Chapter 14

Internet of Vehicles

G. Santhakumar and Ruban Whenish

1 Introduction

Traffic management is a well-known global issue due to the increment of vehicles on

the road. The movement of vehicles is increasing which led to severe traffic issues in
the metro and large cities. Bogota in Columbia topped as the most congested Latin
American city with drivers losing 191 h which is nearly 8 days. Indian cities such
as Bengaluru, Mumbai, and Delhi are facing the worst traffic congestion in the world
with losing 243 h, 209 h, and 190 h, respectively. Drivers in the United States lose
97 h per year due to traffic issues. The lost hours due to traffic issues directly affected
fuel wastage, environment, and indirectly affect productivity, economy, and busi-
ness [1, 2]. Apart from these road traffic accounted for 40% of accidents, 1.3 million
casualties, and 20–30 million injuries annually according to the WHO report, 2016.
Many countries have developed traffic management systems dealing with signal
timing procedures. Timing-based traffic signals controlled by pneumatic actuators
are used to control the traffic, yet it could not have adequate control over the heavy
traffic scenarios in modern smart cities. It is essential to have better communications
and connections within the vehicles as well as surroundings due to their mobility [3].
The enlargement of Information and communication technologies (ICT) is used
to extract traffic information and direct the drivers to take traffic less routes. IoT can
play a key role by restricting traffic congestion, promoting safety, and coordinating
vehicle mobility on the road. IoT has smart sensors, computing devices are
interacting together and the ability to receive, process, and transfer data with no
human participation [4]. IoT can convert into smart roads by embedding sensory
systems and providing information regarding traffic situations. One of the highly

G. Santhakumar
Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
R. Whenish (*)
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 259

M. Kathiresh et al. (eds.), E-Mobility, EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85424-9_14
260 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

attractive applications of IoT in intelligent transportation system (ITS) where traffic

management is ensured well by smarter use of transport networks enable safety,
route optimization, delay reduction, and pollution control. IoT was introduced in
connected vehicles in 1998 applied with radio frequency identification (RFID)
sensor tags. Tracking of vehicle mobility, as well as connectivity, becomes more
convenient in ITS, after adopting technologies such as global positioning system
(GPS), bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, and so on [5, 6]. These technologies brought a new
environment by communicating between the vehicles as well as controlling vehicle
mobility. Vehicular communication systems, such as V2V, V2I, V2P, and vehicle to
everything (V2X) allow a vehicle to communicate the circumstances with short-
range wireless signals. It can widen the vehicle recognition events aided by smart
sensors and detectors to provide necessary guidelines for drivers to take smart and
safe decisions. For example, these technologies provide traffic flow parameters, road
conditions, short cuts/alternate routes, atmospheric conditions, and so on can be
shared by drivers of other connected vehicles developing networks called VANETs
[24]. VANET converts all the vehicles as a wireless router or mobile node which
takes part in the VANET network, in that way it enables vehicles to be connected
inside the network. In case a vehicle moves out of the VANET network, other
vehicles can join inside and create a mobile network. VANET is limited with some
connected vehicles which cover only a small mobile network. VANET cannot
provide sustainable services for broader areas so it is difficult to manage several
situations such as heavy traffic jams, larger city areas, driver misbehaviors, complex
road networks, and so on. The usage of VANET is local and discrete, temporary and
unstable; therefore, usage of VANET is becoming stagnate [7, 8].
Contrary to the VANET network, IoV has brought forth two major technologies
such as vehicle networking and vehicle intelligence by integrating communication
advancements with connected vehicles. By using techniques such as deep learning,
artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive computing, and so on with intelligent integra-
tion of humans, vehicles, environment, and things as a whole broader network. IoV
is not short and unstable like VANET, but it is an open network system with
integrated services that can provide even to a whole country. The benefits of IoV
are highly controllable, manageable, operationalized, and credible. IoV network is
composed of multiple vehicles, multiple networks, multiple users, and multiple
things. IoV can govern and quantify huge complex data with the intention of
improving the sustainability of information, communication, and complex network
systems [9].
The essential ideology of IoV is to comprehend thoroughly the unification of
vehicle–human–environment to nurture efficient transportation, reduce the cost
factors, avoid collisions and fatalities, ensure the safety prospects of humans as
well as enjoy their rides [10]. VANET is a vehicle interconnection network that can
act as a subnetwork of IoV. IoV has another subset that is vehicle Telematics, which
can transfer and interchange the electronic data and location-based information
between connected vehicles. The information such as remote diagnostics, naviga-
tion, entertainment content, and so on comes under Vehicle Telematics, which can
align with intelligent transportation systems considered as an application of IoV, for
14 Internet of Vehicles 261

example, traffic guidance system, intelligent vehicle control, safe navigation.

VANET, vehicle Telematics, and other connected vehicles have failed to handle
global information due to their lack of processing capacity which is limited to short-
term applications. The inception of IoT, cloud computing, deep learning, AI, and big
data has evolved into IoV, to handle and compute/process global information. IoV
has characteristics such as the trajectory of vehicles which is subject to the road
distributions of the city, integration of humans and vehicles. Based on the network
model, service model and human–vehicle behavior model will be developed. IoV
interconnects intelligent systems of vehicles, humans, cyber-physical systems of the
surrounding environment and integrates along with sensors, mobile devices into a
global network [11–15]. IoV has a combination of inter-vehicular networks, intra-
vehicular networks, and vehicular mobile internet. Thus, it is possible to build a
global network in IoV, with multilevel collaboration with existing multi-vehicle,
multiple users, multiple networks, and multiple things. Sensors are smart devices in
IoV, playing a vital role in terms of feeding information and behaving wisely based
on the need. IoV has external sensors, internal sensors, and measurable sensors.
External sensors primarily providing information on GPS (global positioning sys-
tem), LIDARs, cameras, and so on. Internal sensors such as automotive sensors
(brakes, accelerator, etc.) and cockpit sensors (alertness, the health status of the
driver, etc.). Social media, phone texts, tweets will be considered as measurable
sensor outputs to understand the state of the driver.
Profitability from connected cars and their drive technology would generate up to
81 million USD income annually. The effective usage of traveling time is the prime
goal of IoV. IoV has a potential market opportunity by monetizing the time wasted
by traveling in the coming years. Even 5 min saved globally by IoV are expected to
generate 25 million Euros per year by 2030. European Union made an initiative to
develop next-generation Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS).
Various reports from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia suggested
the positive impact of connected vehicles. In the United States, security chips were
equipped in vehicles to define an identity for every entity and vehicle tracking could
be done on the internet. In Delhi, all registered vehicles and metros were installed
with GPS and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Google is working along with certain
automotive industries and IT companies to develop an Android system for connected
vehicles; “Carplay” was developed by Apple which enables the driver to access
services of iPhone through the display of car with a voice support feature. All such
efforts are the roadmap toward the design and development of IoV.
By considering all these facts, the proposed chapter has the following sections.
Section 2 provides basic network architecture and its elements of IoV. Section 3
presents four layers (4L), five layers (5L), and seven layers (7L) of IoV architecture
and its overview. Various types of communications are also discussed here.
Section 4 gives architecture analysis and protocols. Finally, Section 5 brings toward
the future direction of IoV and its transformation with conclusions.
262 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

2 Network Architecture of IoV

Numerous cycles engaged with network communications in OSI or TCP/IP model

like packets directing and bundles conveying. Agreeable C-ITS parts that structure
the IoV ecological system depend on numerous components, and they generally
include various gadgets or infrastructures. Moreover, being a specific MANETs
(Mobile Ad hoc Network) network classification, VANETs, V2I, V2X, and thus IoV
sending is unpredictable and needs an unprecedented effort and thought because
about their characteristics, for instance, a huge degree of versatility and dynamic
change in the geography, which produces dispersed organizations. For example,
ETSI in Europe design is portrayed by Fig. 14.1.
The principal stands out from the conventional TCP/IP or OSI model is:
• The occupancy of a facilities layer which is liable for VANETs affiliated
functions.
• The blend of the network and transport layer falls under a single layer.
• Incorporation of two uncommon layers: Management and Security.
• The occupancy of ITS committed stack which coordinates the geo networking
addressing.
Notwithstanding, such designs are just identified with the inward structure and
capacities of one gadget engaged with the interchanges without explaining the

Fig. 14.1 ETSI architecture

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communication cycle if there should arise an occurrence of handover or different

systems that include outside gadgets cooperation. The game plan of IoT in the
VANETs setting engaged promising courses of action and applications (for instance,
persistent applications for autonomous driving, road traffic the board applications
and comfort applications), which were delivered purported as IoV. IoV biological
system is essentially shaped by four sections which are:
End centers: vehicles, PDAs, sensors, and related contraptions
Establishment: Roadside units (RSUs), Wi-Fi hotspots, cell associations (3G/LTE)
base stations
Activities, for example, methodology prerequisite, stream-based organization, secu-
rity and assessing and
Administrations, for instance, public cloud for enrollment-based organizations,
private cloud, attempt cloud for huge business data, voice or video, and so on.
These days, few suitable association structures between these IoV segments are
suggested. This offer would like to IoV arrangement probability despite the RSU
sending delay since its costly execution, which is assessed to €660 Million from
2020 to 2026. Multiple specifications and normalization exercises in IoV space are
still in development, a survey on network design in IoV found that may be of
extraordinary significance and will assist the scientists to know and refreshed to
what in particular is as of now completed in IoV. This persuades us to commit to the
IoV research network.

3 IoV Architectures Overview

As of now, various endeavors and the academic world examiners are giving in-solid
thought to novel association plans that could capably permit the IoV sending and
associated business market models. In [16], Bonomi from Cisco has depicted
4L-based plans as showed up in Fig. 14.2. The suggested model has four phases
that each IoV correspondence reliably incorporates with Embedded systems and
sensors, Multiservice Edge, Core, Datacenter, and Cloud, as seen in Fig. 14.2.
In [17], authors likewise presented a five-layered engineering, outlined in
Fig. 14.3, which is made out of the accompanying layers:
• Perception: The connection between the vehicle and its present condition is
depicted in this layer. Devices kept inside the vehicle, for instance, sensors,
actuators, singular devices, and those presented over the road, RSU to collect
appropriate information to be used in vehicle’s comments.
• Coordination: this layer is primarily trustworthy on interoperability, controlling,
and report transportation security.
• AI: This is the center layer where choices part undertakings must be executed.
This layer predominantly centers around large information examination, infor-
mation mining, distributed computing, and master frameworks-based choice.
264 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

Fig. 14.2 Four layers architecture of IoV

Fig. 14.3 Five layers architecture of IoV

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• Application: This layer concerns such an organization and pre-necessities present

in the structure.
• Business: the part depicts which kind of associations the IoV deface kit will offer
to customers.
To propose a solid controlling show for IoV climate [18] designing given in past
works, by planning the software-defined networks (SDN) perspective which
involves secluding the association traffic light plane and the data transfer plane.
Accordingly, the presented architecture with six layers (6L) which are perception
layer, correspondence layer, application layer, cost layer, security layer, and a layer
for law, ethic, private life, and legal use. The SDN perspective is applied in the
correspondence layer in which they decide an SDN steering convention (Control
plane + Data plane) sub-layer and radio access technologies (RAT) types (homog-
enous or heterogeneous) sub-layer [19].
In [20], the authors proposed a 7L-based design, which showed up in Fig. 14.4.
They arranged this 7L plan by decreasing the layers functionalities’ multifaceted

• Stores, processes, analysis of data

Business
• Defines strategies for business models
• Improves transportation system

• Implements measures
Management • Manages different network service providers
• Provides interoperability

• Coordinates a heterogeneous network environment

Communication
• Selects the best network based on different profiles
Security

• Filters collected data

Pre - Processing
• Classifies captures data
• Data dissemination

Acquisition • Gathers data from different sources

• Electomagnetic data conversion

• Interacts directly with user

User Interaction
• Manages notifications
• Selects the best interaction interface

Fig. 14.4 Seven layers architecture of IoV

266 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

nature and by social event the essentially equivalent to limits in same and fitting
layers, as needs are, making straightforward its utilization.
The principle goal of this design is the enhancement of the number of layers by
upgrading the differentiability among layers. This enhancement must be additionally
sent as much productively as conceivable to accomplish the organization qualities
and necessities which are mostly: interoperability, dependability, versatility, partic-
ularity, straightforwardness, and combination adaptability with the internet. As it is
mentioned in Fig. 14.4, a layer for customer collaboration which exchanges with the
UI, a layer for data making sure about, a pre-taking care of layer in which assembled
data must be pre-arranged before employed in the correspondence layer, which
encourages the heterogeneous organization surroundings. From that point forward,
they incorporate a layer for interoperability and organization specialist providers
which are called management. At long last, they recommended a business layer and
a security-related layer.
They additionally acquaint a gadget with gadget (D2D) correspondence approach
which may be an encouraging and presumably utilized arrangement in the following
years in machine to machine (M2M) interchanges setting.
An altogether and comprehensive audit on the gadget to gadget correspondences
can be discovered in [21]. The D2D design approach in IoV is represented in
Fig. 14.5. Considering the moving issue toward asset distribution to assure Real-
time (RT) traffic in IoV and to update the asset utilization capability, creators of [22],
determined an IOV design, regardless, they moreover suggested a model for
asset allotment and improvement by following the effortlessly and solicitation

Fig. 14.5 Different types of D2D communications

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approach and utility limit. The recommended plan is a different leveled IoV design-
ing that involves three layers which are: a data gathering cloud, a web-access cloud,
application cloud. In their architecture, they additionally thought to be four organi-
zations which are: The on-vehicle Sensor (OVS) organization, V2Vorganization,
close to street V2I organization, and a V2P organization.
Authors of [23] presented a fog enlisting RT-Based ITS Big Data Analytics
(RITS-BDA) designing in IoV conditions, which is made out of a three-estimation
structure configuration including the components of IoV, smart figuring, and con-
sistent huge data assessment. RITS-BDA is then multi-dimensional layered design-
ing which is made of the going with layers: 4L in the astute enrolling estimation
(three various leveled Fog figuring layers, circulated processing layer), three layers
(3L) for the progressing enormous data assessment estimation (serving layer, group
layer, speed layer), and 6L for IoV estimation. Their designing way to provide the
real execution of persistent ITS colossal data applications and is loosened up from a
nonexclusive consistent enormous data getting ready to plan considered lambda
designing that was introduced in [24].

4 Protocols Stack and Architecture Analysis of IoV

A conventional stack is given for every design which contains particular of the
utilitarian demands of each plan layer by figuring out the proper existing shows. For
example, VANETs standards, 3GPP rules, and so on. For the 5L design [17], a
convention stack (shown in Fig. 14.6) is formed by four planes which are:
The board plane, activity plane, security plane, and layer plane. In any case, [21]
proposed a show store of two planes: an operational plane and a security plane
appeared in Fig. 14.7.
CALM-SL ¼ CALM Service Layer
OMA-DM ¼ Open Mobile Alliance Device Management
6LoWPAN ¼ IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
RPL ¼ Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
IP ¼ Internet Protocol
ROLL ¼ Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks
XMPP ¼ Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
CoAP ¼ Constrained Application Protocol
HTTP REST ¼ Hypertext Transfer Protocol Representational State Transfer
MQTT ¼ Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
LLAP ¼ Lightweight Logical Automation Protocol
LoRaWAN ¼ Low-Power Wide Area Network
OTrP ¼ Open Trust Protocol
S-MIB ¼ Security Management Information Base
HSM ¼ Hardware Security Module
S-IC ¼ Security Information Connector
268 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

Fig. 14.6 Protocol stack of the IoV architecture with five layers

The coordination calculation control layer is utilized for acknowledging

processing and control on human, vehicle, climate equivalently. It can control single
and multitude through registering singular data coordinately. Besides, it can finish
some deal with task IoV. This layer can accomplish the supportability of adminis-
tration necessities employing processing and control on-request assets by planning
coordinately. As per various requests from IoV, shall separate the coordination
model into two classes that are individual coordination model and multitude coor-
dination. The individual model is utilized for tackling the harmonization issues
among humans and vehicles and individual article and multitude objects. This
model comprises the human (driver) and the driving vehicle. The multitude object
comprises all objects of IoV aside from the individual item. Human and vehicle
communication understands the tight coupling and finishes the immediate connec-
tion through an in-vehicle organization. To settle the bottleneck of correspondence, a
clever picture is needed for going about as a specialist for the knowledge of driver
and vehicle. The specialist can finish the harmonization of the items through an
examination of the individual conduct. The multitude model is utilized for tackling
the harmonization issue among humans, vehicles, and climate in IoV from the point
of view of collaboration administrations. In this model, humans, vehicles, and
climate arrange with one another. The human remembers driver, traveler, and
human in climate (rider, person on foot). The vehicle incorporates driving vehicles
and leaving vehicles. Similarly, the climate incorporates charging heaps, ecological
14 Internet of Vehicles 269

Fig. 14.7 IoV Protocol stack with seven layers

checking, and data channel administration passageways. Attributable to the

nonsymmetric of figuring capacities among human, vehicle, and climate, the
all-encompassing detecting of IoV depends on the keen vehicles, yet additionally
on the multitude coordination detecting. Humans and vehicles play out a functioning
part in the coordination registering through cell phones and vehicles. Notwithstand-
ing, they partake in detachment through wise electronic stations, which is conveyed
by ITS. Along these lines, the multitude co-appointment model of IoV comprises
humans, vehicles, climate, insightful pictures, and administrations. To adapt to the
difficulties of IoV, the knowledge of humans and vehicles should be displayed on the
internet. The vehicle and street to fairly see the city traffic information and registered
the traffic to acquire the geography of city traffic organization and its attributes,
whereupon better IoV administrations can be given. The vehicle cooperation issue to
the vehicle speed harmonization issue by figuring if the vehicle direction converges.
Vehicles can organize at the crossing point by taking care of the harmonization issue.
Ghaffarian et al. changed the traffic issue into a whole number programming issue by
examining the two-way single path between segment structures. They tackled the
270 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

harmonization issue with no significant traffic signals between area climate and
diminished the normal deferral adequately. Milan et al. proposed a methodology
dependent on V2V and V2I to facilitate processing. In this methodology, driverless
vehicles with a few distinctive correspondence guidelines and diverse framework
structures can speak with one another, and they settle on choices as per information
exchange. For the current exploration, they overwhelmingly center around the
vehicle’s harmonization, especially in VANET. Be that as it may, IoV administration
additionally requires correspondence assets, calculation assets, and information to
arrange in IoV. Besides, there are just a couple of studies that emphasize human–
vehicle–climate harmonization.
Closed services are administrations that focus on explicit ventures or stages,
especially benefits profoundly associated with the transportation of vehicles. Driving
security is one of the overwhelming application records for vehicles and transpor-
tation, for instance, dynamic street wellbeing can diminish the likelihood of car
crashes and advance transportation wellbeing. In light of shared data about places of
vehicles and convergences, speed, and driving vehicle separation, the event of a car
crash might be anticipated by V2V and V2I correspondence. Drivers consistently
respond rapidly to stay away from auto collisions. The greater part of the examina-
tions on dynamic street wellbeing applications pre predominantly focused on the
convergence strife admonishing, surpassing cautioning, crash cautioning, rear-end
cautioning, chain impact admonishing, crisis vehicle cautioning, salvage help, crisis
brake, petty criminal offense admonishing, traffic state sees, and so on. As of now,
the crash admonishing procedures are autonomous program bundles gave by unique
gear makers as the premise of frameworks. They give notification of auto collisions,
a notice of street conditions (e.g., dangerous asphalt), and rear-end vehicles. To
evade a mixture impact, Colombo et al. have shown a technique, which uses the
vehicle’s dynamic model to take care of the vehicle booking issues. Most of the
functions in ITS are closed service as it is a complex circulated framework joined
with cutting-edge innovations in zones of correspondence, detecting, versatile situ-
ating, information bases, smart data handling, and programmed control. ITS
dominatingly contains six essential subsystems. They are progressed city the board
framework, progressed route framework, progressed vehicle control framework,
business vehicle the executives, progressed public transportation framework, and
progressed metropolitan transportation framework. The insightful traffic the board
likewise incorporates ETC, which guarantees vehicles to cross street and extension
cost stations at ordinary speed for decreasing the likelihood of blockage. Consider-
ing processing assets and capacity assets brought about by huge scope versatile
clients, novel metropolitan traffic the executives’ framework is proposed for taking
care of the issue of deficient registering and capacity assets dependent on keen
transportation cloud [25].
Open administrations in IoV are mostly given by the outsider to clients, which are
grouped into on the web and disconnected stream media and human–machine
intelligent administrations, including video gathering, climate data, information
transmission, web administrations, music downloads, game intelligence, and side
of the road administrations. Future portable internet providers are reached out to
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vehicular administrations, which offer types of assistance for vehicles, for example,
Apples “CarPlay.” For the most part, the administrations accommodated clients
incorporate two perspectives, specifically customized amusement administrations
and transportation administrations. Clients’ amusement benefits dominatingly center
around those that can be acquired from the network or different vehicles. For
instance, a notice of focal points, nearby online business, and media downloads. In
any case, the focal point of customized transportation administrations is prevalently
centered around transportation information that the clients ought to recover from
networks, for example, way route and HD (high definition) maps for mechanized
driving. Telematics additionally includes some open administrations like telematics
in taxicabs, which may gather direction information, break down traffic state, and
offer opening types of assistance. Telematics is a combination of media transmission
and informatics. In addition, it is a helpful framework, which gives data across
internet innovation, to be specific vehicular PC frameworks, remote correspondence
innovation, satellite route gadgets, trade messages, and voices. Telematics gives
capacities about security applications, crisis salvage, guard against burglary, and
distant analysis. Telematics can contact with administration focus through remote
correspondence to find the flaw precisely, give the shortcoming causes and analysis
to look after staff, and guarantee the vehicles travel all the more securely. Using
cloud administrations, telematics synchronizes information with other electronic
gadgets, gives continuous street condition data, and chooses the best course.
Telematics can refresh the most recent guide data to keep up the guide information
precise and state-of-the-art. At that point, it can question the data about
encompassing offices, stopping plots, shops, and administrations. It can likewise
give the elements of phone administrators and one-contact calling focus to diminish
activity and encourage clients. All the previously referred administrations center
around upgrading the driving well-being and some normal applications. Not many of
them join worldwide traffic data and the driver inclination to offer customized
assistance, which could turn out to be increasingly more significant in the future.
Subsequently, we ought to investigate novel IoV administration.
In IoV, vehicles and foundations access networks utilizing an assortment of
remote access advancements. Nonetheless, there exist huge contrasts between var-
ious advancements. Subsequently, a transmission control network is needed for
protecting these distinctions, which infer that the heterogeneous organizations’
mix is inescapable with the improvement of IoV. To understand the transmission
control organization, the heterogeneous organizations must be incorporated with
serious level, which will draw in numerous difficulties. Consequently, the mix of
heterogeneous organizations has become a hot examination field. SDN can control
network traffic deftly through isolating the organization gadget control and infor-
mation. In SDN, like a pipeline, the network turns out to be wiser, and it can
understand the organization’s transmission and control. As indicated by the distinc-
tions created in preparing the vehicular information utilizing diverse correspondence
advances (e.g., cell organization and DSRC), a way to deal with shield these
distinctions. A novel vehicle correspondence design dependent on SDN. In this
engineering, the distinctions of various heterogeneous access advancements could
272 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

be protected through the SDN trade interface. To dispose of the distinctions of cell
organization and broadcast organization, a multi-radio organization joining
approach dependent on substance appropriation organization. This combination
organization can fulfill ser-indecencies of sound and video. Distributed computing
has the upsides of incredible figuring, dynamic booking of the asset, giving
on-request benefits, handling huge data productively, and incorporating the execu-
tive’s instruments. These favorable circumstances can be utilized for taking care of
the issues of data sharing and transmission delay in IoV. Henceforth, joining the
cloud and vehicle is an altogether significant improvement of IoV. Vehicloud, which
is an engineering dependent on distributed computing, and tackles vehicle corre-
spondence precariousness issues through moving the conventional vehicular orga-
nization to support-based design. A novel engineering consolidated vehicle with
distributed computing, named V-Cloud, for tackling the correspondence inadequa-
cies issue of V2V and V2I for current 3G/4G. MEC (mobile edge computing)
coordinates the Internet and remote organization viably, and it builds the elements
of figuring, stockpiling, and information preparing in the remote organization. Also,
it assembles an open stage for embedded functions and opens the data communica-
tion between remote organizations and administration workers through a remote
application interface. MEC coordinates the remote organizations and administra-
tions, and it overhauls the conventional base station to a shrewd base station. For
future organization transmission and control, MEC will likewise assume a signifi-
cant job. Likewise, with the approach of the 5G time, the correspondence postpone
will be extraordinarily decreased, and the street data will be instantly sent to the
information stage. Thus, the plat structure can control the traffic all the more
precisely and actualize V2X correspondence applications [26]. All the previously
mentioned advancements don’t consider the vehicle highlight (e.g., vehicle speed
and data transmission) for vehicle access and transport, which are needed in IoV and
significant for vehicles to associate organizations.
As of now, the organization access innovations of IoV shall be characterized into
between vehicle network access advancements and versatile Internet access
advances. The entrance advances of bury vehicle networks incorporate DSRC
(Dedicated Short Range Communications) and WAVE (Wireless Access in the
Vehicular Environment). Also, the portable Internet access innovations incorporate
LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX-WLAN. Vehicles depend on these
remote correspondence advancements to get to networks, which can understand
the correspondence among vehicles and organizations. DSRC is a kind of effective
remote correspondence innovation, which bolsters the moving objective acknowl-
edgment and two-path correspondence with rapid movement in a particular region
(generally many meters). DSRC embraces the correspondence standard IEEE
802.11a. DSRC has two working modes: one is to set up the association among
vehicles, which is utilized for upgrading the traffic security through being careful
separation and cautioning auto collisions. The other is to build up the association
among vehicles and streets, which is utilized for facilitating traffic pressure through
the ideal course. At present, WAVE innovation has gotten one of the principal access
advances to associate with the organization. The WAVE is utilized for taking care of
14 Internet of Vehicles 273

the direct obstructing issue in the actual layer when vehicles access the organization.
A multi-need conveyed channel blockage control approach dependent on IEEE
802.11p. The object of this methodology is to guarantee the low crash rate and
most extreme transmission likelihood of the high need data [27]. In the investigation
of LTE, a methodology of vehicle access network dependent on 4G and LTE-A
(LTE–Advanced) [28]. The test outcomes uncover that the methodology can be
worked in the vehicle with a speed of 140 km/h. The creators initially summed up the
connected examination on LTE research organizations and industry. At that point,
they examined the difficulties in the current examination about this issue and
anticipated the advancement heading of LTE in IoV [29]. The focus has been
given to the foundation of correspondence engineering and model in the LTE-A
framework. Additionally, the presentation distinction is somewhere in the range of
2D and 3D channels. Additionally, HUAWEI dispatched LTE-V (LTE–Vehicle) for
notice and controlling vehicle impact [30]. In light of the LTE and WLAN, portable
Internet can give correspondence among vehicle and vehicle and vehicle and
organization. LTE is the third versatile age correspondence standard created by the
association venture association. The engineering of LTE is more straightforward,
and it can diminish network hubs and complex framework degrees, which lessens
the framework delay. Additionally, it decreases the expense of organization sending
and support. WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) and
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) are two remote correspondence innovations
dependent on IEEE 802.11. Since these kinds of remote access advancements are
integral, significant examinations consolidate the two innovations to enable the
vehicle to interface with the organization. The chance of joining WiMAX and
LTE-A, and analyzed the throughput and deferral of V2I utilizing two innovations.
The performance indicated that the innovation can upgrade the correspondence
proficiency of V2I utilizing the blend of WiMAX and WLAN. A half-breed of
WiMAX and WLAN, named Carlink, can give the principles of vehicle correspon-
dence and security of route frameworks [31].
It is to be seen that each plane collaborates with all the layers in its engineering.
For additional insights regarding convention stack functionalities and portrayal,
perusers are urged to allude to the comparing articles in [32]. By breaking down
these previously mentioned proposed structures in the IoV area, we discovered
numerous perspectives that demonstrated that IoV is still in its beginning phase of
normalization and shows numerous chances and difficulties for both scholarly world
and enterprises specialists, IT engineers, internet suppliers, and so on. This is
wonderful particularly while considering the IoV observation from various exami-
nations, regardless of whether it is from modern or scholastic analysts. The thought
about perspective used to propose and plan these structures are extraordinary and at
times layers are compatible.
• In Fig. 14.3, the discernment layer functionalities relate to the functionalities
introduced in the inserted frameworks and sensors layer in Fig. 14.2. A similar
layer is a bit of two layers (2L) (e.g., client cooperation and obtaining) in
Fig. 14.4.
274 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

• The coordination layer in Fig. 14.3 is known as a multi-organization edge in

Fig. 14.2, while it is known as a correspondence layer in Fig. 14.4.
• Datacenter/cloud layer in consideration, 2 is parceled along with 3L (artificial
understanding layer, application layer, business layer) in Fig. 14.3, while it is
disconnected into 2L (Management layer and Business layer) in Fig. 14.4.
Likewise, remark on an issue in the layer’s structure between Figs. 14.3 and 14.4.
In Fig. 14.4, there is a preplanning layer, which looks at counterfeit information in
Fig. 14.3, going before the correspondence layer. Nevertheless, in Fig. 14.3, the
arrangement which occurs in the fake information layer comes after the coordination
layer. Another perspective to be examined is the presence of the security submitted
layer in Fig. 14.2 which was not present in the 5L-based plans in Fig. 14.3. The
correlation may be long while differentiating these models independently, from
3L-based plan to a 13L-based plan.

5 IoV Applications and Resource Management System

Connected vehicles in the system can share a variety of available information to

make wise decisions. For example, a cloud-based VANET architecture facilitates the
identification of accessible resources in real-time. It can be applicable for cloud-
based IoV applications like real-time video sharing, complex computation, dynamic
bandwidth sharing, enhanced resource management, and so on. IoV is an emerging
technology that integrates multiple sensors, which are placed on roads, vehicles, and
devices worn by pedestrians to ensure safe driving and secure vehicle-to-vehicle
communication (V2V). Sensors in vehicles collect information such as GPS loca-
tion, vehicle health conditions, surrounding environment, conditions of the road, and
upload the collected data in the cloud. The data will be processed and provide
optimized outcomes to the user with the intention of vehicle performance enhance-
ment and safety of drivers, vehicles, and pedestrians [33]. Cloud-based VANET
architecture consists of a local VANET cloud network (LVCN), wide VANET cloud
network (WVCN), and central VANET cloud network (CVCN). LVCN shares its
connected vehicle resources, computational, storage within a mile’s range. Vehicles
across LCVN will lose their connectivity from the cloud network. Vehicles inside
LCVN can obtain the available mined information such as traffic congestion,
traveling time, short routes based on safe route optimization. Each LCVN has
dedicated servers attached with other cloud networks in the VANET environment.
WVCN has more resources in the cloud network which offers vehicles to be
connected and communicated within the WVCN cloud site. WVCN establishes
interconnection with sets of LCVN via Wi-Fi, internet, and DSRC. CVCN is like
a cellular communication that has a group of WVCN and its servers are connected
through the internet. CVCN has a resource-rich cloud network for superfast compu-
tations, information transfers which facilitates vehicles to make decisions. Vehicles
in CVCN have guided well to face complex issue [34]. Cloud services are offered
14 Internet of Vehicles 275

LVCN

WVCN
LVCN

CVCN
LVCN
WVCN

LVCN

Fig. 14.8 VANET architecture with cloud based

commercially by several software platforms such as IBM, Google, Oracle, SAP, and
so on. The process consists of RT data gathering, transmission, and analysis of data
[35]. Cloud-based VANET architecture is described in Fig. 14.8.
Cloud-based VANET architecture facilitates fast, reliable, and efficient V2V,
V2I, and V2X communication with routing strategy and optimal resource allocation.
Thus, it equips rapid implementation of smart cities and capable to manage under
cloud-based VANET architecture. The advantages of using a cloud server are
capable of fast computing, processing, and analyses in real time. Based on this
strategy, some ideal systems were developed under this cloud-based network inte-
grated with IoV, to handle global vehicle management as follows,
• Smart traffic management
• Smart accident warning system
• Privacy and security
• Smart city design
• Cost-effective web services
Considering one of the IoV applications, designing a smart city requires certain
key technologies which are mentioned in Fig. 14.9. These technologies effectively
monitor and control vehicle mobility and improvise the safety and time savings.
The cloud-based architecture is required to manage all the resources to avoid data
collision and provides global communication. It has three stages which are men-
tioned in Fig. 14.10.
The design of cloud-based architecture needs to be directed potentially with the
following functional parameters which are mentioned in Table 14.1.
276 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

Fig. 14.9 Key technologies

for smart city design
Bandwidth characteristics:

Dynamic network topology

Smart City Design

Optimal routing strategy

Congestion avoidance

Security and privacy

Resource management
in cloud based
architecture

Client management Gateway management Cloud management

system system system

Fig. 14.10 Resource management in cloud-based architecture

RT three-dimensional vehicle tracking: In a cloud-based VANET network, IoV

could be applied effectively for traffic management analysis through RT 3Dvehicle
tracking. IoV application can provide the 3D map, street, and intersection views with
optimal routing strategy to avert traffic obstruction. A vehicle in the network selects
the route, will be updated to the driver with RT traffic conditions on the road for the
whole trip. This IoV function permits every vehicle in the network, to stock the
required route map and can stake their trips with family, friends, and social networks.
IoV has other applications like bandwidth resource sharing (vehicles in the cloud
network can stake their bandwidth resources as per their requirements), Enhanced
resource management (Intelligent Disaster Management Reinforcement System such
as Emergency Medical Services for people affected by the earthquake, flood can be
14 Internet of Vehicles 277

Table 14.1 Key design characteristics of resource management system

Key design characteristics Purpose
Resource monitoring It is the key important characteristic in an exceptionally complex
network. The combination of service-oriented architecture and
task-driven infrastructure is a promising approach due to the close
relationship between monitoring of resources, processing, and
control. Resource monitoring includes other external resources
such as material, energy, and personality.
Inter compatibility The system must avoid disruption, but compatible with existing
functionalities and interfaces.
RT integration and To identify tasks, information flows, and operational needs with
operation quality outputs.
To find out optimal system performance with novel technologies
that can satisfy performance requirements.
Infrastructure development Design of infrastructure and its reliability, long run, adding recent
management technologies and provides advanced functionalities. It requires to
meet the performance indices.
System management Millions of devices using in autonomous vehicle environments
have different hardware and software configurations. It is man-
dated to maintain, upgrade, and reconfigure system functions with
flexibility.
Adaptability support Adaptability support is considered for static and mobile infra-
structure in autonomous vehicle environments during the interac-
tion between the mobility of devices, users, and the environment.
RT information processing It is a challenging characteristic of resource management, to collect
and process the real-time information from sources like sensors and
transfers the outcome to the end user. RT information requires
efficient algorithms and effective collaborative approaches.
Scalability To add scale-up (vertical scalability) and scale-out (horizontal
scalability) features for complex systems such as autonomous
vehicles at all levels to maintain the bandwidth, processing power,
and energy availability.
System simulation To pick out the possible conflicts and side effects before
feasibility implementing the complex system. Assist the system design,
development, and operating of future infrastructure.
Unique resource A standard universal identification with a unique mechanism
identification capable to identify and address the resources even for a complex
system.

rescued), monitoring, storing, and sharing of trip videos (cloud-based network can
store, monitor, and retrieve HD videos in the cloud instead of storing in a large
volume of a hard disk). Unique Vehicle Identity (UVI) harmonizes vehicle smart
information such as auto insurance, rescue operations, and vehicle remote
inspections.
278 G. Santhakumar and R. Whenish

6 Future Directions and Conclusions

With rapid development in internet and communication technologies, traditional

vehicles are becoming smart vehicles. IoV has emerged as a global player which
interconnects people, vehicles, and things inside the cloud network. The advance-
ments that occurred in areas such as IoT, VANET, and software tools evolved
together and bring forth new technology called “IoV.” IoV is a multiplex combined
network model which mainly focused on vehicular computing especially cloud
computing, intelligent geographic information system, ITS. IoV has major benefits
in particular safe driving, traffic administration, active information service, and
minimize traffic obstruction. The smart integration of people, vehicles, and things
under IoV in addition to focuses safety prospects and also concentrates advanced
transport-related services such as autonomous driving and green driving. Commu-
nications made in IoV are implemented by Standard development organizations
(SDO) like IEEE, 3GPP, and ETSI. This chapter investigates the need for IoV,
network paradigms and architectures, resource management, and novel applications.
The future direction and prospects of IoV play a huge role shortly by adopting
advancements in computing, softwarization technologies, sensoric advancements
[36, 37]. Few future IoV implications listed for readers knowledge is as follows:
• In the future, IoV shall add significant features and adopt advanced technologies,
for example, parking slot availability data analytics. SMARTPARK —an algo-
rithm is used for the selection of parking slots, which minimizes the traveling time
and maximizes the possibilities to secure a parking spot [38].
• Image and command hybrid model for autonomous vehicles to detect obstacles
using speech recognition or video cameras mounted on the car [39].
• Data mining technology for driving behavior and safety-relevant applications
[40, 41].
• In smart cities, vehicle tracking and traffic control can be controlled by video
camera sensor networks [42].
• Prediction of vehicle trajectories and future locations can be identified by
algorithm-based models [43].
• Quality of service (QoS) is another future concern which depends on performance
metric such as low delay, reliability, centralized control server adjusts routing
decisions [44].
• During the absence of infrastructure support, data exchange, self-configure, and
other services can be functionalized by using Fog computing, data distribution of
IoV, 5G network functions (expecting 6G to arrive soon), which are the prospects
of future IoV [45, 46].
• Efficient hierarchical clustering protocol (EHCP) for multihop communication in
VANETs that offers efficient handling of resources and maintains the multi-local
networks in the vehicle movement environment [47–50].
14 Internet of Vehicles 279

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