PVT

PROCESS RELATIONSHIP WNF WSF Q U H S

Constant Pressure
Isobaric Process
(P=C)
n=0 V1 T1 WNF = PV T2
= U = mCv( T) H = mCp( T) S = mCp ln
= mR( T) WSF = 0 Q= H T1
ILLUSTRATION: V2 T2
Piston Cylinder V2
Assembly Spring = mCp ln
Loaded V1

T2
Constant Volume S = mCv ln
Isochoric Process
P1 T1 T1
Isometric Process
= WNF = 0 WSF = - Wf Q= U
(V=C)
T2 U = mCv( T) H = mCp( T) P2
n= P2 = mCv ln
8

= V(P1 - P2) P1
ILLUSTRATION:
Rigid Container

Constant Temperature
Isothermal Process P1 V2
WNF = c ln
(T=C) P2 S = mR ln
n=1 P1 V2 WSF = Q Q = WNF V1
= U=0 H=0
P2 V1 P1
ILLUSTRATION: c = PV = mR ln
Piston Cylinder P2
Assembly Perfectly
Cooled

Isentropic Process
Reversible Adiabatic k-1
Process T2 P2 k
(PVk=C) =
(S=C, Q=0) T1 P1 WNF = - U WSF = - H Q=0 U = mCv( T) H = mCp( T) S=0
k=1.4 (if not given)
k-1
ILLUSTRATION: V1
Piston Cylinder =
Assembly Perfectly V2
Insulated

n-1
Special Polytropic Process
(PVn = C) T2 P2 n
P2V2 - P1V1 T2
1 < n < 1.4 = WNF = WSF = n (WNF) Q = mCn T U = mCv( T) H = mCp( T) S = mCn ln = mCn ln
T1 P1 1-n T1
ILLUSTRATION: n-1
Piston Cylinder V1 Cn = Cv k - n
Assembly Air Cooled = 1-n
V2

“Be ashamed to die until you have done something for humanity.”
PROCESS CURVES on Pv and Ts Planes

P T
-WNF Q
n=k WNF = 0
n=

8
-WNF n= Q=0

8
1<n<k n=k
Q
-WNF n=0
n=1
-Q
1<n<k

-WNF WNF
Q
n=0 n=0 -Q
n=1 n=1

WNF Q
n=1
1<n<k

WNF -Q
1<n<k n=0
WNF -Q
n=k
WNF = 0 n=

8
n= Q=0
8

n=k

v S

“Great leaders are never satisfied with current level of performance. They
constantly strive higher levels of achievement.”