into MTDC system by introducing Tapping. Parallel
operation of several converters is else, terminal operation.
■ 10.1 TYPES OP MTDC SYSTEMS

According to the interconnection of various converter stations, systems are classified into two types
i) Series MTDC system

ii) Parallel MTDC system.
These parallel MTDC systems are further classified into two types
i) Radial system
ii) Mesh system
10.1.1 Series MTDC System

It is an extension of two terminal a DC system In which various convertor stations are connected
in series. Here the pole of each converter located at different sits may be connected in series to
form a closed DC circuit. Fig, 10.1 shows it' three terminal sense DC system.
Series connected system is to be grounded at only one point, which may be shifted according to
the changes in operating conditions, provided line insulation is adequate. Series MTDC system
performance and insulation co-ordination can be improved by using a grounding capacitor, during
transient conditions.
In series connected MTDC system current flowing through all the system is same. Losses and
reactive power requirements in the valve damper circuits can be minimized by adjusting firing
angles with the help of tap changer control.
The power is taken from AC systems into the DC loop from rectifiers and power delivered to the
AC system through inverters.
The total DC power received is equal to the total DC power supplied plus total DC loss.
PR =Pi+PL.
Where
PR = sum of rectifier output
P, = sum of inverter output
PL = Total losses. In DC circuit
At any instant sum of the voltage across the rectifier station must be larger than the
sum of voltage across inverter station.
Power reversal, current control and switching in (or) out of a bridge is accomplished
by blocking (or) bypassing valves in a manner similar-to that in a two terminal DC system.
In a two terminal DC system power flow through converter can be controlled by

adjusting current there by maintaining constant voltage in the system. But in series MTDC
system, central control should be needed in order to adjust current according to the changes
in load demand.
10.1.2 Parallel. MTDC Systems

In parallel MTDC systems no. of converter stations are connected in parallel. If 'n' of converters
are connected in parallel, current in (n-1) converter stations are adjusted according to the
power requirements. Parallel connected radial and mesh connected MTDC systems are shown
in figs. 10.1 and 10.2.
A radial system in which one end of all the converter terminals are connected to a common
point. Disconnection of one segment causes to the interruption of the power from one or
more converter stations.
In a mesh connected system disconnection of one of the converter station will not cause
interruption to the power flow. Reversal of power in MTDC system is accomplished by
mechanical switching.
■ 10.2 COMPARISON OF SERIES AND PARALLEL MTDC SYSTEM.

1. Power reversal can be achieved in series systems without mechanical switching where as in
parallel it is not possible.
2. In series system valve voltage rating is related to the power but in parallel systems valve
current rating is related to the power rating.
3. Losses occurring in a line are more in series MTDC system than in parallel system.
4. Since voltage along the line varies in series system causes to insulation co-ordination
problem.
5. Incase of a permanent fault occurred in line causes to the shut down of whole series system
where as in parallel system it leads to only shutdown of converter station
6. Due to the commotion Failure and reduction in AC voltage, current is transferred from the
other terminals in parallel system causes over loading of converters. Inverters with small
ratings are mom affected by such type of problems.
7. Control and protection of series MTDC systems is similar to two terminal system but
protection of parallel system increases communication requirements.
Form the above discussion it may be concluded that series systems are appropriate for taps
of rating less than 20% of the inverter and parallel systems are more versatile, may be widely
used in AC systems.
First application of MTDC system is saradinia-corsica-italy link, between Saridinia and Corsica
is tapped at Corsica. This is a 50MW parallel connected tap with two 100kV six pulse thyristor
bridges connected in series.
A series tap was not accepted — for two reasons
i) The operating current due to frequency control can be as low as 10% of the rated
current leads to the increase in voltage rating of the series tap
ii) Series tap in inverter operation reduces voltage at the main inverter there by
increasing extinction angles. Since the probability of arc through increases causing
damage to the mercury arc valves.

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Unit— IX

INTERACTION BETWEEN A.C AND D.C SYSTEMS

Fig. 9.1 AC system representation with individual impedances.

Xc = lmpedence of filters and static compensators

Zs, = Equivalent impendence

I.e. Zst is the parallel combination of Zs Xc and ZL.

Vc/√3 (Phase) and voltage drop due to equivalent impedence IZst.

■ 9.1 VOLTAGE INTERACTION

Switching of filter is necessary to control the reactive power at DC loads.

■ 9.3 DC POWER MODULATION

9.3.1 Frequency Control

9.3.2 Power Frequency Control

Fig. 9.4 shows the power/frequency control characteristics.

Fig. 9.4 Power/frequency control

■ 10.1 TYPES OP MTDC SYSTEMS

i) Series MTDC system

10.1.1 Series MTDC System

PR = sum of rectifier output

P, = sum of inverter output

PL = Total losses. In DC circuit

In a two terminal DC system power flow through converter can be controlled by

10.1.2 Parallel. MTDC Systems

■ 10.2 COMPARISON OF SERIES AND PARALLEL MTDC SYSTEM.

A series tap was not accepted — for two reasons

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