06 Structures en Rev-E
06 Structures en Rev-E
06 Structures en Rev-E
FINAL DESIGN
DOCUMENT NO. 6:
STRUCTURES
DOCUMENT CONTROL
A 17.04.2015 Preliminary JS + RF + RC JJ JS
B 07.07.2015 Preliminary JS + RF + RC JJ JS
UPDATES
Chapter Description
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DOCUMENT NO.6: STRUCTURES
Consulting Services for Design of a Two Lane Bridge over the Cross River at
the Cameroon-Nigeria Border (Ekok/Mfum) Including Approach Roads
Index
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Figures
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Consulting Services for Design of a Two Lane Bridge over the Cross River at
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The bridge is straight in plan and presents a constant slope of 0.9%. The layout of the viaduct is strongly
conditioned by the existing topography, the river, and the selected construction method, as a balanced
cantilever.
The bridge has a total length of 403.00m, and consists of a counter-weight span of 35m, followed by a
150.00m main span, a 85.00m side span, two 50.00m spans and a final span of 31.00m.
The first span consists of a rectangular concrete hollow box, filled with earth, in order to obtain the
necessary counter-weight for the construction of the main span as a cantilever. The second span,
150.00m long, presents a parabolic variable depth from 8.45m at abutments and Pier 1, to 3.15 at mid-
span. The third span presents variable depth on its fist 75.00m, to balance the cantilever of the main
span, and a constant depth of 3.15m on the last 10.00m, built with traditional scaffolding. The last
three spans present a constant geometry, and all this stretch is built over traditional scaffolding
system.
The counter-weight span foundations consists of two foundation walls, built directly on the bedrock,
in order to obtain two discrete foundation points, instead of an elastic bedding for the whole span.
Between the two foundation walls the placement of extruded polystyrene avoid the contact with the
ground.
On Piers 1 to 4, the foundation is shallow, with footings, directly supported by the bedrock. Likewise,
Abutment 2 consists of a semi-stub abutment, with shallow foundation on the bedrock.
The cross section of the deck consists of a single-cell post-tensioned concrete box-girder. The upper
slab support the pedestrian handrails, two 1.60m wide pedestrian walkways, two 0.45m concrete
barriers, two 0.50m shoulders and two 3.65m lanes, with a total width of 12.80m.
The webs of the box girder are vertical, in order to simplify the construction process, and the box
presents a constant width of 5.50m. This creates two side cantilevers of 3.65m, which mainly support
the pedestrian area and the safety barriers.
The superstructure is rigidly connected to the substructure at Abutment 1 (counter-weight span) and
Pier 1. At the remaining piers and Abutment 2 the deck is supported by elastomeric POT bearings. At
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all locations the bearings are sliding in longitudinal direction, and one of the bearings per support is
fixed transversally.
Pier 1 consists of a double-wall pier, spaced in the direction of the traffic, to provide support for the
superstructure without excessive stresses due to creep/shrinkage effect.
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For transverse analysis of the deck, the ROBOT MILLENIUM software package has been used through
the use of a shell 3D model.
The counter-weight span/Abutment 1 zone has been modelled with a 3D Finite Element Shell Model
with Autodesk’s ROBOT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, in order to design this complex element.
All the piers including their footings have been designed with in house software widely checked in
previous projects.
The codes and regulations applied on the design of the structure and its foundations are presented as
follows:
Any additional code or specific bibliography has been specified in the respective chapter.
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The design of the structure has been developed with materials described on the following chapters.
1.4.1 CONCRETE
The specified concrete types, partial safety factors, exposure class and structural class are exposed as
follows:
Blinding C12/15 - - XO -
Element Steel γ γacc Exposure Structural cnom cmin Δcdev cmin,b cmin,dur
type class class [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
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Element Steel γ γacc Exposure Structural cnom cmin Δcdev cmin,b cmin,dur
type class class [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
Y
Box girder 1.15 1.0 XC2 S5 Øduct+10 32 10 Øduct 40
1860S7
The actions on the bridge were determined according to Eurocode 1991-1-1 and 1991-1-2.
The self-weight of the structural elements is determined automatically by the design software, and
checked with simplified hand calculations.
The other loads are determined with spreadsheets specifically created for the purpose, presented at
the respective chapter.
Input
Length L 403.00 m
Lvoid 0.00 m
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The weight of the bituminous layer on the bridge is determined with the actual geometry of the layer,
and a density of 24.00 kN/m3.
In order to consider the possible re-coating of the wearing surface, this load is considered with its
nominal value and an upper value, which supposes a 40% increase of its weight.
Safety barrier
The concrete safety barrier weight is determined with its actual geometry, considering a density of
25.00 kN/m3.
Pedestrian paving
The pedestrian paving weight is determined with its actual geometry, considering a density of 25.00
kN/m3.
Pedestrian railing
The bottom slab and the lateral webs are widened in local zones to allocate the intermediate anchors
of the prestressing tendons. This volumes are considered as dead weight in the structural model.
PERMANENT LOADS
EN 1991
INPUT
Bituminous layer
thickness e 0.05 m
Bituminous layer
density 24.00 kN/m3
Deck width B 12.80 m
Safety barrier width 0.45 m
Walkway width 1.80 m
Carriageway width Bcarriageway 8.30 m
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kN/m (per
Safety barrier weight 6.00 unit)
kN/m (per
Walkway weight 4.50 unit)
kN/m (per
Handrail weight 2.00 unit)
PERMANENT LOADS
The creep and shrinkage effects are determined according to EN1992-1-1, considering the
environmental, age and material characteristics for each element.
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Notional lanes
The present bridge presents two 3.00m wide notional lanes and a remaining area of 2.30m.
This model consists of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, which cover most of the effects
of the traffic of lorries and cars. This model is used for general and locar verifications.
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TRAFFIC LOADS
EN 1991
INPUT
Length L 403.00 m
Carrieageway width w 8.30 m
Number of notional lanes nl 2
Width of notional lanes wl 3.00 m
Remaining area rl 2.30 m
LM1
TS
αQ 1.00
Lane nº1 600.0 kN
Lane nº2 400.0 kN
Lane nº3 0.0 kN
Remaining area 0.0 kN
TOTAL 1000.0 kN
UDL
αq 1.00
Lane nº1 9.0 kN/m2
Lane nº2 2.5 kN/m2
Lane nº3 0.0 kN/m2
Other lanes 0.0 kN/m2
Walkway 5.0 kN/m2
Remaining area 2.5 kN/m2
TOTAL 58.3 kN/m
Fig. 8 LM1 loads
This model consists of a single axle load, βQQak, with Qak equal to 400 kN, dynamic amplification
included, which should be applied at any location on the carriageway. However, when relevant, only
one wheel of 200·βQ (kN) may be taken into account.
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Crowd loading consists of a uniformly distributed load (which includes dynamic amplification) equal to
5 kN/m2.
Loads on footways
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A longitudinal force is considered at the surfacing level of the carriageway, due to the
braking/acceleration forces of the traffic.
BRAKING FORCES
EC 1991
INPUT
Braking Q 1448.1 kN
Minimim value 180 kN
Maximum value 900 kN
Braking force 900.0 kN
Centrifugal forces
A transverse force is considered at the surfacing level of the carriageway, radially to the axis of the
carriageway.
Since the bridge presents a straight alignment, there are no centrifugal forces.
INPUT
Type 3a: Concrete box
Type of deck
girder
Deck depth, min h 3.15 m
Deck depth, max h 8.45 m
Bituminous layer thickness ebit 5.0 cm
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Formtraveller
The formtraveller weight and loading location is based on the Consultant’s experience in similar
bridges, although it may vary according to the actual contractor’s equipment. The shear and moment
caused by the formtraveller at the previous segment is defined as follows:
- V = 500 kN
- M = 1250 kNm
Any variation of the previous values requires an adjustment of the calculations, especially for the
geometric control during construction.
Important note: Camber values provided in drawings must be adjusted considering the actual stiffness
of the formtraveller, considering its own displacement and the rotation of the previous segment under
the wet concrete loads.
The location of the bridge presents a peak ground acceleration for a return period of 475 years < 0.2g
thus the site is classified as a very low seismicity location and according to EN 1998-2 it is not needed
perform the seismic analysis of the bridge.
Impact loads
In this section the impact of a travelling vehicle on the safety barrier is considered and defined,
according to EN 1991-2.
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The load combinations for SLS frequent combinations are considered as follows:
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The detailed structural calculation of the bridge and the box culvert can be found in the following
chapters.
One of the main challenges of the present bridge is the fact of not having a properly balanced cantilever
bridge, due to the lack of room for a compensation span on the Nigerian bank. This requires the
creation of a counter-weight span, consisting of a post-tensioned concrete box, filled with earth, in
order to increase its self-weight, so that it can counter-balance the weight of the 75m cantilever during
construction.
A complete model for the whole bridge including pre stressing, rheology and all the construction stages
has been prepared. For local verifications of the different elements, piers, abutments and transverse
bending, other models have been prepared.
All the construction stages, post-tensioning as well as rheology has been included in the model.
Construction stages have been considered according to the construction drawings staging.
Figures containing the considered structure elements or each construction stage is presented in the
following pages.
The following images represents the state of the structure in each one of the stages considered.
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Instantaneous Differed
Friction Creep and shrinkage of concrete
Elastic shortening Relaxation of prestressing steel
Wedge penetration
Friction losses and penetration length have been calculated considering the coefficients of friction of
the table 5.1 of EN 1992 1-1.
Friction and wedge penetration losses are calculated considering the actual geometry of each tendon
in plan and elevation.
The following figures represent the estimated force along the length of the tendon for the most
representative elements of the deck (the shortest and the largest tendons) at the time t= 0 (first step)
and at time t= 10.000 days (last step).
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Materials
Elasticity Thermal Density
ID Name Type Standard DB (kN/m^2) Poisson (1/[C]) (kN/m^3)
1 Box Girder Concrete EN04(RC) C45/55 3.63E+07 0.2 1.00E-05 2.50E+01
4 Abutment Concrete EN04(RC) C45/55 3.63E+07 0.2 1.00E-05 2.50E+01
6 Pier Walls Concrete EN04(RC) C30/37 3.28E+07 0.2 1.00E-05 2.50E+01
7 Tendon Steel EN05(S) Y1860S7 1.95E+08 0.3 1.20E-05 7.70E+01
8 Integrador Concrete EN04(RC) C30/37 3.28E+07 0.2 1.00E-05 2.50E+01
11 Pier P1 Concrete EN04(RC) C45/55 3.63E+07 0.2 1.00E-05 2.50E+01
20 REINF Steel EN10149-2(S) S500 MC 2.10E+08 0.3 1.20E-05 7.85E+01
Boundary conditions
Node Dx Dy Dz Rx Ry Rz Rw Group
107 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abutment2_links
108 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Abutments
109 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Abutments
1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Piers_basement
1008 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Piers_basement
2000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Piers_basement
3000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Piers_basement
4000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Piers_basement
5000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abutments
5001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abutments
Elastic links
No Node1 Node2 Type B Angle ([deg]) SDx (kN/m) SDy (kN/m) Group
1 2010 2012 GEN 0 1000000 0 Pier2_links
2 3010 3012 GEN 0 1000000 0 Pier3_links
3 4010 4012 GEN 0 1000000 0 Pier4_links
4 5002 5004 GEN 0 1000000 0 Abutment2_links
5 2011 2013 GEN 0 1000000 1000000 Pier2_links
6 3011 3013 GEN 0 1000000 1000000 Pier3_links
7 4011 4013 GEN 0 1000000 1000000 Pier4_links
Rigid links
M-Node Type Slave Node List Group
42 111111 1007 Pier1_links
46 111111 1015 Pier1_links
67 111111 2012 2013 Pier2_links
80 111111 3012 3013 Pier3_links
93 111111 4012 4013 Pier4_links
103 111111 5004 5005 Abutment2_links
105 111111 2 Abutments
106 111111 5 Abutments
2008 111111 2007 2009 Pier2_links
3008 111111 3007 3009 Pier3_links
4008 111111 4007 4009 Pier4_links
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The forces of the structure are calculated for the individual load cases presented in section 2 and
combined following the rules of section 2.5 of this document. The results (classified by elements,
individual load cases and envelopes) are summarized in the following table:
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The effective width is introduced in the model reducing the flexural inertia of the sections used to
calculate stresses and deformations in SLS combinations.
The effective width of the elements is calculated according to section 6.3.2.1 of EN1992 1-1.
The bridge is divided in 10 zones separated by a change of the moment sign as is indicated in the
following figure:
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Fig. 39 Extreme stresses along the deck of the bridge under SLS quasipermanent combination envelope.
It is observed that decompression under SLS quasipermanent loads is fulfilled along all the deck.
Punctual tensions, under the tensile stress of concrete fctd, are concentrated in diaphragm sections but
are not representative (ficticious excentricity of the deck section on piers diaphragm)
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Fig. 40 Extreme stresses along the deck of the bridge under SLS Frequent combinations envelope.
It is observed that along the bridge the tensile stresses are below the design tensile strength of
concrete fct,d=1.7MPa except for punctual zones near piers. Thus, for these sections under SLS
Frequent combination moments are below the cracking moment and the characteristic crack width
can be considered wk=0.00m
As can bee seen in the following figure bottom stresses in the surroundings of piles 2 and 4 are slightly
above of tensile strength for SLS Frequent envelope, thus crack width were checked for these sections.
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Section 88I has been selected as the most unfavorable. The frequent and quasipermanent values are
gathered in the above table (excluding primary component of presstressing N= 34000kN and My=-
29304.5 m kN)
The crack width calculation and stress distribution is presented above for section 88I. The computation
is performed according to EN 1992 1-1 with the aid of the state of the art software Fagus V6 from
Cubus Software (Switzerland) .
88_I
IN
R18
R17A
R16A
R16B
R15A
R15B
R16C
R15C
R16D
R17B
1.79 m
s=1
p =1
R14A R14B
w k = 0.02 [mm] 39863.9 kN
0.0 w k = 0.02 [mm] 10.6
2.6
0.1
R13B R13A
PS_FW2
R12A
R12B
R12C
R11
As section 88I is identified as the most unfavorable section on the deck (maximum tensile stress) and
wk=0.02mm it can be said that the crack width limitation is fulfilled along all the deck of the bridge.
For the Cross River Bridge two sections have been analized with the objective of to compare the level
of prestressing of the design with the theoretical optimal force.
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3.4.1.3.1 Section 7I
SECTION 7I Force
fck 45 Condition [kN]
Ic 1.48E+02 m4 Pdesign 118742.40
Ac 12.642 m2 Pmin,trac 111617.86
v 4.21 m Pmax,trac 213142.61
v' -4.24 m Pmin,comp -178707.31
emax 4.08 m Pmax,compl 144865.73
M1 Void -280000 m·kN Pmax/Pmin 1.91
M2 SLS -761000 m·kN
fyp 1860 N/mm2
It is verified that the design force is between the limits and consequently the stress limits are verified
in the section.
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3.4.1.3.2 Section 7I
It is verified that the design force is between the limits an, consequently, the stress limits are verified
in the section.
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The following figure represents the maximum compressive stress along the deck for the SLS
characteristic combination envelope.
It is verified that the maximum compressive stress is 19.4 MPa below 0.6·fck = 27MPa
The following figure represents the maximum compressive stress along the deck for the SLS
quasipermanent combination envelope.
It is verified that the maximum compressive stress is 17.2MPa below 0.45·fck = 20.25MPa.
Additionally, according to section 5.10.3 of EN 1992 1-1, in the computation of the resultant
prestressing forces, the stress in tendon just after jack release must be lower than:
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The inverse of efficiency value (provided in results), i.e., SF=1/eff(M,N), is the factor that multiplying
to the external loads reach the ultimate capacity of the section (considering constant eccentricity of
the external loads),
The ULS bending analysis results for the most unfavorable sections are provided in the following pages,
being the minimum Safety Factor obtained SF=1/eff(M,N) = 1/0.91 = 1.10.
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Transversal bending analysis has been carried out with a 3D spatial finite element model in order to
obtain an accurate distribution of forces, considering the bidimensional spread of the punctual forces
as well as the proper stiffness of the webs and slabs of the box girder.
The Finite element Model was implemented in the worldwide used software Autodesk Robot
Structural Analysis Professional.
Bending analysis and reinforcement checks of the rectangular cross sections was performed with in-
house and highly tested Excel spread sheets.
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Results
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- General unbalanced tension and compression due to bending moment variation between
sections (i.e. shear)
- Near anchor zones, from the spreading to the full section of the prestressing forces
The transverse cross sections where web-flange shear strength is calculated are represented in the
following figure:
Fig. 42 Transversal cross section definition for web-flange shear resistance calculation.
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Web-flange shear transversal reinforcement due to shear and prestressing spreading forces
Top slab and
Bottom slab
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - FULL S1 - Shear flow/ S2 - Shear flow/ S3- Shear flow/ S4- Shear flow/ S5- Shear flow/ S6- Shear flow/ S7- Shear flow/ and web Total transversal steel per meter (prestressing
FLANGE AREAS AND CDOG POSITION Shear force (continuity
SECTION reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement tendons forces spreaded in 4 metere)
tendons)
(spans 3,4&5 )
x AF1 ZF1 AF2 ZF2 AF3 ZF3 A I YCG ZCG Vrd,TOT Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Vrd,w·S/I As/s Fp e Fp e S2 S3 S5 S7 S6
[m] [m2] [m] [m2] [m] [m2] [m] [m2] [m4] [m] [m] [kN] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN/m] [mm2/m] [kN] [m] [kN] [m] [mm2/m] [mm2/m] [mm2/m] [mm2/m] [mm2/m]
37.95 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.96 -8.05 12.626 147.87 0.0 -4.24 34680.6 394.9 907.8 490.6 1127.8 338.5 778.1 169.2 389.0 900.5 2070.1 834.0 1917.2 834.0 1917.2 3960 3.94 1612.3 1252.4 317.2 123.3 2027.1
42.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.8 -7.45 11.9293 120.44 0.0 -3.84 32307.3 407.2 936.0 505.6 1162.4 349.0 802.3 174.5 401.1 927.4 2131.8 831.3 1911.0 831.3 1911.0 4020 3.54 1656.8 1286.4 298.1 113.7 2012.3
46.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.661 -6.93 11.3206 99.21 0.0 -3.49 30182.4 418.2 961.3 519.1 1193.3 358.4 824.0 179.2 412.0 951.2 2186.7 827.9 1903.2 827.9 1903.2 4020 3.19 1696.7 1316.8 280.9 104.8 1996.6
50.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.53 -6.45 10.75 81.53 0.0 -3.16 28131.7 428.5 985.0 531.6 1222.1 367.3 844.3 183.6 422.2 973.2 2237.3 823.2 1892.5 823.2 1892.5 4020 2.86 1734.1 1345.5 264.4 96.0 1977.9
54.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.408 -5.99 10.2174 66.88 0.0 -2.86 26150.9 437.8 1006.4 542.8 1247.8 375.2 862.6 187.6 431.3 992.7 2282.0 816.9 1877.8 816.9 1877.8 4020 2.56 1768.0 1371.8 248.7 87.2 1955.5
58.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.294 -5.57 9.72292 54.81 0.0 -2.59 24234.9 445.5 1024.2 552.1 1269.1 381.9 877.9 190.9 439.0 1008.4 2318.2 808.3 1858.0 808.3 1858.0 4020 2.29 1797.0 1394.7 234.0 78.6 1928.1
62.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.19 -5.18 9.26736 44.93 0.0 -2.34 22379.1 451.3 1037.4 558.8 1284.5 386.8 889.2 193.4 444.6 1019.3 2343.1 796.9 1831.9 774.7 1780.9 4020 2.04 1819.6 1413.0 220.3 70.4 1894.5
66.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.1 -4.82 8.86067 36.95 0.0 -2.12 20577.9 454.2 1044.2 561.9 1291.8 389.3 895.0 194.7 447.5 1023.5 2352.8 783.2 1800.3 699.6 1608.4 4020 1.82 1833.5 1425.3 207.7 62.6 1855.9
70.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.024 -4.49 8.50267 30.56 0.0 -1.93 18825.2 453.5 1042.6 560.6 1288.7 388.7 893.7 194.4 446.8 1019.4 2343.4 766.4 1761.9 626.3 1439.8 4020 1.63 1836.4 1429.8 196.3 55.3 1810.9
74.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.96 -4.19 8.19001 25.47 0.0 -1.76 17116.4 448.4 1030.8 553.8 1273.0 384.4 883.6 192.2 441.8 1005.2 2310.7 745.4 1713.6 555.5 1277.0 4020 1.46 16080 -2.50534 2217.9 1808.6 923.4 996.6 3286.5
78.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.907 -3.93 7.91984 21.44 0.0 -1.61 15444.1 437.9 1006.7 540.3 1242.0 375.4 862.9 187.7 431.4 978.9 2250.3 718.6 1651.9 487.9 1121.5 4020 1.31 16080 -2.37574 2192.2 1793.1 912.7 952.6 3212.6
83.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.855 -3.64 7.63735 17.60 0.0 -1.46 13397.2 415.9 956.1 512.5 1178.2 356.5 819.5 178.3 409.8 926.4 2129.7 674.4 1550.2 408.3 938.7 4020 1.16 16080 -2.23127 2133.1 1754.4 899.4 895.4 3089.4
88.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.814 -3.41 7.41235 14.81 0.0 -1.35 11399.4 383.1 880.6 471.5 1083.8 328.4 754.8 164.2 377.4 850.3 1954.8 616.2 1416.5 335.4 771.1 4020 1.05 16080 -2.10884 2041.9 1692.7 887.0 839.5 2930.0
93.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.785 -3.22 7.24118 12.85 0.0 -1.26 9440.6 338.6 778.5 416.3 957.1 290.3 667.3 145.1 333.6 749.4 1722.7 542.0 1246.1 269.1 618.6 4020 0.96 1526.3 1224.5 155.7 21.5 1266.8
98.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.765 -3.09 7.12095 11.55 0.0 -1.19 7515.4 283.1 650.7 347.7 799.4 242.6 557.8 121.3 278.9 624.8 1436.4 451.8 1038.7 208.9 480.1 4020 0.89 1370.5 1116.9 152.1 17.2 1056.0
103.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.768 -3.01 7.07715 10.90 0.0 -1.16 5621.4 218.0 501.2 267.7 615.3 186.9 429.6 93.4 214.8 480.6 1104.8 349.9 804.4 156.2 359.1 4020 0.86 1187.6 989.8 150.0 14.3 819.4
108.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.769 -2.98 7.064 10.70 0.0 -1.15 3744.5 146.6 337.1 180.0 413.9 125.7 289.0 62.8 144.5 323.1 742.9 235.9 542.3 104.1 239.4 4020 0.85 986.5 849.6 149.3 13.3 556.5
110.75 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.769 -2.98 7.064 10.70 0.0 -1.15 2974.7 116.5 267.8 143.0 328.8 99.9 229.6 49.9 114.8 256.7 590.1 187.4 430.8 82.7 190.2 328.8 229.6 0.0 0.0 430.8
113.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.769 -2.98 7.064 10.70 0.0 -1.15 4807.5 188.3 432.8 231.1 531.4 161.4 371.0 80.7 185.5 414.9 953.8 302.9 696.3 133.7 307.3 4020 0.85 1104.0 931.6 149.3 13.3 710.4
118.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.768 -3.01 7.07715 10.90 0.0 -1.16 6665.1 258.5 594.2 317.4 729.6 221.6 509.3 110.8 254.7 569.8 1309.9 414.9 953.7 185.2 425.8 4020 0.86 1301.9 1069.6 150.0 14.3 968.7
123.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.765 -3.09 7.12095 11.55 0.0 -1.19 8563.8 322.6 741.5 396.2 910.9 276.5 635.6 138.2 317.8 712.0 1636.8 514.9 1183.6 238.0 547.1 4020 0.89 1482.0 1194.7 152.1 17.2 1200.9
128.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.785 -3.22 7.24118 12.85 0.0 -1.26 10534.2 377.9 868.7 464.6 1068.0 323.9 744.6 161.9 372.3 836.2 1922.3 604.8 1390.4 300.3 690.3 4020 0.96 1637.2 1301.8 155.7 21.5 1411.1
133.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.814 -3.41 7.41235 14.81 0.0 -1.35 12491.4 419.8 965.0 516.6 1187.7 359.8 827.1 179.9 413.6 931.8 2142.0 675.2 1552.2 367.6 845.0 4020 1.05 16080 -2.10884 2145.7 1765.0 887.0 839.5 3065.7
138.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.855 -3.64 7.63735 17.60 0.0 -1.46 14530.5 451.1 1037.0 555.9 1277.8 386.7 888.9 193.3 444.4 1004.8 2309.8 731.4 1681.4 442.9 1018.1 4020 1.16 16080 -2.23127 2232.7 1823.7 899.4 895.4 3220.5
143.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.906 -3.92 7.91042 21.31 0.0 -1.61 16186.5 460.3 1058.1 567.8 1305.4 394.5 906.9 197.3 453.5 1028.7 2364.9 754.9 1735.4 510.7 1174.0 4020 1.31 16080 -2.37118 2255.7 1837.3 912.3 951.0 3295.7
147.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.958 -4.18 8.17779 25.28 0.0 -1.75 17888.1 470.2 1081.0 580.7 1334.9 403.1 926.6 201.5 463.3 1054.0 2422.9 781.2 1795.9 579.9 1333.1 4020 1.45 16080 -2.49965 2280.1 1851.9 922.9 994.8 3368.4
212
151.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.02 -4.47 8.48696 30.29 0.0 -1.92 19635.8 475.0 1091.9 587.1 1349.6 407.1 935.9 203.6 468.0 1067.4 2453.9 802.0 1843.6 652.6 1500.2 4020 1.62 1897.5 1472.3 195.8 54.9 1892.3
155.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.096 -4.8 8.84088 36.58 0.0 -2.11 21434.8 475.3 1092.7 588.0 1351.8 407.4 936.6 203.7 468.3 1070.9 2461.9 818.6 1881.9 728.0 1673.6 4020 1.81 1893.8 1467.2 207.1 62.2 1937.1
159.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.184 -5.16 9.24282 44.42 0.0 -2.33 23291.3 472.1 1085.4 584.6 1343.8 404.7 930.3 202.3 465.2 1066.2 2451.0 832.5 1913.7 805.5 1851.8 4020 2.03 1879.3 1454.5 219.5 69.9 1975.9
163.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.287 -5.54 9.69355 54.13 0.0 -2.57 25208.0 466.1 1071.5 577.5 1327.7 399.5 918.5 199.8 459.2 1054.8 2424.9 844.1 1940.5 844.1 1940.5 4020 2.27 1856.0 1435.7 233.1 78.1 2010.1
167.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.4 -5.96 10.1832 65.99 0.0 -2.84 27194.6 458.1 1053.1 568.0 1305.7 392.7 902.7 196.3 451.3 1038.7 2387.8 853.2 1961.3 853.2 1961.3 4020 2.54 1826.4 1412.4 247.7 86.6 2038.5
171.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.521 -6.41 10.7105 80.38 0.0 -3.14 29253.6 448.6 1031.3 556.5 1279.4 384.5 884.0 192.3 442.0 1018.9 2342.2 860.1 1977.2 860.1 1977.2 4020 2.84 1792.0 1385.8 263.3 95.3 2062.1
175.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.65 -6.89 11.2755 97.74 0.0 -3.46 31390.2 438.1 1007.1 543.8 1250.0 375.5 863.2 187.7 431.6 996.4 2290.6 865.3 1989.2 865.3 1989.2 4020 3.16 1754.1 1356.7 279.6 104.1 2081.9
179.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.788 -7.41 11.8781 118.56 0.0 -3.81 33593.6 426.7 980.8 529.8 1218.0 365.7 840.7 182.9 420.4 971.7 2233.7 868.9 1997.5 868.9 1997.5 8040 3.51 2208.4 1810.3 593.3 225.9 2198.8
183.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 3.185 -7.8 15.076 168.39 0.0 -4.75 34427.9 387.2 890.1 481.3 1106.4 331.9 763.0 165.9 381.5 884.1 2032.4 950.5 2185.0 950.5 2185.0 1106.4 763.0 0.0 0.0 2185.0
183.75 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 3.185 -7.8 15.076 168.39 0.0 -4.75 26708.7 300.4 690.6 373.4 858.3 257.5 591.9 128.7 296.0 685.9 1576.7 737.4 1695.1 737.4 1695.1 858.3 591.9 0.0 0.0 1695.1
184.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.96 -8.05 12.626 147.87 0.0 -4.24 25877.9 294.6 677.4 366.1 841.5 252.6 580.6 126.3 290.3 671.9 1544.6 622.3 1430.6 622.3 1430.6 841.5 580.6 0.0 0.0 1430.6
185.75 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.96 -8.05 12.626 147.87 0.0 -4.24 25081.8 285.6 656.5 354.8 815.6 244.8 562.7 122.4 281.4 651.2 1497.1 603.2 1386.6 603.2 1386.6 815.6 562.7 0.0 0.0 1386.6
187.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 3.185 -7.8 15.076 168.39 0.0 -4.75 24310.0 273.4 628.5 339.8 781.2 234.4 538.7 117.2 269.4 624.3 1435.1 671.1 1542.9 671.1 1542.9 781.2 538.7 0.0 0.0 1542.9
187.75 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 3.185 -7.8 15.076 168.39 0.0 -4.75 32152.7 361.6 831.3 449.5 1033.2 310.0 712.5 155.0 356.3 825.7 1898.1 887.7 2040.6 887.7 2040.6 1033.2 712.5 0.0 0.0 2040.6
188.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.96 -8.05 12.626 147.87 0.0 -4.24 31121.7 354.4 814.6 440.2 1012.0 303.7 698.2 151.9 349.1 808.1 1857.6 748.4 1720.5 748.4 1720.5 1012.0 698.2 0.0 0.0 1720.5
192.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.788 -7.41 11.8781 118.56 0.0 -3.81 28934.9 367.5 844.8 456.3 1049.1 315.0 724.1 157.5 362.1 836.9 1923.9 748.4 1720.4 748.4 1720.4 8040 3.51 2039.5 1693.7 593.3 225.9 1921.7
196.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.65 -6.89 11.2755 97.74 0.0 -3.46 26789.2 373.9 859.5 464.1 1066.8 320.5 736.7 160.2 368.3 850.3 1954.8 738.5 1697.6 738.5 1697.6 4020 3.16 1570.9 1230.2 279.6 104.1 1790.4
200.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.521 -6.41 10.7105 80.38 0.0 -3.14 24722.8 379.1 871.6 470.4 1081.3 325.0 747.1 162.5 373.5 861.0 1979.4 726.9 1670.9 726.9 1670.9 4020 2.84 1593.9 1248.9 263.3 95.3 1755.9
204.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.4 -5.96 10.1832 65.99 0.0 -2.84 22730.8 382.9 880.3 474.8 1091.4 328.2 754.5 164.1 377.3 868.2 1995.8 713.1 1639.4 713.1 1639.4 4020 2.54 1612.1 1264.3 247.7 86.6 1716.6
208.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.287 -5.54 9.69355 54.13 0.0 -2.57 20808.0 384.8 884.5 476.7 1095.9 329.8 758.1 164.9 379.1 870.7 2001.6 696.8 1601.8 696.8 1601.8 4020 2.27 1624.3 1275.4 233.1 78.1 1671.4
212.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.184 -5.16 9.24282 44.42 0.0 -2.33 18951.6 384.2 883.1 475.6 1093.4 329.3 757.0 164.6 378.5 867.5 1994.4 677.4 1557.1 655.4 1506.7 4020 2.03 1628.9 1281.2 219.5 69.9 1619.3
216.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.096 -4.8 8.84088 36.58 0.0 -2.11 17154.8 380.4 874.5 470.6 1081.9 326.1 749.6 163.0 374.8 857.1 1970.3 655.2 1506.1 582.7 1339.4 4020 1.81 1623.9 1280.2 207.1 62.2 1561.3
220.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 1.02 -4.47 8.48696 30.29 0.0 -1.92 15412.2 372.8 857.0 460.8 1059.3 319.5 734.6 159.8 367.3 837.8 1926.0 629.5 1447.0 512.2 1177.5 4020 1.62 1607.2 1271.0 195.8 54.9 1495.7
224.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.958 -4.18 8.17779 25.28 0.0 -1.75 13718.8 360.6 829.0 445.3 1023.8 309.1 710.6 154.6 355.3 808.3 1858.2 599.1 1377.3 444.7 1022.4 4020 1.45 8040 -2.49965 1773.0 1444.0 554.4 521.4 2184.9
228.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.906 -3.92 7.91056 21.31 0.0 -1.61 12070.7 343.2 789.0 423.4 973.4 294.2 676.3 147.1 338.2 767.1 1763.6 563.0 1294.2 380.9 875.6 4020 1.31 1531.2 1222.4 177.1 41.4 1331.2
233.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.853 -3.64 7.63109 17.52 0.0 -1.46 10068.3 313.2 720.1 386.0 887.3 268.5 617.2 134.2 308.6 697.6 1603.7 507.7 1167.2 306.6 704.8 4020 1.16 8040 -2.22798 1646.1 1360.1 533.6 463.9 1951.8
238.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.814 -3.4 7.40845 14.76 0.0 -1.34 8126.3 273.5 628.7 336.6 773.7 234.4 538.9 117.2 269.4 607.0 1395.4 439.8 1011.1 238.9 549.3 4020 1.04 1340.2 1093.4 160.9 27.1 1036.3
243.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.785 -3.22 7.23902 12.824 0.0 -1.25 6241.4 224.1 515.1 275.5 633.3 192.1 441.5 96.0 220.8 495.8 1139.8 358.6 824.5 177.8 408.8 4020 0.95 1202.6 998.8 155.6 21.5 845.1
the Cameroon-Nigeria Border (Ekok/Mfum) Including Approach Roads
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248.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.765 -3.09 7.12001 11.54 0.0 -1.19 4437.4 167.2 384.4 205.4 472.2 143.3 329.5 71.7 164.7 369.1 848.4 266.9 613.5 123.3 283.4 4020 0.89 1043.3 888.6 152.1 17.2 630.8
253.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.754 -3.01 7.0494 10.82 0.0 -1.16 4942.4 191.9 441.1 235.6 541.6 164.5 378.1 82.2 189.1 422.9 972.2 305.9 703.2 135.1 310.6 4020 0.86 1113.9 938.4 150.0 14.5 718.4
258.25 1.022 -0.146 0.797 -0.18 0.75 -2.99 7.026 10.58 0.0 -1.14 5944.9 233.2 536.0 286.2 658.0 199.9 459.5 99.9 229.7 513.6 1180.7 371.6 854.2 161.6 371.5 4020 0.84 1230.6 1020.1 149.3 13.6 868.6
260.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 7955.9 305.1 701.3 375.5 863.1 261.5 601.1 130.7 300.6 690.6 1587.6 548.8 1261.7 548.8 1261.7 49600 0.02 4685.7 4343.2 3598.2 4949.5 5491.2
265.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 10035.6 384.8 884.6 473.6 1088.8 329.8 758.3 164.9 379.1 871.1 2002.6 692.3 1591.5 692.3 1591.5 16080 -1.67844 1483.7 1144.9 730.9 547.5 2845.0
269.9 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 10664.9 408.9 940.1 503.3 1157.0 350.5 805.8 175.3 402.9 925.8 2128.2 735.7 1691.3 735.7 1691.3 1157.0 805.8 0.0 0.0 1691.3
270.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 12622.5 484.0 1112.7 595.7 1369.4 414.9 953.7 207.4 476.9 1095.7 2518.8 870.7 2001.7 870.7 2001.7 1369.4 953.7 0.0 0.0 2001.7
271.6 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 11983.9 459.5 1056.4 565.6 1300.1 393.9 905.5 196.9 452.7 1040.3 2391.4 826.7 1900.4 826.7 1900.4 1300.1 905.5 0.0 0.0 1900.4
275.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 1.175 -2.9 8.425 12.99 0.0 -1.35 10312.6 395.4 909.0 486.7 1118.8 338.9 779.2 169.5 389.6 895.2 2057.9 711.4 1635.4 711.4 1635.4 1118.8 779.2 0.0 0.0 1635.4
278.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 8712.1 341.1 784.2 418.9 962.9 292.4 672.1 146.2 336.1 765.9 1760.8 508.1 1168.1 240.7 553.3 962.9 672.1 0.0 0.0 1168.1
283.583 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 6658.0 260.7 599.3 320.1 735.9 223.4 513.7 111.7 256.8 585.4 1345.6 388.3 892.7 184.0 422.9 735.9 513.7 0.0 0.0 892.7
288.417 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 4625.8 181.1 416.4 222.4 511.3 155.2 356.9 77.6 178.4 406.7 934.9 269.8 620.2 127.8 293.8 511.3 356.9 0.0 0.0 620.2
293.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 3920.4 153.5 352.9 188.5 433.3 131.6 302.5 65.8 151.2 344.7 792.3 228.7 525.6 108.3 249.0 433.3 302.5 0.0 0.0 525.6
298.083 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 5921.1 231.8 532.9 284.7 654.5 198.7 456.8 99.4 228.4 520.6 1196.7 345.3 793.9 163.6 376.1 654.5 456.8 0.0 0.0 793.9
302.917 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 7953.2 311.4 715.8 382.4 879.1 266.9 613.6 133.5 306.8 699.2 1607.4 463.9 1066.4 219.7 505.1 879.1 613.6 0.0 0.0 1066.4
307.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 10076.2 394.5 906.9 484.5 1113.7 338.2 777.4 169.1 388.7 885.9 2036.5 587.7 1351.0 278.4 640.0 49600 -0.15 4872.0 4456.5 3488.0 4498.0 4871.7
312.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 11567.6 452.9 1041.2 556.2 1278.6 388.2 892.4 194.1 446.2 1017.0 2337.9 674.7 1551.0 319.6 734.7 0 0.00 1278.6 892.4 0.0 0.0 1551.0
316.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 13120.0 513.7 1180.9 630.8 1450.1 440.3 1012.2 220.2 506.1 1153.5 2651.7 765.2 1759.2 362.5 833.3 0 0.00 1450.1 1012.2 0.0 0.0 1759.2
319.9 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 13755.5 544.0 1250.6 667.4 1534.3 466.3 1071.9 233.1 536.0 1217.5 2798.9 742.9 1707.9 742.9 1707.9 0 0.00 1534.3 1071.9 0.0 0.0 1707.9
213
320.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 13208.0 522.3 1200.8 640.8 1473.2 447.7 1029.2 223.9 514.6 1169.0 2687.5 713.3 1639.9 713.3 1639.9 0 0.00 1473.2 1029.2 0.0 0.0 1639.9
321.6 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 12570.9 492.2 1131.5 604.4 1389.4 421.9 969.8 210.9 484.9 1105.2 2540.7 733.2 1685.5 347.3 798.4 0 0.00 1389.4 969.8 0.0 0.0 1685.5
325.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 11011.8 431.2 991.2 529.5 1217.1 369.6 849.6 184.8 424.8 968.1 2225.6 642.3 1476.5 304.2 699.4 0 0.00 1217.1 849.6 0.0 0.0 1476.5
328.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 9514.7 372.5 856.4 457.5 1051.7 319.3 734.1 159.7 367.0 836.5 1923.0 554.9 1275.7 262.9 604.3 0 0.00 1051.7 734.1 0.0 0.0 1275.7
333.583 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 7456.2 291.9 671.1 358.5 824.1 250.2 575.2 125.1 287.6 655.5 1507.0 434.9 999.7 206.0 473.6 0 0.00 824.1 575.2 0.0 0.0 999.7
338.417 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 5419.6 212.2 487.8 260.6 599.0 181.9 418.1 90.9 209.1 476.5 1095.4 316.1 726.7 149.7 344.2 0 0.00 599.0 418.1 0.0 0.0 726.7
343.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 3418.7 133.9 307.7 164.4 377.9 114.7 263.7 57.4 131.9 300.6 690.9 199.4 458.4 94.5 217.1 0 0.00 377.9 263.7 0.0 0.0 458.4
348.083 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 4479.3 175.4 403.2 215.4 495.1 150.3 345.6 75.2 172.8 393.8 905.3 261.3 600.6 123.8 284.5 0 0.00 495.1 345.6 0.0 0.0 600.6
352.917 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 6514.0 255.0 586.3 313.2 720.0 218.6 502.6 109.3 251.3 572.7 1316.5 379.9 873.4 180.0 413.7 0 0.00 720.0 502.6 0.0 0.0 873.4
357.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 8630.5 337.9 776.8 415.0 953.9 289.6 665.8 144.8 332.9 758.8 1744.3 503.4 1157.2 238.5 548.2 49600 -0.15 4712.2 4345.0 3488.0 4498.0 4677.8
362.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 10116.5 396.1 910.6 486.4 1118.2 339.5 780.5 169.8 390.2 889.4 2044.6 590.0 1356.4 279.5 642.5 0 0.00 1118.2 780.5 0.0 0.0 1356.4
366.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 11658.5 456.5 1049.4 560.5 1288.6 391.3 899.5 195.6 449.7 1025.0 2356.3 680.0 1563.2 322.1 740.5 0 0.00 1288.6 899.5 0.0 0.0 1563.2
369.9 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 12290.9 486.1 1117.4 596.3 1370.9 416.6 957.8 208.3 478.9 1087.9 2500.9 663.8 1526.0 663.8 1526.0 0 0.00 1370.9 957.8 0.0 0.0 1526.0
370.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 10323.2 408.3 938.5 500.9 1151.4 349.9 804.4 175.0 402.2 913.7 2100.5 557.5 1281.7 557.5 1281.7 0 0.00 1151.4 804.4 0.0 0.0 1281.7
371.6 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 9674.7 378.8 870.8 465.2 1069.3 324.7 746.4 162.3 373.2 850.6 1955.3 564.3 1297.2 267.3 614.5 0 0.00 1069.3 746.4 0.0 0.0 1297.2
373.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 8726.1 341.7 785.4 419.6 964.5 292.9 673.2 146.4 336.6 767.2 1763.6 509.0 1170.0 241.1 554.2 0 0.00 964.5 673.2 0.0 0.0 1170.0
375.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 7840.6 307.0 705.7 377.0 866.6 263.1 604.9 131.6 302.4 689.3 1584.7 457.3 1051.3 216.6 498.0 0 0.00 866.6 604.9 0.0 0.0 1051.3
379.917 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 5995.0 234.7 539.6 288.2 662.6 201.2 462.5 100.6 231.3 527.1 1211.6 349.7 803.8 165.6 380.8 0 0.00 662.6 462.5 0.0 0.0 803.8
384.083 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 4158.1 162.8 374.3 199.9 459.6 139.5 320.8 69.8 160.4 365.6 840.4 242.5 557.5 114.9 264.1 0 0.00 459.6 320.8 0.0 0.0 557.5
388.25 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 2994.2 117.2 269.5 144.0 330.9 100.5 231.0 50.2 115.5 263.2 605.2 174.6 401.5 82.7 190.2 0 0.00 330.9 231.0 0.0 0.0 401.5
392.417 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 4896.3 191.7 440.7 235.4 541.2 164.3 377.7 82.2 188.9 430.5 989.6 285.6 656.5 135.3 311.0 0 0.00 541.2 377.7 0.0 0.0 656.5
396.583 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.713 -2.99 7.5 10.90 0.0 -1.17 6864.3 268.8 617.8 330.0 758.7 230.4 529.6 115.2 264.8 603.5 1387.3 400.4 920.4 189.7 436.0 0 0.00 758.7 529.6 0.0 0.0 920.4
400.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 7742.4 306.2 703.9 375.7 863.6 262.4 603.3 131.2 301.7 685.3 1575.4 418.2 961.3 418.2 961.3 0 0.00 863.6 603.3 0.0 0.0 961.3
401.75 1.022 -0.146 0.756 -0.17 0.588 -3.03 7.25 10.20 0.0 -1.12 3581.7 141.6 325.6 173.8 399.5 121.4 279.1 60.7 139.6 317.0 728.8 193.4 444.7 193.4 444.7 49600 -0.21 4125.2 3926.4 3430.9 4311.0 3672.7
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3.8.1 Introduction
Prestressing forces are introduced in the structure at anchors that can be simulated as punctual loads.
Additionally, due to its curvature, tendons inside the concrete introduce deviation forces that must be
considered in the design.
Forces to be considered:
This force is retained with stirrups Φ16@15 in the curve length of the tendon.
The corvel forces are calculated with the angle between tendon and slab.
This force is retained with stirrups 4Φ20@10 below the anchor plate of the tendon.
Splitting and bursting forces must be covered by reinforcement. The design of this reinforcement must
agree with the ETAG and follow the prestressing system provider specifications.
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Fig. 43 Reinforcement specified by prestressing system provider to covr bursting and splitting forces.
Fig. 44 Reinforcement specified by prestressing system provider to covr bursting and splitting forces.
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This force is retained with stirrups Φ16@10 in the curve length of the tendon
Splitting and bursting forces must be covered by reinforcement. The design of this reinforcement must
agree with the ETAG and follow the prestressing system provider specifications.
Fig. 45 Reinforcement specified by prestressing system provider to covr bursting and splitting forces.
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The diaphragm of pier 1 consists of two vertical walls that are a prolongation of the pier walls.
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Geometry
fck 45 Mpa
gc 1.50
fcd 30 Mpa
fyd 400 Mpa
h 8.45 m Deck total depth
e losa sup 0.25 m Top slab thickness
e losa inf 0.80 m Bottom slab thickness
e alma 0.30 m Web thickness
e fuste 1.00 m Pier wall thickness
d 4.00 m Pier walls separation
Loads
(Negative axial force - compression)
N1,ULS -6338 kN Total axial force - abutment side
N2,ULS -54836 kN Total axial force - midspan side
N1,ULS,sym. -30587 kN Total axial force - abutment side (symmetrical state)
N2,ULS,sym. -30587 kN Total axial force - midspan side (symmetrical state)
N1,ULS,asym. 24249 kN Total axial force - abutment side (asymmetrical state)
N2,ULS,asym. -24249 kN Total axial force - midspan side (asymmetrical state)
Mdes 96996 mkN Desiquilibrium bending moment
T 12239 kN Slab tension transmitted through the WEB
b 63 º Tie diffusion angle
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Nodes verification
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Due to the existence of a manhole in the vertical walls, some additional reinforcement is required to
deviate the compression at the location of the hole, as is described in the following struts & ties model:
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Geometry
fck 45 Mpa
gc 1.50
fcd 30 Mpa
fyd 400 Mpa
a 5.5 m diaphragm width
b 1.5 m manhole width
a 60 º diffusion angle
e 1.00 m diaphragm thickness
Loads
NSd 54836 kN pier maximum compression force in ULS
qSd 9970 kN/m equivalent distributed load
FSd 7478 kN force to be deviated
Tie Verification
T 4317 kN tie
As,req 108 mm2 required reinforcement
φ 25 mm bar diameter
n 4 number of layers
s 0.15 bar separation
b 1.00 distribution length
As,disp 131 mm2 disposed reinforcement area
FS 1.21
Strut verification
C 8634 kN strut
k1 0.85
n 0.82
sRD,max 20.91 Mpa design strength
la 2.00 m width on one side without manhole
Ac 1.73 m2
Pn 36217 kN
FS 4.19
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These elements will be designed with a local finite element model, with the solicitations at the top of
each pier. In the following table the solicitations are shown.
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These loads were applied as a shear flow on the diaphragm, going through the webs and upper and
bottom slab position. The following table shows the calculation of the shear flow loads from the worst
solicitations:
MAXIMUM TORSION
Vertical shear force 18759 kN Auxi l i a r Check
Horizontal shear force 348 kN -347.57
Torsion 6728 kNm 6728.21
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These solicitations will give place to a vertical tie in the webs and to a horizontal tie in the top slab, as
shown in the following images:
T= 1275 kN/cut
h= 1.0 m
T= 1275 kN/m
As,req= 31.9 cm2/m
φ= 16 mm
n= 6 (3 stirrups)
s t= 0.15 m
As,disp= 80.4 cm2/m
FS 2.52
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T= 1788 kN/cut
h= 0.55 m
T= 3251 kN/m
As,req= 44.7 cm2/m
φ= 16 mm
l= 1.7 m
s l= 0.15 m
n= 11
s t= 0.15 m
As,disp= 147.4 cm2/m
FS 3.30
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3.9.3 A2 DIAPHRAGM
This element will be designed with a local finite element model, with the reactions at the abutment 2
bearings, and in a similar way as with the P2-4 diaphragms. In the following table the solicitations are
shown.
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These loads were applied as a shear flow on the diaphragm, going through the webs and upper and
bottom slab position. The following table shows the calculation of the shear flow loads from the worst
solicitations:
MAXIMUM TORSION
Vertical shear force 6150 kN Auxi l i a r Check
Horizontal shear force 160 kN -160.11
Torsion 8302 kNm 8302.1175
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These solicitations will give place to a vertical tie in the webs and to a horizontal tie in the top slab, as
shown in the following images:
T= 835 kN/cut
h= 1.0 m
T= 835 kN/m
As,req= 20.9 cm2/m
φ= 12 mm
n= 6 (3 stirrups)
s t= 0.15 m
As,disp= 45.2 cm2/m
FS 2.17
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T= 455 kN/cut
h= 1.00 m
T= 455 kN/m
As,req= 11.4 cm2/m
φ= 12 mm
l= 2.54 m
s l= 0.15 m
n= 17
s t= 0.3 m
As,disp= 64.1 cm2/m
FS 5.63
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3.10.1 DESCRIPTION
The abutment 1 consists in a 37m long box, filled with earth to counterbalance the moment generated
by the deck superstructure.
The deck is monolithically connected to the abutment front wall. This element is supported only on
the front and rear walls, in order to obtain a centre of masses closer to the deck superstructure and in
this way reduce the required box length. Between the two walls, the bottom concrete slab is separated
from the earth by expanded polystyrene, which allows the slab to deform.
For the design of the abutment 1, a 3D FEM model was elaborated, using the software ROBOT 3D
Millenium. The relevant load combinations forces from the deck acting on the abutment were
extracted from the global calculation model. These are the following:
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The posttensioning of the deck was included directly in the abutment model, as a distributed linear
load acting in the top slab.
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3.10.2 FOUNDATION
With the results at the supports of the abutment 1, the following verifications have been made:
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OVERTURNING in ULS
Concrete Volume 1316 m3
Self Weight 32900 kN
Earth Fill Volume 2818 m3
Earth Fill Weight 56352 kN
Masses Application Point eccentricity 19 m
Stabilizing Moment 1695797 kNm
Moment Deck (SLS) 705783 kNm
Shear Deck (SLS) 23998 kN
Eccentricity Deck 0.0 m
Destabilizing Moment (SLS) 705783 kN
FS ( 1.8) 2.4 OK
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Longitudinal Reinforcement
DISPOSED REINFORCEMENT
ELEMENT fctm fct,eff fyk DEPTH d As,min As,max ss k kc As,min n φ s As
(Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa) (m) (m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m) (Mpa) crack (mm) (m) (cm2/m)
(cm2/m)
TOP SLAB 3.8 3.8 500 0.30 0.25 4.94 120.00 500 1.00 0.40 4.56 1 16 0.15 13.40 OK
BOTTOM SLAB 3.8 3.8 500 0.80 0.75 14.82 320.00 500 1.00 0.40 12.16 1 20 0.15 20.94 OK
WALLS
(EN 1992-1-1:2004 9.6)
Longitudinal Reinforcement
DISPOSED REINFORCEMENT (VERTICAL) DISPOSED REINFORCEMENT (HORIZONTAL)
ELEMENT DEPTH Asv,min Asv,max Ash,min n φ s As n φ s As
(m) (cm2/m/face) (cm2/m/face) (cm2/m/face) (mm) (m) (cm2/m) (mm) (m) (cm2/m)
FRONT WALL 2.40 24.00 480.00 12.00 1 32 0.125 64.34 OK 1 32 0.15 53.62 OK
REAR WALL 1.50 15.00 300.00 7.50 1 32 0.15 53.62 OK 1 20 0.15 20.94 OK
LATERAL WALL 0.30 3.00 60.00 1.50 1 20 0.15 20.94 OK 1 12 0.15 7.54 OK
INNER WALLS 0.30 3.00 60.00 1.50 1 20 0.15 20.94 OK 1 12 0.15 7.54 OK
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In the case of the top slab, due to the presence of the PT ducts, the zones 25mm within the position of
the ducts should be in the compressed zone, for the SLS cuasi permanent combination. In the following
images, the maximum tensions in the bottom and top fibre of the top slab are shown. It can be seen
that the section is always compressed.
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(the values exceeding limit are located behind the anchorage zones and can be accepted)
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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3.11.1 DESCRIPTION
The pier 1 consists of a cross section with two walls of 1.0m depth each and separated by 4.0m. The
pier is monolithically connected to the superstructure, and is supported on a shallow foundation.
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In the next chapters the different checks inherent to this element are shown.
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3.11.2 FOUNDATION
As mentioned, the foundation of the pier consists of a spread footing with variable depth between
1.0m and 3.2m. The footing dimensions are 17.0mx17.0m at the base and 5.50mx5.0m at the
connection with the pier.
In the next pages, the verification of the admissible bearing pressure and the reinforcement design are
shown.
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FOOTING CALCULATION
(WITH RESULTA NT IN THE CENTRA L NUCLEOUS)
CROSS RIVER - PIER 1
COMBINATIONS IN PERSISTENT SITUATION
C ombination 1 C ombination 2 C ombination 3 C ombination 4 C ombination 5 C ombination 6
FOOTING DIMENSIONS
Dimension in X A (m) 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 m
Dimension in Y B (m) 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 m
Footing Depth H (m) 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 m
Footing weight NZ (kN) 10817 10817 10817 10817 10817 10817 kN
C over r (m) 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 m
Mechanical depth d (m) 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 m
FORCES (FACTORED)
Vertical force N (kN) 31733.9 82908.9 67293.8 99908.7 44754.3 54994.9 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 33517.4 21013.4 60932.0 22427.1 24980.4 60749.6 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 42526.7 19882.0 18472.9 42945.6 16761.0 11161.0 kNm
Shear in X VX (kN) 1803.9 677.9 2563.2 1850.5 1129.5 2543.4 kN
Shear in Y VY (kN) 994.1 2063.6 355.0 1216.9 1870.2 164.9 kN
TERRAIN DATA
Allowable stress Sadm (kN/m2) 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 kN/m 2
Tip allowable stress Sadm,p (kN/m2) 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 kN/m 2
DESIGN VALUES
Vertical force N (kN) 69746.24 120921.26 105306.18 137921.02 82766.69 93007.30 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 35107.92 24315.18 61499.99 24374.16 27972.74 61013.39 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 45412.89 20966.61 22573.93 45906.39 18568.20 15230.51 kNm
ECCENTRICITY
Eccenctricity in X eX (m) 0.651 0.173 0.214 0.333 0.224 0.164 m
Eccenctricity in Y eY (m) 0.503 0.201 0.584 0.177 0.338 0.656 m
C heck of resultant inside central nucleous 0.407 0.132 0.282 0.180 0.198 0.289
Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in
the central the central the central the central the central the central
nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous
Stress in corner 1 S1(kN/m2) 339.67 473.71 467.06 563.07 343.23 414.94 kN/m2
Stress in corner 2 S2 (kN/m2) 228.75 422.50 411.92 450.94 297.88 377.74 kN/m2
Stress in corner 3 S3 (kN/m2) 253.92 414.32 316.84 503.53 274.90 265.91 kN/m2
Stress in corner 4 S4 (kN/m2) 143.00 363.11 261.71 391.41 229.55 228.71 kN/m2
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Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bottom reinforcement in X (cm2) 1151.2 1784.0 1569.5 2115.5 1236.6 1368.9 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in X (cm2) 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in X A S1 (cm2) 1151.2 1784.0 1569.5 2115.5 1236.6 1368.9 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in X A S2 (cm2) 489.6 535.2 489.6 634.6 489.6 489.6 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 67.7 104.9 92.3 124.4 72.7 80.5 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 28.8 31.5 28.8 37.3 28.8 28.8 cm2
Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bottom reinforcement in Y (cm2) 1068.8 1722.7 1643.9 1952.9 1219.5 1475.8 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in Y (cm2) 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in Y A S1 (cm2) 1068.8 1722.7 1643.9 1952.9 1219.5 1475.8 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in Y A S2 (cm2) 489.6 516.8 493.2 585.9 489.6 489.6 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 62.9 101.3 96.7 114.9 71.7 86.8 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 28.8 30.4 29.0 34.5 28.8 28.8 cm2
A
B
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN)
(kN*m) (kN*m)
1000 SLSQ1(max) Axial -24350 -4596 -489
1000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -24762 -4392 -489
BASE 1000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -24350 -4596 -489
- PK 1000 SLSQ1(max) Axial -23938 -3076 -433
1000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -24349 -2948 -433
1000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -23938 -3076 -433
1006 SLSQ1(max) Axial -22081 3588 -182
1006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -23174 7081 -181
TOP 1006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -23815 6381 -181
- PK 1006 SLSQ1(max) Axial -21875 4360 -154
1006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -22968 8542 -153
1006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -23173 8413 -153
1007 SLSQ1(max) Axial -19075 8739 557
1007 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -19902 9427 558
BASE 1007 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -19902 9427 558
+ PK 1007 SLSQ1(max) Axial -18662 5859 479
1007 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -19490 6313 479
1007 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -19490 6313 479
1013 SLSQ1(max) Axial -16806 -7045 128
1013 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -18144 -3917 128
TOP 1013 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -16806 -7045 128
+ PK 1013 SLSQ1(max) Axial -16600 -8494 89
1013 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -17938 -4748 89
1013 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -16600 -8494 89
1000 SLSQ1(min) Axial -26084 -8146 -490
1000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -25443 -8884 -490
BASE 1000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -25648 -8782 -490
- PK 1000 SLSQ1(min) Axial -25671 -5497 -434
1000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -25030 -5977 -434
1000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -25236 -5913 -434
1006 SLSQ1(min) Axial -23815 6381 -181
1006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -22493 3367 -181
TOP 1006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -22081 3588 -182
- PK 1006 SLSQ1(min) Axial -23609 7716 -153
1006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -22287 4102 -154
1006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -21875 4360 -154
1007 SLSQ1(min) Axial -20925 5032 557
1007 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -20413 4861 557
BASE 1007 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -20413 4861 557
+ PK 1007 SLSQ1(min) Axial -20513 3334 479
1007 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -20001 3225 479
1007 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -20001 3225 479
1013 SLSQ1(min) Axial -18656 -4093 128
1013 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -17634 -7672 128
TOP 1013 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -18656 -4093 128
+ PK 1013 SLSQ1(min) Axial -18450 -4955 89
1013 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -17427 -9237 89
1013 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -18450 -4955 89
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VERIFICATION
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3.12.1 DESCRIPTION
The pier 2 consists of a cross section with 1.70mx5.50m rectangular cross section. The deck is
supported on this pier with 2 POT bearings, one of them being fixed against transverse movements,
and the other free on both directions.
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In the next chapters the different checks inherent to this element are shown.
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3.12.2 FOUNDATION
As mentioned, the foundation of the pier consists of a spread footing with constant depth between of
2.5m. The footing dimensions are 11.0mx11.0m.
In the next pages, the verification of the admissible bearing pressure and the reinforcement design are
shown.
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FOOTING CALCULATION
(WITH RESULTA NT IN THE CENTRA L NUCLEOUS)
CROSS RIVER - PIER 2
COMBINATIONS IN PERSISTENT SITUATION
C ombination 1 C ombination 2 C ombination 3 C ombination 4 C ombination 5 C ombination 6
FOOTING DIMENSIONS
Dimension in X A (m) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 m
Dimension in Y B (m) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 m
Footing Depth H (m) 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 m
Footing weight NZ (kN) 7109 7109 7109 7109 7109 7109 kN
C over r (m) 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 m
Mechanical depth d (m) 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 m
FORCES (FACTORED)
Vertical force N (kN) 14863.3 17511.7 20387.5 23555.3 17156.5 16638.2 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 8858.8 827.9 17779.3 11079.0 209.0 14799.3 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 7458.6 8526.5 7458.6 13760.2 14828.2 13760.2 kNm
Shear in X VX (kN) 514.4 655.4 514.4 949.0 1090.0 949.0 kN
Shear in Y VY (kN) 581.1 31.3 786.2 680.3 15.4 835.7 kN
TERRAIN DATA
Allowable stress Sadm (kN/m2) 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 kN/m 2
Tip allowable stress Sadm,p (kN/m2) 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 kN/m 2
DESIGN VALUES
Vertical force N (kN) 27714.53 30362.92 33238.70 36406.47 30007.72 29489.36 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 9541.55 864.63 18703.05 11878.31 227.12 15781.19 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 8062.97 9296.65 8062.97 14875.28 16108.96 14875.28 kNm
ECCENTRICITY
Eccenctricity in X eX (m) 0.291 0.306 0.243 0.409 0.537 0.504 m
Eccenctricity in Y eY (m) 0.344 0.028 0.563 0.326 0.008 0.535 m
C heck of resultant inside central nucleous 0.346 0.183 0.439 0.401 0.297 0.567
Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in
the central the central the central the central the central the central
nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous
Stress in corner 1 S1(kN/m2) 308.40 296.74 395.36 421.48 321.64 381.91 kN/m2
Stress in corner 2 S2 (kN/m2) 235.71 212.92 322.66 287.37 176.40 247.80 kN/m2
Stress in corner 3 S3 (kN/m2) 222.38 288.94 226.74 314.39 319.59 239.63 kN/m2
Stress in corner 4 S4 (kN/m2) 149.69 205.13 154.04 180.28 174.36 105.52 kN/m2
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Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bottom reinforcement in X (cm2) 462.6 509.5 545.6 632.2 543.0 528.2 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in X (cm2) 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in X A S1 (cm2) 462.6 509.5 545.6 632.2 543.0 528.2 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in X A S2 (cm2) 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 42.1 46.3 49.6 57.5 49.4 48.0 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 cm2
Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bottom reinforcement in Y (cm2) 284.9 273.4 371.0 371.6 267.6 325.9 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in Y (cm2) 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in Y A S1 (cm2) 284.9 273.4 371.0 371.6 267.6 325.9 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in Y A S2 (cm2) 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 232.7 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 25.9 24.9 33.7 33.8 24.3 29.6 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 cm2
A
B
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN) Shear-y (kN) Shear-z (kN) Efficiency
(kN*m) (kN*m)
2000 ULS(max) Axial -14863 7459 -8859 -581 514 0.14
BASE 2000 ULS(max) Moment-y -17512 8527 828 31 655 0.14
2000 ULS(max) Moment-z -20388 7459 17779 786 514 0.17
2006 ULS(max) Axial -10288 0 -555 -562 0 0.04
TOP 2006 ULS(max) Moment-y -12936 0 374 31 0 0.05
2006 ULS(max) Moment-z -15813 0 6499 766 0 0.07
2000 ULS(min) Axial -23555 13760 11079 680 949 0.24
BASE 2000 ULS(min) Moment-y -17157 -14828 -209 15 -1090 0.29
2000 ULS(min) Moment-z -16638 13760 -14799 -836 949 0.30
2006 ULS(min) Axial -18980 0 1336 662 0 0.08
TOP 2006 ULS(min) Moment-y -12581 0 -432 15 0 0.05
2006 ULS(min) Moment-z -15094 0 -3936 -90 0 0.07
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN)
(kN*m) (kN*m)
2000 SLSQ1(max) Axial -12775 6805 229
BASE 2000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -12784 6805 229
2000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -12784 6805 229
2006 SLSQ1(max) Axial -9386 0 -21
TOP 2006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -9395 0 -21
2006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -9620 0 -21
2000 SLSQ1(min) Axial -13009 6974 229
BASE 2000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -12923 6974 229
2000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -13009 6974 229
2006 SLSQ1(min) Axial -9620 0 -21
TOP 2006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -9533 0 -21
2006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -9386 0 -21
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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3.13.1 DESCRIPTION
The pier 3 consists of a cross section with 1.70mx5.50m rectangular cross section. The deck is
supported on this pier with 2 POT bearings, one of them being fixed against transverse movements,
and the other free on both directions.
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In the next chapters the different checks inherent to this element are shown.
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3.13.2 FOUNDATION
As mentioned, the foundation of the pier consists of a spread footing with constant depth between of
2.1m. The footing dimensions are 10.0mx10.0m.
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In the next pages, the verification of the admissible bearing pressure and the reinforcement design are
shown.
FOOTING CALCULATION
(WITH RESULTA NT IN THE CENTRA L NUCLEOUS)
CROSS RIVER - PIER 3
COMBINATIONS IN PERSISTENT SITUATION
C ombination 1 C ombination 2 C ombination 3 C ombination 4 C ombination 5 C ombination 6
FOOTING DIMENSIONS
Dimension in X A (m) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Dimension in Y B (m) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Footing Depth H (m) 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 m
Footing weight NZ (kN) 5250 5250 5250 5250 5250 5250 kN
C over r (m) 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 m
Mechanical depth d (m) 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 m
FORCES (FACTORED)
Vertical force N (kN) 19682.5 21544.0 22484.2 26770.2 21040.2 22288.1 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 8058.0 527.7 12152.8 5627.8 247.3 10023.7 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 10952.4 12019.2 10952.4 16091.0 17157.8 16091.0 kNm
Shear in X VX (kN) 755.3 896.0 755.3 1109.7 1250.4 1109.7 kN
Shear in Y VY (kN) 426.6 5.4 434.7 469.8 14.1 514.3 kN
TERRAIN DATA
Allowable stress Sadm (kN/m2) 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 kN/m 2
Tip allowable stress Sadm,p (kN/m2) 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 kN/m 2
DESIGN VALUES
Vertical force N (kN) 29457.34 31318.84 32259.12 36545.07 30815.10 32062.93 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 8505.97 533.39 12609.24 6121.16 262.11 10563.71 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 11745.54 12960.04 11745.54 17256.25 18470.75 17256.25 kNm
ECCENTRICITY
Eccenctricity in X eX (m) 0.399 0.414 0.364 0.472 0.599 0.538 m
Eccenctricity in Y eY (m) 0.289 0.017 0.391 0.167 0.009 0.329 m
C heck of resultant inside central nucleous 0.412 0.259 0.453 0.384 0.365 0.521
Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in
the central the central the central the central the central the central
nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous
Stress in corner 1 S1(kN/m2) 416.08 394.15 468.72 505.72 420.55 487.55 kN/m2
Stress in corner 2 S2 (kN/m2) 275.14 238.63 327.77 298.64 198.90 280.47 kN/m2
Stress in corner 3 S3 (kN/m2) 314.01 387.75 317.41 432.26 417.40 360.78 kN/m2
Stress in corner 4 S4 (kN/m2) 173.06 232.23 176.46 225.19 195.75 153.71 kN/m2
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Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bottom reinforcement in X (cm2) 518.3 554.1 560.5 660.0 581.4 592.5 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in X (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in X A S1 (cm2) 518.3 554.1 560.5 660.0 581.4 592.5 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in X A S2 (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 198.0 189.0 189.0 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 51.8 55.4 56.1 66.0 58.1 59.2 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 18.9 18.9 18.9 19.8 18.9 18.9 cm2
Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bottom reinforcement in Y (cm2) 277.0 258.1 317.4 324.7 252.9 307.0 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in Y (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in Y A S1 (cm2) 277.0 258.1 317.4 324.7 252.9 307.0 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in Y A S2 (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 27.7 25.8 31.7 32.5 25.3 30.7 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 cm2
A
B
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN) Shear-y (kN) Shear-z (kN) Efficiency
(kN*m) (kN*m)
3000 ULS(max) Axial -19682 10952 8058 427 755 0.19
BASE 3000 ULS(max) Moment-y -21544 12019 528 5 896 0.19
3000 ULS(max) Moment-z -22484 10952 12153 435 755 0.20
3006 ULS(max) Axial -15107 0 1992 408 0 0.06
TOP 3006 ULS(max) Moment-y -16968 0 448 5 0 0.07
3006 ULS(max) Moment-z -18759 0 6728 348 0 0.09
3000 ULS(min) Axial -26770 16091 -5628 -470 1110 0.27
BASE 3000 ULS(min) Moment-y -21040 -17158 -247 14 -1250 0.32
3000 ULS(min) Moment-z -22288 16091 -10024 -514 1110 0.29
3006 ULS(min) Axial -22195 0 1061 -451 0 0.09
TOP 3006 ULS(min) Moment-y -16465 0 -451 14 0 0.06
3006 ULS(min) Moment-z -19114 0 -4134 58 0 0.08
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN)
(kN*m) (kN*m)
3000 SLSQ1(max) Axial -15729 8946 104
BASE 3000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -15772 8946 104
3000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -15739 8946 104
3006 SLSQ1(max) Axial -12340 0 -1
TOP 3006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -12383 0 -1
3006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -12349 0 -1
3000 SLSQ1(min) Axial -15786 8988 104
BASE 3000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -15729 8988 104
3000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -15768 8988 104
3006 SLSQ1(min) Axial -12397 0 -1
TOP 3006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -12340 0 -1
3006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -12378 0 -1
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VERIFICATION
FINAL DESIGN
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VERIFICATION
FINAL DESIGN
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3.14.1 DESCRIPTION
The pier 4 consists of a cross section with 1.70mx5.50m rectangular cross section. The deck is
supported on this pier with 2 POT bearings, one of them being fixed against transverse movements,
and the other free on both directions.
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In the next chapters the different checks inherent to this element are shown.
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3.14.2 FOUNDATION
As mentioned, the foundation of the pier consists of a spread footing with constant depth between of
2.1m. The footing dimensions are 10.0mx10.0m.
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In the next pages, the verification of the admissible bearing pressure and the reinforcement design are
shown.
FOOTING CALCULATION
(WITH RESULTA NT IN THE CENTRA L NUCLEOUS)
CROSS RIVER - PIER 4
COMBINATIONS IN PERSISTENT SITUATION
C ombination 1 C ombination 2 C ombination 3 C ombination 4 C ombination 5 C ombination 6
FOOTING DIMENSIONS
Dimension in X A (m) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Dimension in Y B (m) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Footing Depth H (m) 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 m
Footing weight NZ (kN) 5250 5250 5250 5250 5250 5250 kN
C over r (m) 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 m
Mechanical depth d (m) 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 m
FORCES (FACTORED)
Vertical force N (kN) 17104.1 18364.6 19411.3 22837.2 18011.2 18897.5 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 3861.7 295.7 8872.7 4817.9 305.3 7370.7 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 8669.7 9569.9 8669.7 12539.6 13439.8 12539.6 kNm
Shear in X VX (kN) 642.2 770.7 642.2 928.9 1057.4 928.9 kN
Shear in Y VY (kN) 338.2 3.7 313.5 342.3 2.5 410.5 kN
TERRAIN DATA
Allowable stress Sadm (kN/m2) 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 kN/m 2
Tip allowable stress Sadm,p (kN/m2) 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 437.50 kN/m 2
DESIGN VALUES
Vertical force N (kN) 34941.06 36201.60 37248.35 40674.25 35848.25 36734.50 kN
Bending Moment over X M X (kNm) 4216.84 299.55 9201.80 5177.31 307.91 7801.74 kNm
Bending Moment over Y M Y(kNm) 9343.98 10379.16 9343.98 13514.88 14550.05 13514.88 kNm
ECCENTRICITY
Eccenctricity in X eX (m) 0.267 0.287 0.251 0.332 0.406 0.368 m
Eccenctricity in Y eY (m) 0.121 0.008 0.247 0.127 0.009 0.212 m
C heck of resultant inside central nucleous 0.233 0.177 0.299 0.276 0.249 0.348
Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in Resultant in
the central the central the central the central the central the central
nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous nucleous
Stress in corner 1 S1(kN/m2) 430.78 426.09 483.76 518.90 447.63 495.24 kN/m2
Stress in corner 2 S2 (kN/m2) 318.65 301.54 371.63 356.72 273.03 333.07 kN/m2
Stress in corner 3 S3 (kN/m2) 380.17 422.49 373.34 456.77 443.94 401.62 kN/m2
Stress in corner 4 S4 (kN/m2) 268.05 297.94 261.21 294.59 269.33 239.45 kN/m2
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Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bottom reinforcement in X (cm2) 585.7 611.3 620.5 698.6 632.4 639.2 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in X (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in X A S1 (cm2) 585.7 611.3 620.5 698.6 632.4 639.2 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in X A S2 (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 209.6 189.7 191.8 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 58.6 61.1 62.1 69.9 63.2 63.9 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 18.9 18.9 18.9 21.0 19.0 19.2 cm2
Steel yielding stress fyd (N/mm2) 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 N/mm 2
Material safety factor Gamma s 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bottom reinforcement in Y (cm2) 303.5 297.0 343.6 354.4 294.2 333.4 cm2
Bottom minimum reinforcement in Y (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm2
Bottom reinforcement (As1) in Y A S1 (cm2) 303.5 297.0 343.6 354.4 294.2 333.4 cm 2
Top reinforcement (As2) in Y A S2 (cm2) 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 189.0 cm 2
Width of reinforcement layout m 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 m
Bottom reinforcement per meter, As1 cm2 30.3 29.7 34.4 35.4 29.4 33.3 cm2
Top reinforcement per meter, As2 cm2 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 cm2
A
B
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN) Shear-y (kN) Shear-z (kN) Efficiency
(kN*m) (kN*m)
4000 ULS(max) Axial -17104 8670 -3862 -338 642 0.15
BASE 4000 ULS(max) Moment-y -18365 9570 296 -4 771 0.15
4000 ULS(max) Moment-z -19411 8670 8873 313 642 0.16
4006 ULS(max) Axial -12844 0 597 -321 0 0.05
TOP 4006 ULS(max) Moment-y -14105 0 345 -4 0 0.06
4006 ULS(max) Moment-z -15890 0 5309 241 0 0.07
4000 ULS(min) Axial -22837 12540 4818 342 929 0.21
BASE 4000 ULS(min) Moment-y -18011 -13440 -305 2 -1057 0.23
4000 ULS(min) Moment-z -18897 12540 -7371 -410 929 0.22
4006 ULS(min) Axial -18577 0 304 325 0 0.07
TOP 4006 ULS(min) Moment-y -13751 0 -338 2 0 0.05
4006 ULS(min) Moment-z -16003 0 -3240 37 0 0.07
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Moment-y Moment-z
Elem Load Component Axial (kN)
(kN*m) (kN*m)
4000 SLSQ1(max) Axial -13213 6789 -4
BASE 4000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -13565 6789 -4
4000 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -13321 6789 -4
4006 SLSQ1(max) Axial -10058 0 2
TOP 4006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-y -10410 0 2
4006 SLSQ1(max) Moment-z -10165 0 2
4000 SLSQ1(min) Axial -13602 7051 -4
BASE 4000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -13515 7051 -4
4000 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -13565 7051 -4
4006 SLSQ1(min) Axial -10446 0 2
TOP 4006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-y -10360 0 2
4006 SLSQ1(min) Moment-z -10445 0 2
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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3.15.1 DESCRIPTION
The abutment 2 consists of a standard closed seat abutment, as can be seen in the following images.
The deck is supported on the abutment on 2 POT bearings, one of them being fixed in transverse
direction and the other free in both directions.
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The design forces were extracted from this model, and the sections verified with a sectional FAGUS
model.
WALLS
(EN 1992-1-1:2004 9.6)
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VERIFICATION
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VERIFICATION
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In the next image, a scheme is shown, where the design load of 100kN, according to EN 1991-2: 2003
is represented at its position.
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DESIGN OF THE SLAB BENEATH THE SIDEWALK BEHIND THE ABUTMENT BACKWALL
DATA
Loads
F= 100 kN Accidental horizontal load on kerb - EN 1991-2 4.7.3.2
l= 0.5 m load application length
ecc= 0.75 m
α= 45 º diffusion angle
Fd= 50 kN/m
Kerb Dimensions
B= 0.45 m
h= 0.45 m
Slab Dimensions
B= 1.65 m
h= 0.25 m
Tube connection
s= 7.00 m separation between connection plates
B= 200 mm plate dimension
H= 200 mm plate dimension
e= 7 mm plate thickness
fu= 235 MPa plate characteristic strength
n= 4
φ= 16 mm bar diameter
fy= 500 Mpa bar characteristic strength
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In the following table, the maximum vertical and horizontal loads, movements and rotations are
shown, along with the POT specification.
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM VERTICAL HORIZONTAL LOAD MAXIMUM MOVEMENT ULS
LOAD (kN) (kN) (mm) MAXIMUM ROTATION ULS (mRad)
CHARGES VERTICALE CHARGES MOUVEMENT MAXIMAL ULS ROTATION MAXIMALE ULS (mRad)
MAXIMALE (kN) HORIZONTALE (mm)
MAXIMALE (kN)
SUPPORT TYPE Vmax ULS Vmax SLS Hmax ULS Hmax SLS TOWARDS A-1 TOWARDS A-2 TOWARDS A-1
APPUI TYPE (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) VERS A-1 VERS A-2 VERS A-1
P2 LEFT/GAUCHE PU-1400 11951 8959 840 560 2 75 3
P2 RIGHT/DROITE PL-1400 10520 7899 - - 2 75 3
P3 LEFT/GAUCHE PU-1400 13907 10311 523 349 6 95 1
P3 RIGHT/DROITE PL-1400 12368 9171 - - 6 95 1
P4 LEFT/GAUCHE PU-1400 11485 8607 420 280 7 105 1
P4 RIGHT/DROITE PL-1400 10172 7635 - - 7 105 1
A2 LEFT/GAUCHE PU-600 6078 4667 185 128 8 125 1
A2 RIGHT/DROITE PL-600 4595 3569 - - 8 125 1
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Movements
Load Case
dx [mm] dy [mm]
Creep&Shrinkage 99.2 0.0
Postensioning 0.0 0.0
Temperature elongation 111.0 0.0
Temperature shortening 43.0 0.0
Braking/Centrifugal 0.0 0.0
Longitudinal Wind 0.0 0.0
Transverse Wind 0.0 0.0
Transverse Wind with LL 0.0 0.0
FORMULATION
Total joint displacement:
dtot ELS SERVICE I= gels ·(dG*+2·(dQ,k1+ψ0·∑dQ k))
JOINT OPENING
Total
displacement(mm) Total Movements Breakdown (mm)
SITUATION x y (dtot_x^2+dtot_y^2)^0.5 shortening x elongation x displacement x shortening y elongation y displacement y
dx_max dtot ELS C aract.(x g.els)= 253 0 253 142 111 253 0 0 0
Notas:
x = along deck axis
y = transverse to deck axis
z = vertical
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