Django

About the Tutorial

Django is a web development framework that assists in building and maintaining quality
web applications. Django helps eliminate repetitive tasks making the development process
an easy and time saving experience. This tutorial gives a complete understanding of
Django.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for developers who want to learn how to develop quality web
applications using the smart techniques and tools offered by Django.

Prerequisites
Before you proceed, make sure that you understand the basics of procedural and object-
oriented programming: control structures, data structures and variables, classes, objects,
etc.

Disclaimer & Copyright

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i

Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i

Disclaimer & Copyright............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii

1. DJANGO – BASICS ................................................................................................................ 1

History of Django .................................................................................................................................... 1

Django – Design Philosophies .................................................................................................................. 1

Advantages of Django ............................................................................................................................. 1

2. DJANGO – OVERVIEW.......................................................................................................... 3

3. DJANGO – ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................... 4

Step 1 – Installing Python ........................................................................................................................ 4

Step 2 - Installing Django ......................................................................................................................... 4

Step 3 – Database Setup .......................................................................................................................... 6

Step 4 – Web Server ................................................................................................................................ 6

4. DJANGO – CREATING A PROJECT ......................................................................................... 7

Create a Project....................................................................................................................................... 7

The Project Structure .............................................................................................................................. 7

Setting Up Your Project ........................................................................................................................... 8

5. DJANGO – APPS LIFE CYCLE ............................................................................................... 10

6. DJANGO – ADMIN INTERFACE ........................................................................................... 12

7. DJANGO – CREATING VIEWS.............................................................................................. 15

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8. DJANGO – URL MAPPING .................................................................................................. 17

9. DJANGO – TEMPLATE SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 23

The Render Function ............................................................................................................................. 23

Django Template Language (DTL) .......................................................................................................... 23

Filters .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Tags ....................................................................................................................................................... 24

10. DJANGO – MODELS ........................................................................................................... 28

Creating a Model ................................................................................................................................... 28

Linking Models ...................................................................................................................................... 30

11. DJANGO – PAGE REDIRECTION .......................................................................................... 33

12. SENDING E-MAILS.............................................................................................................. 36

Sending a Simple E-mail ........................................................................................................................ 36

Sending Multiple Mails with send_mass_mail ....................................................................................... 37

Sending HTML E-mail ............................................................................................................................ 39

Sending E-mail with Attachment ........................................................................................................... 41

13. DJANGO – GENERIC VIEWS ................................................................................................ 42

14. DJANGO – FORM PROCESSING .......................................................................................... 46

15. DJANGO – FILE UPLOADING .............................................................................................. 51

16. DJANGO – APACHE SETUP ................................................................................................. 55

17. DJANGO – COOKIES HANDLING ......................................................................................... 57

18. DJANGO – SESSIONS .......................................................................................................... 60

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19. DJANGO – CACHING .......................................................................................................... 64

Setting Up Cache in Database ................................................................................................................ 64

Setting Up Cache in File System ............................................................................................................. 65

Setting Up Cache in Memory ................................................................................................................. 65

Caching the Entire Site .......................................................................................................................... 65

Caching a View ...................................................................................................................................... 66

Caching a Template Fragment ............................................................................................................... 67

20. COMMENTS....................................................................................................................... 69

21. DJANGO – RSS ................................................................................................................... 74

22. DJANGO – AJAX ................................................................................................................. 78

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 1. DJANGO – BASICS Django

Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean,
pragmatic design. Django makes it easier to build better web apps quickly and with less code.

Note: Django is a registered trademark of the Django Software Foundation, and is licensed
under BSD License.

History of Django
 2003: Started by Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison as an internal project at the
Lawrence Journal-World newspaper.

 2005: Released July 2005 and named it Django, after the jazz guitarist Django
Reinhardt.

 2005: Mature enough to handle several high-traffic sites.

 Current: Django is now an open source project with contributors across the world.

Django – Design Philosophies

Django comes with the following design philosophies:

 Loosely Coupled: Django aims to make each element of its stack independent of the
others.

 Less Coding: Less code so in turn a quick development.

 Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY): Everything should be developed only in exactly one
place instead of repeating it again and again.

 Fast Development: Django's philosophy is to do all it can to facilitate hyper-fast

development.

 Clean Design: Django strictly maintains a clean design throughout its own code and
makes it easy to follow best web-development practices.

Advantages of Django
Here are few advantages of using Django which can be listed out here:

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 Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) Support: Django provides a bridge between the

data model and the database engine, and supports a large set of database systems
including MySQL, Oracle, Postgres, etc. Django also supports NoSQL database through
Django-nonrel fork. For now, the only NoSQL databases supported are MongoDB and
google app engine.
 Multilingual Support: Django supports multilingual websites through its built-in
internationalization system. So you can develop your website, which would support
multiple languages.

 Framework Support: Django has built-in support for Ajax, RSS, Caching and various
other frameworks.

 Administration GUI: Django provides a nice ready-to-use user interface for

administrative activities.

 Development Environment: Django comes with a lightweight web server to

facilitate end-to-end application development and testing.

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 2. DJANGO – OVERVIEW Django

As you already know, Django is a Python web framework. And like most modern framework,
Django supports the MVC pattern. First let's see what is the Model-View-Controller (MVC)
pattern, and then we will look at Django’s specificity for the Model-View-Template (MVT)
pattern.

MVC Pattern
When talking about applications that provides UI (web or desktop), we usually talk about MVC
architecture. And as the name suggests, MVC pattern is based on three components: Model,
View, and Controller. Check our MVC tutorial here to know more.

DJANGO MVC - MVT Pattern

The Model-View-Template (MVT) is slightly different from MVC. In fact the main difference
between the two patterns is that Django itself takes care of the Controller part (Software
Code that controls the interactions between the Model and View), leaving us with the
template. The template is a HTML file mixed with Django Template Language (DTL).

The following diagram illustrates how each of the components of the MVT pattern interacts
with each other to serve a user request:

The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a URL and
Django does the magic to serve it to the user.

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 3. DJANGO – ENVIRONMENT Django

Django development environment consists of installing and setting up Python, Django, and a
Database System. Since Django deals with web application, it's worth mentioning that you
would need a web server setup as well.

Step 1 – Installing Python

Django is written in 100% pure Python code, so you'll need to install Python on your system.
Latest Django version requires Python 2.6.5 or higher for the 2.6.x branch or higher than
2.7.3 for the 2.7.x branch.

If you're on one of the latest Linux or Mac OS X distribution, you probably already have Python
installed. You can verify it by typing python command at a command prompt. If you see
something like this, then Python is installed.

$ python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Jun 17 2014, 18:11:42)
[GCC 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16)] on linux2

Otherwise, you can download and install the latest version of Python from the link
http://www.python.org/download.

Step 2 - Installing Django

Installing Django is very easy, but the steps required for its installation depends on your
operating system. Since Python is a platform-independent language, Django has one package
that works everywhere regardless of your operating system.

You can download the latest version of Django from the link
http://www.djangoproject.com/download.

UNIX/Linux and Mac OS X Installation

You have two ways of installing Django if you are running Linux or Mac OS system:

 You can use the package manager of your OS, or use easy_install or pip if installed.
 Install it manually using the official archive you downloaded before.

We will cover the second option as the first one depends on your OS distribution. If you have
decided to follow the first option, just be careful about the version of Django you are installing.

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Let's say you got your archive from the link above, it should be something like Django-
x.xx.tar.gz:

Extract and install.

$ tar xzvf Django-x.xx.tar.gz

$ cd Django-x.xx
$ sudo python setup.py install

You can test your installation by running this command:

$ django-admin.py --version

If you see the current version of Django printed on the screen, then everything is set.

Note: For some version of Django it will be django-admin the ".py" is removed.

Windows Installation
We assume you have your Django archive and python installed on your computer.

First, PATH verification.

On some version of windows (windows 7) you might need to make sure the Path system
variable has the path the following C:\Python27\;C:\Python27\Lib\site-
packages\django\bin\ in it, of course depending on your Python version.

Then, extract and install Django.

c:\>cd c:\Django-x.xx

Next, install Django by running the following command for which you will need administrative
privileges in windows shell "cmd":

c:\Django-x.xx>python setup.py install

To test your installation, open a command prompt and type the following command:

c:\>django-admin.py --version

If you see the current version of Django printed on screen, then everything is set.

OR

Launch a "cmd" prompt and type python then:

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c:\> python
>>> import django
>>> print django.get_version()

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