Questions On Methods of Analysing Circuits

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Tree & Co-Tree - Network Theory

Questions and Answers
by Manish
4-5 minutes
This set of Network Theory Multiple Choice Questions &

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Tree and Co-Tree”.
1. A graph is said to be a directed graph if ________ of the

graph has direction.
a) 1 branch
b) 2 branches
c) 3 branches
d) every branch
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If every branch of the graph has direction, then
the graph is said to be a directed graph. If the graph does
not have any direction then that graph is called undirected
graph.
2. The number of branches incident at the node of a graph

is called?
a) degree of the node
b) order of the node
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c) status of the node

d) number of the node
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Nodes can be incident to one or more
elements. The number of branches incident at the node of a
graph is called degree of the node.
3. If no two branches of the graph cross each other, then

the graph is called?
a) directed graph
b) undirected graph
c) planar graph
d) non-planar graph
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If a graph can be drawn on a plane surface
such that no two branches of the graph cross each other,
then the graph is called planar graph .
4. Consider the graph given below. Which of the following is

a not a tree to the graph?
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View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Tree is sub graph which consists of all node of
original graph but no closed paths. So, ‘d’ is not a tree to
the graph.
5. Number of twigs in a tree are? n- number of nodes

a) n
b) n+1
c) n-1
d) n-2
View Answer
3 of 7 3/16/18, 4:35 PM
Answer: c
Explanation: Twig is a branch in a tree. Number of twigs in
a tree are n-1. If there are 4 nodes in a tree then number of
possible twigs are 3.
6. Loops which contain only one link are independent are

called?
a) open loops
b) closed loops
c) basic loops
d) none of the above
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The addition of subsequent link forms one or
more addition al loops. Loops which contain only one link
are independent are called basic loops.
7. If the incident matrix of a graph is given below. The

corresponding graph is?
a b c d e f
1 +1 0 +1 0 0 +1
2 -1 -1 0 +1 0 0
3 0 +1 0 0 +1 -1
4 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0
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View Answer
Answer: b Explanation: For the given incidence matrix,

a b c d e f
1 +1 0 +1 0 0 +1
2 -1 -1 0 +1 0 0
3 0 +1 0 0 +1 -1
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4 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0
the corresponding graph is ‘b’ considering the directions

specified in the graph.
8. If A represents incidence matrix, I represents branch

current vectors, then?
a) AI = 1
b) AI = 0
c) AI = 2
d) AI= 3
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If A represents incidence matrix, I represents
branch current vectors, then the relation is AI= 0 that is its
characteristic equation must be equated to zero
9. If a graph consists of 5 nodes, then the number of twigs

in the tree are?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Number of twigs= n-1. As given number of
nodes are 5 then n = 5. On substituting in the equation,
number of twigs =5 -1 = 4.
10. If there are 4 branches, 3 nodes then number of links in

a co-tree are?
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a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Number of links = b-n+1. Given number of
branches = 4 and number of nodes = 3. On substituting in
the equation, number of links in a co-tree = 4 – 3 + 1 = 2.
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Tie-Set Matrix - Network Theory Questions and... about:reader?url=https://www.sanfoundry.com/...
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Tie-Set Matrix - Network Theory

by Manish
4-5 minutes

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Link Currents: Tie-Set
Matrix”.
1. The current in a closed path in a loop is called?

a) loop current
b) branch current
c) link current
d) twig current
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In a loop there exists a closed path and a
circulating current which is called link current. The current in
any branch can be found by using link currents.
2. Tie-set is also called?

a) f loop
b) g loop
c) d loop
d) e loop
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View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The fundamental loop formed by one link has
a unique path in the tree joining the two nodes of the link.
This loop is also called f-loop.
3. Consider the graph shown below. If a tree of the graph

has branches 4, 5, 6, then one of the twigs will be?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Branches of the tree are called twigs. So 4, 5,
6 are the twigs of the tree. The current in any branch of a
graph can be found by using link currents.
4. Consider the graph shown in the question 3 above. If a

tree of the graph has branches 4, 5, 6, then one of the links
will be?
a) 3
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b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The branches of the co-tree are called links.
So the links will be 1, 2, 3. For a given tree of a graph
addition of each link between any two nodes form a loop
called fundamental loop.
5. The loop current direction of the basic loop formed from

the tree of the graph is?
a) same as the direction of the branch current
b) opposite to the direction of the link current
c) same as the direction of the link current
d) opposite to the direction of the branch current
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The loop current direction of the basic loop
formed from the tree of the graph is same as the direction
of the link current.
6. Consider the graph shown below. The direction of the

loop currents will be? (ACW – Anticlockwise, CW –
Clockwise).
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a) I1 ACW
b) I2 ACW
c) I3 CW
d) I4 ACW
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The direction of the loop current will be along
the direction of the link current in a basic loop. So I1 –
ACW, I2 – CW, I3 – ACW, I4 – CW.
7. For Tie-set matrix, if the direction of current is same as

loop current, then we place ___ in the matrix.
a) +1
b) -1
c) 0
d) +1 or -1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For Tie-set matrix, if the direction of current is
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same as loop current, then we place +1 in the matrix.
8. If a row of the tie set matrix is as given below, then its

corresponding equation will be?
12345678
I1 -1 +1 0 0 +1 0 0 0
a) -V1+V2+V3=0
b) -I1+I2+I3=0
c) -V1+V2-V3=0
d) -I1+I2-I3=0
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: KVL equations are derived from tie set matrix
and these include voltages not currents. So, -V1+V2+V3=0.
9. The matrix formed by link branches of a tie set matrix is?

a) Row matrix
b) Column matrix
c) Diagonal matrix
d) Identity matrix
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: As the direction of the basic loops of the tree
are taken along the direction of the link currents, then the
matrix formed by the link currents will be a identity matrix.
10. The number of tie set matrices formed from a graph

are?
a) NN-1
b) NN
c) NN-2
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d) NN+1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For every tree, there will be a unique tie set
matrix. So there will be NN-2 tie set matrices.

Network Theory.

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Network Theory Interview

by Manish
4-5 minutes
This set of Network Theory Interview Questions and

Answers focuses on “Cut-Set and Tree Branch Voltages”.
1. The direction of the cut-set is?

a) same as the direction of the branch current
b) opposite to the direction of the link current
c) same as the direction of the link current
d) opposite to the direction of the branch current
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A cut-set is a minimal set of branches of a
connected graph such that the removal of these branches
causes the graph to be cut into exactly two parts. The
direction of the cut-set is same as the direction of the
branch current.
2. Consider the graph shown below. The direction of the

cut-set of node ‘a’ is?
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a) right
b) left
c) upwards
d) downwards
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The direction of the cut set at node ‘a’ will be
the direction of the branch current at node ‘a’. So the
direction of the current will be upwards.
3. Consider the graph shown above in question 2. The

direction of the cut-set at node ‘b’ will be?
a) upwards
b) right
c) downwards
d) left
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The direction of the current will be towards
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right. The direction of the cut set at node ‘b’ will be the
direction of the branch current at node ‘b’. So the direction
of the current will be towards right.
4. In the graph shown above in the question 2, the direction

of the cut-set at node ‘c’ is?
a) downwards
b) upwards
c) left
d) right
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The direction of the cut set at node ‘c’ will be
the direction of the branch current at node ‘c’. So the
5. In the graph shown in the question 2, the direction of the

cut-set at node ‘d’ will be?
a) left
b) downwards
c) right
d) upwards
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The direction of the cut set at node ‘d’ will be
the direction of the branch current at node ‘d’. So the
6. The row formed at node ‘a’ in the cut set matrix in the
figure shown in question 2 is?
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8
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a) +1 +1 +1 +1 0 0 0 0
b) +1 0 0 0 +1 0 0 +1
c) -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1
d) -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The direction of the cut set at node ‘a’ is
towards node ‘a’. So the current direction of I1 is same as
cut set direction. So it is +1. Similarly for all other currents.
7. The row formed at node ‘c’ in the cut set matrix in the
figure shown question 2 is?
a) -1 -1 0 0 +1 -1 0 0
b) 0 0 +1 0 0 -1 -1 0
c) +1 0 0 0 +1 0 0 +1
d) -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The direction of the cut set at node ‘c’ is away
from node ‘c’. So the current direction of I3 is same as cut
set direction. So it is +1. Similarly for all other currents.
8. The number of cut set matrices formed from a graph is?

a) NN-1
b) NN
c) NN-2
d) NN+1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For every tree, there will be a unique cut set
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matrix. So there will be NN-2 cut set matrices.
9. For every tree there will be _____ number of cut set

matrices.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For every tree, there will a unique cut set
matrix. So, number of cut-set matrices for every tree = 1.
10. If a row of the cut set matrix formed by the branch

currents of the graph is shown below. Then which of the
following is true?
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8
-1 -1 0 0 +1 -1 0 0
a) -V1-V2+V5-V6=0
b) -I1-I2+I5-I6=0
c) -V1+V2+V5-V6=0
d) -I1+I2+I5-I6=0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: KCL equations are derived from cut set matrix
and these include currents not voltages. So, -I1-I2+I5-I6=0.

Network Theory.
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Mesh Analysis - Network Theory Questions and... about:reader?url=https://www.sanfoundry.com/...
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Mesh Analysis - Network Theory

by Manish
3-4 minutes

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Mesh Analysis”.
1. Mesh analysis is applicable for non planar networks also.

a) true
b) false
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Mesh analysis is applicable only for planar
networks. A circuit is said to be planar if it can be drawn on
a plane surface without crossovers.
2. A mesh is a loop which contains ____ number of loops

within it.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) no loop
View Answer
Answer: d
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Explanation: A loop is a closed path. A mesh is defined as a

loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
3. Consider the circuit shown below. The number mesh

equations that can be formed are?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We know if there are n loops in the circuit, n
mesh equations can be formed. So as there are 2 loops in
the circuit. So 2 mesh equations can be formed.
4. In the figure shown in the question 2, the current through

loop 1 be I1 and through the loop 2 be I2, then the current
flowing through the resistor R2 will be?
a) I1
b) I2
c) I1-I2
d) I1+I2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Through the resistor R2 both the currents I1, I2
are flowing. So the current through R2 will be I1-I2.
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5. If there are 5 branches and 4 nodes in graph, then the

number of mesh equations that can be formed are?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Number of mesh equations= B-(N-1). Given
number of branches = 5 and number of nodes = 4. So
Number of mesh equations = 5-(4-1) =2.
6. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Find voltage Vx.
a) 1
b) 1.25
c) 1.5
d) 1.75
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Consider current I1 (CW) in the loop 1 and I2
(ACW) in the loop 2. So, the equations will be Vx+I2-I1=0.
I1=5/2=2.5A. I2=4Vx/4= Vx. Vx+Vx-2.5=0. Vx =1.25V.
7. Consider the circuit shown below. Find the current I1.
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a) 3.3
b) 4.3
c) 5.3
d) 6.3
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: According to mesh analysis, (1+3+6)I1 – 3(I2)
– 6(I3) =10
-3(I1) + (2+5+3)I2 =4 -6(I1) + 10(I3) = -4 +20 On solving the
above equations, I1=4.3A.
8. Find the current I2 (A) in the figure shown in the question

7.
a) 1.7
b) 2.6
c) 3.6
d) 4.6
View Answer
Answer: a
– 6(I3) = 10. -3(I1) + (2+5+3)I2 = 4. -6(I11) + 10(I3) = -4 + 20
On solving the above equations, I2 =1.7A.
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7.
a) 4
b) 4.7
c) 5
d) 5.7
View Answer
Answer: b
– 6(I3) = 10. -3(I1) + (2+5+3)I2 = 4. -6(I1) + 10(I3) = -4 + 20.
On solving the above equations, I3 = 4.7A.
10. Find current through R2 resistor.
a) 3
b) 3.25
c) 3.5
d) 3.75
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Applying mesh analysis, 5(I1) + 2(I1-I2) = 10.
10(I2) + 2(I2-I1) + 40 = 0. On solving, I1 = 0.5A, I2 = -3.25A.
So current through R2 resistor is 0.5-(-3.25) = 3.75 A.

Network Theory.
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Supermesh Analysis - Network Theory Question... about:reader?url=https://www.sanfoundry.com/...
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Supermesh Analysis - Network

Theory Questions and Answers
by Manish
3-4 minutes

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Supermesh Analysis”.
1.Consider the circuit shown below. Find the current I1 (A).
a) 1
b) 1.33
c) 1.66
d) 2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Applying Super mesh analysis, the equations
will be I2-I1=2 -10+2I1+I2+4=0. On solving the above
equations, I1=1.33A.
2. Find the current I2 (A) in the circuit shown in the question
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1.
a) 1.33
b) 2.33
c) 3.33
d) 4.33
View Answer
Answer: c
will be I2-I1=2
-10+2I1+I2+4=0. On solving the above equations, I2=3.33A.
3. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Find the current

I1 (A).
a) -1
b) -2
c) -3
d) -4
View Answer
Answer: c
will be I1+I1+10+I2+I2=0. I1+I2=-5. I2-I1=1. On solving,
I1=-3A.
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3.
a) -2
b) -1
c) 2
d) 1
View Answer
Answer: a
will be I1+I1+10+I2+I2=0. I1+I2=-5. I2-I1=1. On solving,
I2=-2A.
5. Find the power (W) supplied by the voltage source in the

figure shown in the question 3.
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I3-I2=2. As I2=-2A, I3=0A. Th term power is the
product of voltage and current. So, power supplied by
source= 10×0=0W.
6. Find the current i1 in the circuit shown below.
a) 8
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b) 9
c) 10
d) 11
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The current in the first loop is equal to 10A. So
the current i1 in the circuit is i1 = 10A.
7. Find the current i2 in the circuit shown in the question 6.

a) 6.27
b) 7.27
c) 8.27
d) 9.27
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For 2nd loop, 10 + 2(i2-i3) + 3(i2-i1) =0. For 3rd
loop, i3 + 2(i3-i2)=10. As i1=10A, On solving above
equations, we get i2=7.27A.
8. Find the current i3 in the circuit shown in the question 6.

a) 8.18
b) 9.18
c) 10.18
d) 8.8
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For 2nd loop, 10 +2(i2-i3) +3(i2-i1) =0. For 3rd
loop, i3 +2(i3-i2)=10. As i1=10A, On solving above
equations, we get i3=8.18A.
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9. Find the current I1 in the circuit shown below.
a) 8
b) -8
c) 9
d) -9
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Applying Super Mesh analysis, (10+5)I1 –
10(I2) – 5(I3) =50. 2(I2) + I3 + 5(I3-I1) + 10(I2-I1) =0. I2 – I3 =
2. On solving above equations, we get I1=-8A.
10. Find the current I2 in the circuit shown in the question 9.

a) 5.3
b) -5.3
c) 7.3
d) -7.3
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Applying Super Mesh analysis,
(10+5)I1-10(I2)-5(I3) =50. 2(I2) + I3 + 5(I3-I1) + 10(I2-I1) =0.
I2 – I3 =2. On solving above equations, we get I2=-7.3A.

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Nodal Analysis - Network Theory Questions and... about:reader?url=https://www.sanfoundry.com/...
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Nodal Analysis - Network Theory

by Manish
3-4 minutes

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Nodal Analysis”.
1. If there are 8 nodes in network, we can get ____ number

of equations in the nodal analysis.
a) 9
b) 8
c) 7
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Number of equations=N-1= 7. So as there are
8 nodes in network, we can get 7 number of equations in
the nodal analysis.
2. Nodal analysis can be applied for non planar networks

also.
a) true
b) false
View Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: Nodal analysis is applicable for both planar
and non planar networks. Each node in a circuit can be
assigned a number or a letter.
3. In nodal analysis how many nodes are taken as

reference nodes?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In nodal analysis only one node is taken as
reference node. And the node voltage is the voltage of a
given node with respect to one particular node called the
reference node.
4. Find the voltage at node P in the figure shown.
a) 8V
b) 9V
c) 10V
d) 11V
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View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: I1= (4-V)/2, I2= (V+6)/3. The nodal equation at
node P will be I1+3=I2. On solving, V=9V.
5. Find the resistor value R1(Ω) in the figure shown below.
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: 10=(V1-V2)/14+(V1-V3)/R1. From the circuit,
V1=100V, V2=15×2=30V, V3=40V. On solving, R1=12Ω.
6. Find the value of the resistor R2 (Ω) in the circuit shown

in the question 5.
a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: b
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Explanation: As V1=100V, V2=15×2=30V, V3=40V. (V1-

V2)/14+(V1-V3)/R2=15. On solving we get R2= 6Ω.
7. Find the voltage (V) at node 1 in the circuit shown.
a) 5.32
b) 6.32
c) 7.32
d) 8.32
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: At node 1, (1/1+1/2+1/3)V1-(1/3)V2= 10/1. At
node 2, -(1/3)V1+(1/3+1/6+1/5)V2= 2/5+5/6. On solving
above equations, we get V1=6.32V.
8. Find the voltage (V) at node 2 in the circuit shown in the

question 7.
a) 2.7
b) 3.7
c) 4.7
d) 5.7
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: At node 1, (1/1+1/2+1/3)V1-(1/3)V2= 10/1. At
node 2, -(1/3)V1+(1/3+1/6+1/5)V2= 2/5+5/6. On solving
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above equations, we get V2=4.7V.
9. Find the voltage at node 1 of the circuit shown below.
a) 32.7
b) 33.7
c) 34.7
d) 35.7
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at node 1, 10=
V1/10+(V1-V2)/3. At node 2, (V2-V1)/3+V2/5+(V2-10)/1=0.
On solving the above equations, we get V1=33.7V.
10. Find the voltage at node 2 of the circuit shown in the

question 9.
a) 13
b) 14
c) 15
d) 16
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at node 1, 10=
V1/10+(V1-V2)/3. At node 2, (V2-V1)/3+V2/5+(V2-10)/1=0.
On solving the above equations, we get V2=14V.
5 of 6 3/16/18, 4:36 PM
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Supernode Analysis - Network

Theory Questions and Answers
by Manish
4 minutes

Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Supernode Analysis”.
1.Consider the figure shown below. Find the voltage (V) at

node 1.
a) 13
b) 14
c) 15
d) 16
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Applying Super Node Analysis, the combined
equation of node 1 and node 2 is (V1-V3)/3+3+(V2-
V3)/1-6+V2/5=0. At node 3, (V3-V1)/3+(V3-V2)/1+V3/2=0.
1 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM
Also V1-V2=10. On solving above equations, we get V1=

13.72V ≈ 14V.
2. In the figure shown in the question 1 find the voltage (V)

at node 2.
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: b
V3)/1-6+V2/5=0. At node 3, (V3-V1)/3+(V3-V2)/1+V3/2=0.
Also V1-V2=10. On solving above equations, we get V2 =
3.72V ≈ 4V.
3. In the figure shown in the question 1 find the voltage (V)

at node 3.
a) 4.5
b) 5.5
c) 6.5
d) 7.5
View Answer
Answer: a
V3)/1-6+V2/5=0. At node 3, (V3-V1)/3+(V3-V2)/1+V3/2=0.
Also V1-V2=10. On solving above equations, we get V3 =
4.5V.
2 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM
4. In the figure shown in the question 1 find the power (W)

delivered by the source 6A.
a) 20.3
b) 21.3
c) 22.3
d) 24.3
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The term power is defined as the product of
voltage and current and the power delivered by the source
(6A) = V2x6 = 3.72×6 =22.32W.
5. Find the voltage (V) at node 1 in the circuit
a) 18
b) 19
c) 20
d) 21
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The equation at node 1 is 10= V1/3+(V1-V2)/2.
According to super Node analysis, (V1-V2)/2=V2/1+(V3-10)
/5+V3/2V2-V3=20. On solving, we get, V1=19V.
6. Find the voltage (V) at node 2 of the circuit shown in the

question 5.
3 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM
a) 11.5
b) 12
c) 12.5
d) 13
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The equation at node 1 is 10= V1/3+(V1-V2)/2
According to super Node analysis, (V1-V2)/2=V2/1+(V3-10)
/5+V3/2V2-V3=20. On solving, we get, V2=11.5V.
7. Find the voltage (V) at node 3 in the figure shown below.
a) 18
b) 20
c) 22
d) 24
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At node 1, (V1-40-V3)/4+(V1-V2)/6-3-5=0.
Applying Super Node Analysis at node 2 and 3, (V2-
V1)/6+5+V2/3+V3/5+(V3+40-V1)/4=0. Also V3-V2=20. On
solving above equations, V3 = 18.11V ≈ 18V.
8. Find the power absorbed by 5Ω resistor in the figure
4 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM
shown in the question 7.

a) 60
b) 65.5
c) 70.6
d) 75
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The current through 5Ω resistor = V3/5=18.11
/5=3.62A. The power absorbed by 5Ω resistor = (3.62)2
)×5=65.52W.
9. Find the value of the voltage (V) in the equivalent voltage

source of the current source shown below.
a) 20
b) 25
c) 30
d) 35
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The value of the voltage (V) in the equivalent
voltage source of the current source the voltage across the
terminals A and B is (6)( 5) = 30V.
10. Find the value of the current (A) in the equivalent

current source of the voltage source shown below.
5 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The value of the current (A) in the equivalent
current source of the voltage source the short circuit current
at the terminals A and B is I=60/30=2A.

Network Theory.

6 of 6 3/16/18, 4:37 PM

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