1

INTRODUCTION

Poultry is by far the most popular species all over the world due to
unlimited demands of protein rich food and its meat in cheaper than those of
large ruminants. In the Philippines; it has been a significant contributor to the
country’s agriculture sector

The Chicken (Broiler) Inventory in the Philippines, Northern Mindanao

specifically in Bukidnon in October 1, has reach to 3,315,540 number of birds
but unexpectedly decreases on the first month of the year 2017 which it only
have the total number of 2,691,000 birds. (‘CountrySTAT Philippines, 2017)

Acres (2009) stated that successful broiler production dependents upon

supplying the birds with feed of the highest achievable quality, in terms of
ingredients used, processing procedure applied and finally the form in which
feed is presented to the birds.

The prices of such conventional protein feed ingredient such as groundnut

cake, soybean meal and fish meal have soared so high in recent ＆need;
therefore to look for locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients,
particularly those that do not attract competition in consumption between
humans and livestock such as Gliricidia for the formulation of balanced ratio
(Adeleke, Akanji & Fasina,2014). Leaf meals do not only serve as protein
source but also provide some necessary vitamins, minerals and also some
yellow color of broiler skin, and shank. Leaf meals are gaining acceptance as
feed stuff in poultry diet, they are locally available and considered to be
non-conventional feeding stuff. The nutrients profile of these leaf meals
compare favorably well with some conventional feeding stuffs.( A. M. K
Ongungbesan 1a.0. Adebayo1A M Akanji1 & and K.Adeyemi2, 2013)

This study aims to observe and determine the effect of Gliricidia (Gliricidia
sepium) in the growth performance of broiler chicken (Gallus domestricus).
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Objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to determine and evaluate the growth
performance of broiler chicken fed commercial ratio supplemented with
varying levels of Gliricidia meal.

Specifically the study aims to:

1. Determine the average initial and average final weight of broiler

chicken;

2. Determine the average body weight gain and average daily gain;

3. Determine the average feed consumption and average feed efficiency;

and

4. Determine the average Gliricidia meal consumption.

Time and place of the study

The study will be conducted at Purok 4 Poblacion Valencia City, Bukidnon

on January, 2019 to February, 2019.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

Philippine Poultry Industry

Poultry is any of the domesticated and commercialized types of birds used

for production of eggs and (or) meat human food (Waldroup, 2002). they
originated from the jungle fowl of the Indian Subcontinent. The chicken
industry in the Philippines has diverse components. The commercial sector is
characterized by large-scale, industrialized production system of broilers and
layers of exotic hybrids. In the other hand, the backyard sector id made up of
many smallholders who keeps a few native or crossbred chickens mainly for
their own consumption. The backyard sector is worth a separate investigation
because it differs from the commercial sector in terms of production and
marketing issues and has, so far, received less attention from researcher and
policymaker. (Chang, 2007)

Broiler Chicken (Gallus domesticus)

The broiler industry has grown due to consumer demand for affordable
poultry meat. Breeding for particular traits and improved nutrition have been
used to increase the weight of the breast-muscle. Commercial broiler chickens
are are bred to e very fast growing in order to gain weight quickly. In their
natural environment, hens spend much of their time foraging for food. This
means that they are highly motivated to perform species specific behaviors
that are typical or chickens (natural behaviors), such as foraging, pecking, and
scratching and feather maintenance behaviors like preening and dust-bathing.
Trees are used fpr perching at night to avoid predators. The life of chicken
destined for meat production consists of two distinct phases. They are born in
hatchery and moved to a growing farm at 1 day old. They remain her until they
are heavy enough to be slaughtered. This document gives an overview of a
typical broiler’s life(Compassion In the world Farming, 2013)
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Table 1. Broiler Chicken Inventory in Bukidnon,

2016 2017
October 1 January 1
Broiler 3,315,540 2,691,000

Source: (“CountrySTAT Philippines, 2017)

The chicken (Broiler) inventory in the Philippines, Northern Mindanao

specifically in Bukidnon on October 1, 2016 has reach to 3,315,540 numbers
of birds but unexpectedly decrease on the first month of the year 2017 witch it
only have the total number of 2,691,00 birds. (“CountrySTAT PHILIPPINES,
2017)

Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepuim)

Gliricidia sepium grows to a height of 2-15m, has a medium crown and

may be single or multistemmed. The bark colour is variable but is mainly
greyish-brown, and it can be much fissured. The tree has deep roots when
mature (Papilionoideae, 2009). Suttie (n.d.) added that gliricidia is an
increasingly used forage crop in cut-and-carry systems in parts of the humid
tropics including Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. In other areas such as West
Africa, India and the Philippines, its use is severely limited by platability
problems; it is little used as forage within its native range in Central America.
Despite mixed perceptions of Gliricidia as a forage crop, it has been widely
promoted by development agencies and researched, due largely to its high
productivity and quality. Interest has increased in recent years following the
widespread defoliation of leucaena by psylid. Gliricidia is one of the few
forages trees capable of leaf yield comparable to those of leucaena and will
grow on a wider range of soils, tolerating low pH provided that this is not
associated with high aluminum saturation.
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Nutritive Content of Gliricidia

Gliricidia has a high nutritive value. Crude protein content 18-30% and in
vitro digestibility of 60-65%. with the exception of palatability, variability in
nutritive quality among provenances has not been assessed. (“Gliricidia
Sepium”, n.d.)

Ground samples of feeds, refusals and feces were analyzed for dry matter
(DM) by drying samples at 105˚ for 24 h in forced air oven. Ash content was
measured after igniting samples in a muffle furnace at 550˚C for 4 h. the crude
protein (CP) was determined by (Adeleke et al., 2014)

Table 2. percentage composition of Gliricidia

GLM % Composition

Moisture 6.48

Crude Protein 24.38

Ether Extract 1.75

Crude Fibre 12.45

Ash 11.58

NFE 43.36

Source: (Adeleke et al,. 2014)

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Table 3. Additional Chemical Composition of Gliricidia

Component Content (g/100g DM)

Organic matter 92.31

Total Digestible N 48.18

Ca 0.95

P 0.30

Na 0.03

Mg 0.46

K 3.36

Zn (ppm) 21.0

Fe (ppm) 300

Mn (ppm) 80

Cu (ppm) 5

Gross energy (kcal/g) 4.35

Total 550.90

Source: (C.F.I. Onwuka, n.d.)

Gliricidia leaves had high crude protein content (21% CP or 3.36% N) and
the protein was about 58% digestibility. The crude fiber was up to 68%
digestibility. The gross energy value of GRL (about 4.35 kcal/g) was quite high.
(Onwuka, n.d.)
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Gliricidia as Feed

There is a large diversity of tropical forage species as protein options for

monogastric farm animals in the tropics. There is also a multitude of choices in
terms of agricultural suitability and yields, nutrients contents, and nutritional
constraints, which may be partly or fully overcome by appropriate processing
method. Individual decisions at farm level considering ecological conditions,
labor and technical requirements, and already available feed ingredients can
achieve good economic returns and reduce the risk of failure (Martens,
Tiemann, Bindelle, Peters & Lascano,2012)

Gliiricidia is generally used as a high protein supplement to low quality

basal feeds such as grass, straw and other crop residue. Supplementation
levels vary but are usually in the range 20-40% There are numerous reports of
increases in weight gain and milk production in both large and small ruminants
when gliricidia forage is used as a supplement. Tabasco sheep in Mexico,
both intake and dry matter digestibility increased when gliricidia was used as a
supplement, up to 30% of the diet, with grass hay. Gliricidia supplementation
levels up to 80% increase survival and growth of Bannur ewes and lambs in
Sri Lanka have an increase in live weight gain for goats fed Napier grass
supplemented with glircidia. For large ruminants, increases in live weight gain
for milking cows and buffalo respectively on low protein diets supplemented
with gliricidia, although supplementation levels over 50% are reported to
cause tainting of the milk. (Simon and Stewart, n.d.)

Furthermore, latap (2010) observed that in broiler, all levels of Gliricidia

gave heavier final weight, faster growth rate and better feed efficiency. He
prepared six different rations. One rations which did not have any Gliricidia
served as the control reference. The remaining five rations contained Gliricidia
leaf meal in varying amount as low 2 percent and as high as 10 percent of the
ratio. He concluded that layers fed with rations containing Gliricidia produced
heavier eggs where there were more eggs that were classified as medium and
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large sizes. Layers fed with 6 to 8 percent Gliricidia leaf meal produced eggs
with a high Haugh Unit value of 86.47 to 86.48. the eggs shells were also
thicker than those not given Gliricidia. Those fed with Gliricidia leaf meal also
produced yolk with more intense yellow color.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Facilities and Equipment

Poulrty facilities and esssential equipment such as chicken poultry

house, waterers, feeding trough, 50 watts incandescent bulbs, pail, stick
broom, clean empty sacks, old news paper, record book electronic weighing
scale will be used during the study.

Experimental Animals

A total of sixty (60) heads of 14 days-Old broiler chicken, regardless

of sex, will be used in the study. There will be four (4) treatment and will
replicate three times with five birds in each replication.

Experimental Design and Treatment

The study will laid out in a simple Randomized Design (CRD). The birds
will randomly distribute into four treatments, will replicate three times with five
birds in each replication. The different treatments were as follows:

Treatment 1= 1000g Commercial feeds + 0g Glaricidia Leaf Meal

Treatment 2= 970g Commercial feeds + 30g Glaricidia Leaf Meal

Treatment 3= 940g Commercial feeds + 60g Glaricidia Leaf Meal

Treatment 4=910g Commercial feeds + 90g Glaricidia Leaf Meal

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Preparation for Glaricidia Leaf Meal

Fresh gliricidia leaf will be collected at Poblacion, Valencia City and other
will be propagated and harvested at Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon. It will be
ash prior to drying to eliminate contaminants that can affect the quality of the
feed. The drying of the gliricidia will be trough the air to prevent volatilization of
nitrogen from the plant. Drying done until the gliricidia leaf will be crispy
enough to mill. The dried gliricidia leaf will be coarsely ground to assure that
the treatment will be eaten by the birds. Chicken prefers coarse feeds than
fine feeds. The gliricidia leaf meal will be then mix to commercial feeds.
Gliricidia leaf meal will be added to the ratios based on the recommendation
level of inclusion.

Care and Management of The Experimental Birds

One week before the arrival of the chicks, all facilities and equipment
including the area will be cleaned and disinfected to eliminate the
disease-causing organism. The day-old chicks will be brooded up to 14 days.
Bulbs have to be turned on during day and night to keep them warm. Old
newspaper will be used as beddings during brooding to avoid damage to the
feet and legs of the chicks and as insulator. During brooding the feeds will be
put on the newspaper for the chicks could pick-up the feeds easily. Feeding
troughs will be used after brooding to avoid looses.

Canvas and old tarpaulin will be used as roofing of the chicken house.
Birds have to feed with commercial feeds with gliricidia leaf meal for every
morning and afternoon. Water will also be supplied every morning and
afternoon. For the first day until fourteenth day of life have to randomly
distribute into four dietary treatments. Broiler starter crumble with different
level of gliricidia leaf meal will be fed to the chicks from fifteenth day to thirty
fifth days (15 to 35 day).
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Gradual change of feeds can be applied.

Waterers must washed before thy will be use. Sacks will be used to cover
the sides of the cages to avoid the entry of other animal that would scatter the
manure. The manure will be removed every day during brooding and every
seven days for succeeding days until termination. Rice hulls will be spread on
the drug. Proper sanitation and management have to observe during th entire
duration of the study.

Date to be Gathered

The data that will be gathered are the average initial weight, average final
weight, average body weight gain, average daily weight gain, average total
feed consumption, and return above feed and supplementation cost.

Data that will be gathered will be derived using the following formula:

a. Initial weight = weight of the experimental animals at the start of the

feeding period

b. Final weight = weight of the experimental animals at the end of the

feeding period of 35 days

c. Body weight gain = final weight - Initial weight

d. Average Daily Gain = Final Weight - Initial weight/No. Of feeding days

e. Feed consumption = Total weight of feed given - left over

f. Feed Efficiency = Total amount of feed consumed/ Total weight gain of

birds

g. Gliricidia Leaf Meal Consumption = Feed Intake ×％ Gliricidia leaf Meal

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h. Return above feed and Supplementation Cost= Gross return per

head-(Cost of DOC + Total Feed cost + Total Treatment cost)

Statistical Analysis

All data that will be gathered will be organized, tabulated and

analyzed statistically using ANOVA in a simple completely Randomized
(CRD). The Duncan’s Multiple Ranged Test (DMRT) will be used to compare
any significant treatment means.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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Result and discussion will be based on the result and data gathered
during the conduct of experiment. Results obtained will be presented in the
form of tables, figures and graphs. Interpretation and discussion will be made
on the result obtained.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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The summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study will be based

on the data gathered. Proper recommendation will be given in the content of
the experimental output.
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APPENDICES

T2R3 T1R1
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T1R2 T4R3

T4R1 T2R1

T3R3 T3R2

T1R3 T2R2

T3R1 T4R2

Appendix Figure 1. Experimental Lay-out using CRD

SV df SS Ms Fc Ftab

0.05 0.01

Treatment 3

Error 8

Total 11

Appendix Table 1. Outline of ANOVA in CRD

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Appendix Table 2. Composition and Guaranteed Analysis of Chick Booster

Mash
PARTICULARS

Ingredients

Ground Yellow Corn Fish Meal Tricalcium Phosphate

Copra Meal Salt Preventive Medication

Coconut Oil Limestone Growth Promotants

Soy bean oil meal Vitamin-Mineral Premix Mold Inhibitors

Meat and Bone Meal DL-Methionine Rice bran

Guaranteed Analysis

%Crude Protein 24.00% min

%Crude Fiber 5.00% max

%Crude Fat 10.00% max

%Moisture 13.00% max

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Appendix Table 3. Composition and Guaranteed Analysis of Broiler Starter

Crumble

PARTICULARS

Ingredients
Corn Fish and Pork Meal Iodized Salt
Cassava Meal Poultry and Feather Meal L-Lysine
Soybean Meal Toxin Binder Lysine Sulphate
Full Fat Soya Meat and Bone Meal DL-Methionin
Rice Bran Crude Coconut Oil L-Threonine
Wheat Pollard Crude Palm Oil Choline
Copra Meal Molasses Vit. Min. Premix
Corn Germ and Gluten Limestone Enzymes
Meal
Corn Gluten Feed Inorganic Phosphate Mold Inhibitor
Corn Bran Brewer’s Dried Grain and Antioxidants
Yeast

Guaranteed Analysis
Crude Protein 21.00% min.
Crude Fiber 8.00% max.
Crude Fat 3.50% min.
Calcium 0.90% min.
Phosphorus 0.55% min.
Moisture 12.00% min.
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LITERATURE CITED

Arbor Acres. (2014). Broiler Management Handbook. Aviagen Resources

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Adeleke, G Akanji, A., & Fasina, O. (2014). Utilization by Chickenbroilers

(Gallus Domesticusbrizzen) of enzymes Supplemented gliricidiasepium
LEAF MEAL(JACQ), 4(13), 50-60

Field, R., Mangle-com, E., Mangle-com, E., & Mangle-com, E. (2011). FINAL
REPOR round info ormation ess Agains st Milesto nes FINAL.

Martens, S. D., Tiemann, T. T., Bindelle, J., Peters, M., & Lascano, C. E.
(2012). Alternative Plant protein source for pigs and chicken in the tropics-
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 20

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