Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Utilization of 5G in IoVs for Road Traffic Management: a

Survey
Nafeesa Kalsoom1
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Pakistan.

Samina Khalid2
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Pakistan.

Abstract:- Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is a expected thousand connections. Different 5G technologies are currently
convergence of the mobile Internet and the Internet of used and enhanced to improve the performance of IoVs. For
Things (IoT). IoVs are emerging form of IoT. 5G is the V2v, v2R and V2I communication, most major access
latest technology in wireless broadband. 5G based IoVs is technologies which are used are: (1) IEEE WAVE (wireless
the new form of IoVs. 5G technology has aroused people's access of VehiculAr Environment) standard, which includes
attention with its promise of flexible networking. Due the the specification of (DSRC), the IEEE 802.11p for the PHY,
increase in urban population urban traffic is increased MAC layers and the IEEE 1609 family for the higher layers.
every day. This leads toward traffic congestion and DSRC (dedicated short range commu-nication) and
increases in the number of accidents. Different traffic 5G cellular technologies help in future to enhance traffic
management systems and technologies are developed to efficiency. DSRC can be serve as a backup technology to 5G .
enhance traffic performance. 5G based IoVs are built to DSRC is basically planned for vehicle to-vehicle commu-
lessen traffic accidents, relieve congestion and reduce nication and for serious safety of applications only,
pollution. Different road applications like road protection, whereas 5G technology has a broad capability with scope for
traffic flow efficiency, and infotainment are greater to vehicle-to-Vehicle commu-nication and the info-tainment.
enhance the performance of IoVs. In this paper, our focus In 5G radio units and spectrum Wi-Fi and the bluetooth is
is on traffic efficiency. Different architectural layers of used. It can also reports technical problems of vehicles, to the
IOVS are studied for the evaluation of traffic efficiency. producers and allowing them for the updation of vehicle firm
We are going to survey traffic management systems that ware etc. The benefits of 5G over the DSRC is , that 5G can
are based on 5G technologies. A detailed literature be run over current infrastructure, though also the cellular
evaluation is the contribution of this paper. Finally, a stations, up grades are also needed. the new road side stations
tabular evaluation is given for the summarization of our and the new infra-structure is needed for the DSRC. Fifth
literature overview. generation along with LTE helps to enhance traffic efficiency
and road safety for IoVs.
Keywords:- Internet of vehicles (IoVs), Traffic
efficiency, 5G technologies. Different road side applications are used to enhance
traffic management systems. These application reliefs to
I. INTRODUCTION enhance better traffic management system for IoVs. Traffic
In Europe alone, around forty thousand humans die management system is used to reduce congestion, collisions
and 1.7 million are injured yearly in traffic accidents. In the etc. in roads. It helps to reduce delays in roads. There are three
identical time, traffic will increase on our roads leading to kinds of vehicular plans that are discussed below [53].
traffic blockages, increased travel time, gasoline consumption  Road safety
and multiplied pollutants [1]. Internet of vehicles (IoVs) is  Traffic performance
emerging shape of VANETs that connects vehicles on the road  Infotainment
and globally. Number of cars increase on the roads makes
road infra-structure congested, effects into extra fertilities, gas A. Active Road Safety Applications
consumption and environmental troubles.D2D communication Measures taken to avoid road injuries are a part of
is an important part of IoVs. To meet the current traffic this utility. Defensive safety application also help drivers to:
requirements IoVs should also have communications, preserve a ,safe place to hold a nonviolent distance force with
Processing, storage power, and learning and should have in the road. It avoids over taking in crucial conditions .
security abilities. New programs are being developed to information, communications and the positioning
remedy these problems. One of them is 5G.5G is basically a Technologies provide solutions for en-hancing traffic safety.
fifth-generation wireless broad band technology. 5G has With an era – where the functionality either autonomously on
capability to provide speeds hundred times quicker than the board the car co-operatively , they are based on v2V or
4G. 5G will increase network expandability up to hundreds of Infrastructure for conversation, the wide variety, of injuries
and there harshness can be abridged, leading in decrease of the

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numbers of accidents. Road applications like Collision, application. These applications are also recycled in IoVs to
congestion, head On, rear cease, are also active Road safety meet the road safety of internet of vehicles.

Fig 1:- Traffic Safety Applications using 5G technologies

B. Traffic Performance II. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE FOR IOVS

High-volume intersections (mainly during peak In this paper we also review proposed architecture of
hours) position an especially hard undertaking to traffic IoVs. The main contribution of this topic is that we Review it
engineers and planners. They are interested to decreasing to understand how these layers helpful in traffic management
delays and enhancing protection for motorists and pedestrians. of IoVs. Nanjie (2011) anticipated a three layer architecture
The important side consequences of traffic congestion for IoVs. The major consequences for road traffic
encompass increased pollution, fuel consumption for drivers, management is the Client layer, all sensors within and the
and greater financial losses in phrase of time wasting. To outside of the Car is liable for Vehicle speed, positions,
reduce congestion, delays, and crashes, researchers have collision detection, and vehicle-to-road and road condition. It
recommended several revolutionary intersection designs for is also responsible to identify driving patterns of the cars.
heavy traffic drift situations. Along these Traffic performance Wan et al (2014), this architecture helps in IoVs road traffic in
and control programs: Speed management and Co-operative terms of car-to-car commu-nication. Its cloud layer provide
navigation, cooperative driving using systems, traffic resource traffic load conditions thus reduce traffic congestion. In
management, and content material sharing structures are also Bonomi (2013), commu-nication layer covers vehicles
advanced to improve traffic efficiency. commu-nication mostly for V2v. It commu-nicate links using
the 802.11p Protocol. In Kaiwartya et al. (2016), this
C. Infotainment Applications
architecture not well satisfy the conditions of road traffic for
The “Internet of vehicles” may even create new IoVs. Gandotra, Kumar, and Jain (2017), the D2D commu-
commercial enterprise fashions from constructing and nication is possible, thus it enables v2v commu-nication.it also
servicing cars, imparting cloud-based infotainment, to crash helps in resource management. Juan et al. (2018), this
prevention and intelligent traffic control. Co-operative nearby proposed architecture layer helps a lot in IoVs road traffic
services, Global Internet services are important applications management. It provide D2D commu-nication as well as
for IoVs. Infotainment applications used a lot of resources as it vehicle-to-human interaction in user acquisition layer. In data
need much bandwidth for videos sharing, online gaming. The acquisition layer it provides different technologies that are
use of faster mobile standard like LTE and UMTS (universal based on 5G. These technologies may help in improvement of
mobile telecommunications systems) enables infotainment traffic [2].In the figure 2 different proposed architectures of
application in IoVs. Digital networking offer new IoVs layer are described. This figure illustrate how these
opportunities for the infotainment services. layers contribute to improve traffic management systems in
IoVs.
Our focus for this paper is on traffic efficiency
of IoVs. In section 2 consist of IoVs architecture section 3
consist of taxonomy of traffic efficiency systems are
described. Section 4 composed of literature survey section 5
consist of open problems section 6 consists of conclusion.

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ISSN No:-2456-2165

Bonomi (2013) Wan et al. (2014) Gandotra et al. Juan et al.(2018)

Nanjie (2011)
(2017)

Client layer Communication layer Vehicular layer D2D Layer Communication layer

V2V Traffic
Traffic commu Traffic
Road efficien
efficien nication safety
safety cy
cy

Car position Avoide collosion Cloud layer Information exchanege Data acquisition layer

Infotainmen
Driving pattrens Aviode congestion t and road
Resource utilization
safety
applications
Store data
Traffic
record
Different technologies
are used

Help to reduce
congestion in the road LTE

DSRC

WIMAX

Fig 2:- Proposed architecture of IoVs help in traffic efficiency

III. TAXONOMY OF TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY

Here is a taxonomy of traffic efficiency. For traffic efficiency we take four systems that are currently used to improve traffic
performance in IoVs, and then categories in further parts.

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Traffic efficiency

Cooperative driving Resource

Cooperative traffic Content sharing
system management
efficiency system system
system

Platoon Content
Platoon Platoon Priority Context
based CDS delivery
based drive based CDS among based awareness
pattern for IVC networks
V2V,V2I

Traffic speed Traffic efficiency Cooperative

Resource Resource QOS
estimation protocol for traffic
allocation utilization MTRMS
system highways applications

Channel Bandwidth
GLOSA
allocation assignation

Fig 3:- Systems used to improve traffic efficiency for IoVs: A taxonomy

Co-operative navigation, co-operative systems, traffic B. Driving Patterns

resource management, and content material sharing structures Traditional models of driving system do not provide
are advanced to improve traffic efficiency in IoVs. The detail enough information for departure, lane changing, arrival
of these systems are discussed below. patterns, queue length etc. Platoon patterns are developed to
manage these requirements. Two types of platoon patterns are
A. Cooperative driving systems derived [54]. 1. Signal-based platoon patterns in which
The new advancement of information and performance measures like block queue, stop rate and delay is
communique technologies (ICT) allows a promising evaluated. 2. Lane-based platoon patterns in which platoon
cooperative driving which has been meditated to expressively length departure arrival patterns are studied and their patterns
enhance traffic flow performance and traffic safety [3] ( are evaluated. A lane based pattern is used to model the
Ngoduy and Jia, 2016).These co-operative driving systems network performance It produces better results in retrieving
(CDS) may be performed via through vehicle-to-vehicle (V to signal coordination quality as well as improve signal
V) and car-to-infrastructure (V to I) commu-nication. CDS is compensations [5].
primarily based on wireless commu-nication amongst
automobiles (V2v) and among vehicles to infrastructure (v to C. Platoon Based CDS for Inter-Vehicle Communication
I).Because of the excessive automobile density, the unreliable Basically, in a Cooperation primarily based Driving
vehicular communications consisting of packet damage and Systems (CDS), cars get adjoining facts via inter-car
trans-mission postpone can directly impact the overall vehicular commu-nication exchange (IVC) and then approve
performance of the co-operative driving systems ( CDS) [4]. an appropriate manipulate the law to attain a sure goal,
Basically co-operative derived systems used vehicle-following together with preserving a regular inter-car design
models to describe human behavior when using on Roads, within the equal platoon [6].
which include acceleration/deceleration, lane changing, and
many others.

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D. Platoon Based CDS for Inter-Vehicle, V2V, and V2I H. Cooperative Traffic Applications
Communication Cooperative traffic programs are basically used for
In platoon primarily based CDS [7] scheme the signal traffic management. The use of cars as free-powerful
vehicles dynamically inherent the specific vehicle’s mobile traffic sensors can offer signals with accurate statistics
behaviors . This in-formation can also be exchanged amongst approximately for traffic situations. Based on the obtained
vehicles, for example the placement and speed of a car ; the restraint messages, the software allows vehicles to keep away
con_versation topology also clarifies the connectivity structure from the roads with traffic incidents by Chosen alternative
of vehicular networks. It includes pre-decessor supporter, routes. The warning messages are broadcasted by the usage of
chief– follower, and bidirectional. They also manage WAVE short message protocol [13] over IEEE
regulation together with sliding-mode and able to manipulate 802.11p.Moreover, in the future technology may be used to
consensus to be carried out on every vehicle, which will update the costly traffic alerts based on roadside infrastructure
outline the automobile-following rule in the related traffic with in-car connection manage mechanisms that are supported
float [4]. Switching topology in cars may cause function via Wi-Fi exchange (virtual traffic lights) [14]. A cooperative
errors, for vehicle- to-infrastructure, vehicle get commu- traffic service is implemented in Veins-4.4 to check the traffic
nication from the infrastructure. Some cell deployment scenario in congested areas [15].IoVs are mostly based on
consists of base stations and road stations unit. These cells WAT (wireless access technologies). The main domain in the
based on mini antennas provide infrastructure-related WAT is car driving, traffic management, cars safety, road
information e.g route condition, weather conditions etc. [8]. infrastructures. IoVs can be combined with other advanced
technologies like "vehicular cloud Computing" (VCC)
E. Cooperative Traffic Efficiency Systems techniques, fog computing, "Software-defined networking"
These kinds of systems are advanced to enhance (SDN),"Network Function Virtualization" (NFV) and 5G [16].
traffic performance .some traffic systems are discussed below: These progress in vehicle technologies provide safe, efficient
and calm driving system within time maintained information
F. Traffic Speed Estimation System with the use of internet and 5G.
Several studies have investigated the traffic statistics
from CFVD (cellular floating vehicular data).However, they I. Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA)
can't be accomplished at once to predict the destiny of traffic This technology can also be used to better
information in dynamical environments. An analytic model is synchronize vehicles with traffic indicators through (GLOSA)
proposed to evaluate the traffic flow according to the amounts structures [17]. Traffic signals completed with Wi-
of HoS (handovers), NLUs and to estimates the traffic Fi communications era will be capable of transmit Signal,
thickness according to with the amounts of CAs [9]. Many phasing and timing (SPaT) records to cars . A GLoSA
pre-diction algorithms are also used to estimate speed. In provides its driver with speed guidance that will allows him
devices, the auto -speed can be envisioned in line with the her to per-mit road traffic green signs [18].
anticipated traffic flows and predicted traffic densities . For
car speed forecasting, a backpropagation neural J. Content Sharing Systems
network algorithm is measured to predict the upcoming car Information sharing and its gathering of information
speed through the modern-day traffic statistics [10]. on vehicles, roads and their surrounds is the crucial system for
IoVs. Many systems are advanced to adorn content sharing.
G. Traffic Performance Protocol for Highways To this purpose, it is miles well worth noting that the
Highway injuries frequently includes deadly happens, outcomes of standardization activities, IEEE802.11p,
because of the excessive speed of traffic. Traffic performance IEEE1609 in the USA, ETSI ITS(Intelligent Transportation
enhancement protocol for highway road situations System) and ISO CALM (Continuous Air-interface long and
uses VANETs technology to detect the emergency instances medium range) in EU, proposed more
over the highways' situations it provide safety from collusion advantageous communication paradigms regarding both (v2V)
[11]. It investigates the most appropriate reaction for each and (v2I) communications for content sharing [19].Some
automobile shifting in the route of an emergency case over the other papers investigate the optimization of the context
dual roadway. It recommends the extremely moral reaction to consciousness inside the LTE assisted V2X paradigm. To
the driving force of each vehicle within the network range of maximizing traffic congestion in IoVs the records of sharing
the detected emergency case. There are circumstances of high amongst automobiles, satisfying LTE communication, QoS
way traffic flows free flow and syn-chronized drift. The requirements and capacity boundaries, in a distributive way
traffic thickness of car inside the former scenarios is much low [20].
and automobiles can circulate liberally at their wanted places.
On the other Hand, in the other scenario, the traffic density is K. Priority-Based Content Sharing
much high, and auto-mobiles are synchronized over every Named Data networking (NDN) has been recently
lane [12]. proposed as a noticeable resolution for content material
delivery within the IoV. The vehicles are prepared with
variety of wireless commu-nication technologies. They change

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facts aimed to assist protection, traffic efficiency, and transporting content in such a dynamic network is a way from
monitoring and infotainment applications. NDN shifts from trivial. In an article [27], the improvement of Content Delivery
the IP communique model, focused on “wherein” the content Networks (CDN) is inspected inside the context of vehicular
is protected, to a content distribution model that caring about networks. Roadside devices aid the communication by means
“what” content to be retrieve. In NDN, application-degree of replicating and turning in contents to cars within their range
content name are without the delay use for the content of coverage.
healing, as a result allowing a node to commu-nicate without
any need of call-to-IP deal with decision. It also classifies the N. Resource Management System
content of priority with the well-known call prefixes and Resource management system is a big problem in the
makes use of the “freshness” parameter executed in NDN vehicular environment. Resource allocation, resource
packets to similarly represent the content material demands. It scheduling, resource utilization all are important for resource
vigorously molds the ndn forwarding choices consistent with management to manage resources in vehicular environment
the call prefix of content, via selecting the out going LTE-A.
interface(s) and nicely tuning the different timers of broadcast
trans-missions over the 802.11 OCB interface. The O. Resource Allocation
applicability of NDN in vehicular network has investigated in It is the process in which different resources are hand
the last year’s [21], [22], [23] Indeed, NDN receiver -pushed over to vehicles to manage traffic. High bandwidth is needed
connection less communications based on the trade of packet for infotainment applications like video streaming e gaming,
kind of referred to as Interest and data—and pervasive in the- there is a need for the proper channel to increase bandwidth
network of caching particularly suit for the vehicular and QoS. The two important resource allocation is
environments. Content retrieval in NDN starts off evaluation
while the supporter nodes requests a Data [13] packets by the P. Channel Allocation
broadcasting of an Interest, which it includes a ranked content Chanel allocation is associated with spectral
call. There are not any limits in side the call of components frequency. Several viable channel usage situations are
and their compositions. analyzed, particularly, WAVE compliant mode, for
symmetric channels, precedence and site traffic stations, and
L. Context Awareness combination of the network mode. WAVE compliant mode is
Co-operative awareness Messages (CaMs) are ex- follows in the U.S [28]. In network switching the
changed in VANETs to help and exchange in-formation accomplishment between the single CCH and multiple SCHs.
among cars and to help cooperative connections amongst Symmetric channel format: this reflects the two channels as a
networked cars [24]. Such messages provide positional identical, and every source decides which channel it uses or it
information, as well as, become aware of the status of can use the stations arbitrarily. Priority and traffic network:
neighboring vehicles. In last year’s many researchers and this makes the use of one channel solely for excessive priority
business, corporations have considered the usage of the LTE protection messages and the other channel for all non-priority
cellular network as an alternative solution for vehicular safety messages. Combined station mode: this combines two
networking packages, especially for the delivery of FCD 10 MHz networks to the single 20 MHz channel [29]. The
message flows. A framework for RAT selection assistance of high significance low inexpression messages is
in 5G extremely-dense community environments based on a important for the vigorous protection programs. Thus, the
context-aware, consumer-orientated scheme, specifically Priority and traffic network usage arrangement is chosen for
COMPASS is investigated. It selected the best RAT for multichannel operations. A variety of suggestions has made
every one of the active flows of a UE in the network. The for the usage of the 30- MHz frequency band dedicated for
pro-posed mechanism collects and subsequently strategies highway protection and the traffic efficiency. An analysis
context data monitored and aggregated through the UE, taking of the channel allo-cation for the 30-MHz frequency band
gain of new progresses and 3GPP tendencies inside the LTE- committed to protection-related C2x commu-nication.
EPC structure (e.g. ANDSF capability) [25].From the possible
of urban state for IoVs in another paper an FCD series Q. Bandwidth Assignation
protocol LTE cellular community is developed, in which To successfully proportion the available radio
tremendous offloading is received via resorting to V2V direct sources among the eligible user is one of the vital problems to
commu-nication hyperlinks. It optimize consultant vehicle be addressed. Proper bandwidth able to enhancing mobile
nodes and sending them through LTE channels [26]. Spectral efficiency while creating a minimal impression on
cellular communications. It ensures the distinct QoS (quality
M. Content delivery networks of Service) necessities of the ITS programs [30].
Content delivery is a key functionality for growing
the Internet of Vehicles. In such networks, cars act as sensors R. Channel Utilization
of the urban mobility by means of continuously changing Radio channel satisfactory enhance useful resource
messages with every other vehicle, the cellular network, and utilization performance. Better channel usage from c2x
also the infrastructure (roadside units). However, the task is to conversation growth reliability for safety messages [31]. Its

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miles typically depending on bandwidth. Higher bandwidth makes sure that the transmission is possible. The goal of QoS-
provides better throughput for vehicular structures. With the MTRS is to enhance the diversity, completeness and usual
first-class of available Bandwidth allocated for C2x commu- traffic facts price below radio resource boundaries. It is better
nication, this valuable resource must be used successfully to than BQA (bandwidth and QoS-conscious scheduler),
quantify assets that are utilized in an advanced method. Greedy, and FCFS in terms of appearance chance of receiving
a pair of form of traffic data types according to region block ,
S. QOS Multimedia Traffic Resource Management replication ratio, normal traffic records cost, cease-to-stop
System (MTRS) delay, system throughput, area insurance [32]. It can be
The important concept of QoS-aware multimedia implemented to LTE-A for assisting excessive-bandwidth
resource management mechanism schedule resources with the needs for the Internet of vehicles [33].
help of numerous traffic records. The channel availability

Fig 4:- [53] Future of 5G autonomous vehicles

IV. RELATED WORK

(V2V) commu-nication. On the idea of these prediction
A resource allocation scheme is proposed in techniques, it proposed a mobile crowd sensing technique that
[34]. The major standards of this scheme are the control of the guides dynamic route alternatives for drivers to avoid
system potential and interference situations so that it will meet congestion. In [37] author in start estimates the imaginative
the performance requirement of D2D vehicular broadcast, in and prescient of mobile communication's utility within the
terms of reliability. The authors show their results through everyday existence of the society. It also figures out the traffic
radio resource management, that's an important thing for tendencies and demands for succeeding 10 years from
understanding resource efficient and reliable D2D commu- the Mobile Broadband (MBB) company and the internet of
nication. Resource management is an important factor for things (IoT) attitude, respectively. The requirements from the
IoVs in communication as well as for cooperating systems. precise provider and person demands are analyzed, and the
Liu et al, [35] proposed a modern four-tier structure for urban unique requirements from regular usage prospects are
traffic control with the union of calculated by means of the defined average overall
VANETs, 5G networks,” software-defined networks”, and performance. The benefits of 5G communications, inside the
mobile edge computing technology. The proposed shape new idea of the Internet of vehicles, is discussed in [38]. The
presents better communication exchange and faster responsive internet of Vehicle is defined in the time period of low
speed in a more distributed and active way. The proposed latency, extremely excessive bandwidth and reliability. It
structure has the strength to lower traffic congestion. It has the delivered the brand new concept of Vehicle to Vehicle
capability to improve and manage urban traffic. The 4-tier (V2v) commu-nication that’s ordinarily based on a Device to
architecture version tested the feasibility and excessive Device (D2d) communication in 5G cell environs. This article
performance of the proposed framework. Wan et al. [36] have claims that the future of IOV will usually rely
fundamental interest on two factors: the taxonomy upon 5G communications. This [6] offers an assessment of
of CAIV (cloud assisted intervehicle) and reliable traffic the routing protocols within the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs)
prediction. The structure of CAIV is split into three primary from routing algorithms to their valuation techniques. It
architecture kinds: VTC, VAC, and VWC. It moreover affords 5 distinctive taxonomies of routing protocols. First, it
evaluates the traditional traffic prediction strategies used by classifies protocols, based totally on their transmission method
each vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle into three categories: unicast, geocast, and broadcast.

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Secondly, it classifies them into 4 classes primarily based on evaluated to toughen the procedure performance of the direct
facts required to carry out routing: topology, position, map, V2V commu-nication.
and path-based totally. Third, it identifies them in delay
sensitive and delays tolerant parameters. Fourth, it discusses Chiti et al, [21] investigate the optimization of the
them according to their applicability in extraordinary context awareness in the LTE assisted V2X paradigm. The
dimensions, that is, 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D. Finally, it discusses aim of this paper is to maximize the information sharing
their goal in networks, like homogeneous and heterogeneous among vehicles, supporting LTE commu-nication QoS
ones. requirements, capacity limitations, in a distributive method.
Ahmed et al, [39] reviews present-day traffic control The author firstly proposed a clustering based user association
systems and investigate the role and importance of vehicular method, modeled as the hospital resident (HR) matching
cloud computing in road traffic control. First, an idea of the game, where CHs (clustering heads) are matched with ONs
vehicular cloud infrastructure in an urban situation is (owner nodes) to form stable clusters. It handles the HR game
presented to discover the vehicular cloud computing process. with the resident-oriented Gale–Shapley algorithm. Then it
Then taxonomy of vehicular clouds that defines the cloud proposed an independent user association approach, modeled
formation, integration kinds. as the stable feature (SF) sport, wherein every vehicle can
install multiple independent links with other automobiles
There is 3 fundamental contributions in [4], (1) it infrastructures without requiring its partners to be related
proposed a platoon-based CDS (cooperative driving system) among themselves. It find a distributive answer called the
with an attendance of the practical IVC (intervehicle Irving’s stable fixture (ISF) algorithm.
communication). (2) The consensus-based control algorithm is
applied inside the CDS, wherein the impact of the IVC, e.g., An FCD series protocol through LTE mobile network
heterogeneous inter-vehicular commu-nication delay and is proposed in [41], where substantial offloading is obtained
packet loss, on the device overall performance is ideally by using resorting to V2V direct commu-nication hyperlinks.
studied. This version is verified through numerical simulations To pick out a representative automobile node that aggregate
below numerous traffic conditions. The simulation evaluation FCD of their respective neighboring vehicle nodes earlier than
is completed in Omnet++. In [40]described significant use sending them through LTE channels. It takes advantage of
cases and analyzed their requirements for which the future utilizing the devoted spectrum bands assigned for VANET
V2X commu-nication systems need to support. The toughest services to lessen the traffic loads imposed at the LTE Wi-Fi
use cases require high link reliability (in most cases, above access network. The proposed mechanism can be recognized
99%), low latency (below 10 ms), and high throughput (tens in a manner in which it fully accommodates new technology
of Mb/s per vehicle), It also performed a qualitative gap and requirements, e.g., using the CBF algorithm with Geo
analysis of the capability of existing technologies and Networking protocol for the distribution of logic. In [42], it
concluded that the tough requirements of some use cases compares caching architectures from the standpoint of the
cannot be supported by any currently available technology. whole cache measurement that operators want to set up to
Jia et al, [3] assembled a novel platoon-based cooperation reach a target hit ratio. An actual-global, massive-scale,
version with the attention of the realistic vehicles commu- crowd-sourced dataset coming from the WeFi app, found that
nication. It proposed a consensus-based totally manipulate internet topology and caching architecture are the critical
algorithms on the multi-platoons cooperative using. It reasons influencing the full cache length, that cell operator
additionally analyzed the system performance below the have given to put in. In unique, fog computing pairs
uncertainties within the IVC. Some numerical simulations remarkably well with the noticeably localized content
have been performed to confirm the evaluation in various material, including navigation information for purpose of self-
traffic situations. Both theoretical evaluation and simulation driving cars.
consequences showed that this information performs an Lianghai et al, [43] introduced a system structure that
important position in stabilizing the platoon-based CDS. The permits the direct V2V conversation beneath community
proposed consensus algorithm shows very immoderate control. It also proposed a useful resource allocation scheme
flexibility uncertainties, which include the packet loss and size that’s designed to dynamically adapt to the real-time traffic
error. This paper [2] layout a vehicular method and advise an requirement of the V2V communique. In addition, a couple of
improved consensus-installed manage algorithm for the key technologies are also proposed and evaluated to boost up
CDS.The effects of V2X commu-nication on system's overall the procedure efficiency of the direct V2V conversation.
performance, inclusive of transmission delay, transmission
coverage, measurement noise are theoretically studied in this A high-level overview of several standardization
paper in Omnet++. In [34] exploit direct V2V commu- organizations and their efforts to develop commu-
nication for information exchange among vehicles. A useful nication standards for 5G and beyond are studied in [44]. This
resource allocation scheme is designed to dynamically adapt [46] analyzes the mega trends of future mobiles services,
the true-time traffic requirement of the V2V conversation. the idea of the 5G services which gives the importance for
Additionally, a few key technologies are also proposed and the truthful experiences of end- users, has also been
established. Immersive, intelligent, Omni present, autonomous

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and public 5G services are categorized and detailed services segments are seventy-nine %, 85%, sixty-three % and eighty-
scenarios have also been described from the pers-pective of two % for the anticipated car speeds.
end-users . Depending on these use case, the technical
limitations of the 4G, which can also be the technical Sokratis et al, [27] offer a Context-Aware RAT
challenge for the 5G, have also been analyzed. A detailed Selection mechanism, its major elements work on the User
analysis of channel allo-cation for the 30-MHz spectrum Equipment (UE) - aspect, minimizing signaling over head
dedicated to safety-related C2x commu-nication is analyzed in over the air interface and computation load on the bottom
[29]. A comprehensive over view of existing usage of the 30- stations. Secondly, it explains in detail the archi-tectural
MHz frequency band dedicated to safety -related perspective; i.e., the extensions needed within the network
C2x commu-nication. It analyzes the advantages and dis- interfaces that enables the alternate of the specified context
advantages of traffic efficiency and traffic safety approaches information most of them are respective network systems and
based on an extensive set of evaluation criteria. It also in accordance with the 3GPP (3rd generation partnership
provides a recommendation for the channel allo-cation for the program) trends in terms of the context-aggregating entities. A
30-MHz frequency band. novel mechanism for the restoration of named IoV content
material is proposed in [41].It uses information combined with
Younes et al, [6] proposed a traffic highway the call and the freshness characteristic for the ranked
performance protocol, its impartial is to target high ways. This transport of content Prioritization is enforced in a –
aims of this protocol is to detect emergency cases, over the folded manner: (a) in the face choice scheme through
examined road, and advise the best reaction to every vehicle in allowing Content be requested over a couple of faces in
its region. The proposed protocol prove that this decreases the parallel so as to accelerate their retrieval (b) within the
common delay time of car visiting over motorway distribution of Interest and Data packets over the 802.11 OCB
eventualities due to the life of emergency cases. It increases interface with the aid of accelerating the forwarding of HP
the throughput of freed lanes. Moreover, it decreased the Interest, Data packets over LP ones. A short overview of
percentage of crashed auto-mobiles with the surprising recent technologies used in ITS applications to improve traffic
situations. efficiency and traffic congestion is provide in [46]. In another
In [22] authors explore the congestion manage paper [47] resource allocation and resource utilization scheme
problem on the intersection in VANETs. It states that because are proposed along with the cooperation of knap snack
of the restricted radio channel resources, a massively wide algorithm called MCKP algorithm. This MCKP when
variety of records change among the stopped cars at the incorporating in MSU (mobile station units) it leads toward
intersection will cause channel congestion problems, for this NP-hard problem. To reduce this problem a 2D
reason, it affords no safe warranty. At ultimate, a bargaining MCKP algorithm is proposed. The proposed system reduces
sport is proposed to determine the surest combination of the the complexity of the algorithm.
sending power and rate for the cluster leaders. The simulation
outcomes indicate that JPRA algorithm outclasses Marko et al. [46] analyze 3GPP standards used
IEEE802.11p in phrases of throughput, queuing delay and in 5G.it also define some application scenarios for
delivery ratio. d2d Communication in 5G networks. According to this paper
Cristiano et al, [45] looked into the improvement of LTE along the cooperation of 3GPP in 5G provides best
Content Delivery Networks (CDN) in the context of vehicular power consumption for both infrastructure and non-
networks. Mobile Content Delivery Vehicular Networks infrastructure environment. This [48], develop a modules that
(MCDVN) increase to make content material available to cars are established on Controller area network (CAN) bus,
which can be a part of an internet of vehicles (IoV). After OBDII, and 4G-LTE; it also develop a software to check
formalizing the MCDVN, it proposes a Sigma Deployment to vehicle information on a PC, finally it Implement a database
assess it as the metric. To resolve the Sigma Deployment, it that is related to vehicle diagnostic codes the proposed system
advises Sigma-g grasping heuristic algorithm. The efficiency architecture is designed for big data inquiry. Ideoia et al, [30]
of Sigma-g is higher than an incremental deployment. The proposed an RRM (radio resource management) methodology
limitation of the paper is that sigma deployment moves for the improvement of spectral efficiency with minimum
towards the NP-hard problem. This [9] analyze models to effects of cellular commu-nication.it
estimate traffic idea according to the amounts of HOs and ensures QoS for ITS applications. A CCFC algorithm for
NLUs and to an evaluation of the traffic density according to multilane traffic scenarios is proposed in [41]. Decentralized
with the quantities of CAs and PLUs. The car's speed can be algorithm and distributed algorithms are implemented along
estimated by keeping with the predicted traffic flows and with CCFC.The CCFC algorithm is used to optimize traffic
predicted traffic thicknesses. For automobile pace forecasting, jam for joint situations. Multichannel cooperative based MAC
a back-propagation neural network algorithm is considered to protocol with the assimilation of DSRC is proposed in [49].It
predict the coming automobile velocity through the up-to-date enhanced QOS by the transmission of secure messages. An
traffic information. The experimental outcomes illustrated that overview of position based routing protocols that are used in
the common precisions of vehicles speed estimation of street V2v commu-nication for the urban environment is provided
in [50]. It also discuss their methods and limitations.it

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 Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
evaluates the qualitative parameters of VANETs. A critical in high way scenario is studied in [52].It derived a formula to
review of drawbacks and advantages of IoVs are studied in calculate the probability if k nearest neighbor vehicles. The
terms of traffic management in [51]. An investigation of issues challenges and technical issues related to 5G are
essential conditions of minimum degree of k-connected node discussed in [47].
in vehicular adhoc networks, through a homo-generous variety

Sr Referen Year Problem detected Proposed scheme Proposed Simulator Performance matrices
no ces algorithm/Met
hods
1 Chiti, 2017 User association Gray shapely Clustering Omnet++  Network
F., et al. for content sharing technique Sumo portioning
Hospital resident
game based tech.  Network
connection

 Connected
group featuring
2 Malandr 2017 information lost Fog computing CDN(content Omnet++  CDF
ino, F., during delivery  Price of fog
et al. transmission networks)  Cache size

3 Salvo, 2017 Messaging DSRC Two phases Omnet++  Average

P., et al. Dissemination LTE 1. Setup with number of LTE
CBF algorithm phase PLEXE uplink radio
for geo 2. Colle channels used
networking ction per cells
phase  Vehicles
density level

4 Chen, 2017 Channel Congestion JPRS NS2.35  Throughput

C., et al. congestion cause control scheme algorithm
information based on non-
congestion cooperative  Queuing delay
bargaining game  Delivery ratio

5 Silva, 2017 Large deployment Sigma MCDVNS Sumo  Data networks

C. M., of RSUS deployment along for RSUS
et al. with heuristic  No. of channel
algorithm allocation for
RSUS.
6 Jia, D. 2016 Reduce gap CDS Census based Omnet++  Vehicle length
and D. between traffic Cooperative algorithm for  Maximum
Ngoduy flow modeling and deriving system CDS deceleration
commu-nication  Average speed
approach  Maximum
velocity
 Platoon size
7 Younes, 2016 Road blockage Emergency based Traffic Ns2.35  Emergency
M. B., during emergency mechanism efficiency case sensitivity
et al. in highways protocol for Vs.
Best response highways
Change of lane recommendation
during road  Throughput
accident  Delay

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 Volume 3, Issue 3, March– 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Percentage of
crashes vehicle

8 Liu, 2017 Resource QOS AMC(adaptive NS3  Throughput

T.C., et scheduling MTRS(multimedi malutation  Traffic delay
al. a traffic resource coding) +LTE-  Location
No. of resource management A coverage
wasted system)  Duplication rate
Traffic overhead
consume resources
9 Jia, D. 2016 Switching Generic car flow CACC Omnet++  Speed error
and D. topology model
Ngoduy changings
WAVE census  Platoon length
No stability algorithm
 Position error

10 Liu et al 2016 Decrease of traffic Concatenated DDFC VANET  Throughput

efficiency due to digital fountain Mobism  DSR relay
packet loss code  Data receiving
rate
Table 1. Some Proposed Techniques for IoVs

traffic protection, performance, and sustainability [41]. In

V. OPEN PROBLEMS
wide spread, intelligent automobile systems may be classified
Here are some problems that we analyzed after into two organizations, i.e., autonomous structures and
reviewing different papers some of them are large deployment cooperative structures. Autonomous automobiles do no longer
of network infrastructure for RSUs. Dynamic topology of both talk with others. On other hands, cooperative or connected
cars as well as network, Resource management and resource motors ‘talk’ to each other through vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2v)
scheduling for IoVs, Traffic congestion during the collusion in and Vehicle-to-infra-structure (V2I) commu-nication to
high ways roads, bandwidth utilization, large Data handling decorate the belief of the user environment and to help
(big data thinking). There is a slit between traffic Flow cooperative cars in mane-uvering collectively below a
modeling and commu-nication approaches. Although 5G common place. There is a need of traffic management system
systems encounter these problems but there should be some that act efficiently in the urban environment to improve
infrastructure deployment needed for 5G networks as well as traffic efficiency.5G based IoVs are built to lessen traffic
for IOVS. accidents, relieve congestion and reduce pollution. Different
VI. CONCLUSION road applications like road protection, traffic flow efficiency,
and infotainment are greater to enhance the performance of
The principal accomplishments in the trans-potation, IoVs. In this paper, our focus is on traffic efficiency of IoVs
science in the past few years are the emergence of intelligent with the use of 5G technologies.5G technologies in future
vehicles. Intelligent car structures aid drivers in appearing play important role in traffic efficiency and road safety for
driving tasks which include car following or lane of the IoVs.
changing and are seen as a hopeful approach to the improving

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