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Instrument Transformers Tutorial

This document provides 9 problems and solutions related to instrument transformers. The problems calculate various metrics like actual burden, accuracy limit factor, and ratio error given specifications of current transformers (CTs) and their connections to protection devices. The document uses equations that relate CT ratings, resistances, currents, and accuracy to solve for values needed in relay protection applications.

Uploaded by

Ezeldeen Agory
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
710 views

Instrument Transformers Tutorial

This document provides 9 problems and solutions related to instrument transformers. The problems calculate various metrics like actual burden, accuracy limit factor, and ratio error given specifications of current transformers (CTs) and their connections to protection devices. The document uses equations that relate CT ratings, resistances, currents, and accuracy to solve for values needed in relay protection applications.

Uploaded by

Ezeldeen Agory
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrument Transformers Tutorial

Problem 1:
The distance between the CTs and the protection relay is 15 metres, 4 mm2
Cu conductors in 4-wire connection are used. The burden of the relay input
is less than 20 mΩ (5 A input). Calculate the actual burden of the CT at
75°C:
Solution:
ρ = 0.0216 µΩm (75°C)
R = 0.0216 µΩm x (1.2 x 15 m) / 4 mm = 0.097 Ω
2

Burden of CT = 0.097 Ω + 0.020 Ω = 0.117 Ω

Problem 2:
The actual accuracy limit factor (Fa) is calculated from the following equation

[𝑉𝐴𝑖𝑛+𝑉𝐴𝑟]
ALFa=ALFr*
[𝑉𝐴𝑖𝑛+𝑉𝐴𝑎]
Where :
 ALFr = rated accuracy limit factor
 VAin = internal burden of the CT secondary coil
 VAr = rated burden of the CT
 VAa= actual burden of the CT

Now the internal secondary coil resistance of the CT is 0.07 Ω, the secondary
burden (including wires and relay) is 0.117 Ω and the CT is rated 300/5, 5P20, 10
VA. Calculate the actual accuracy limit factor Fa.
Solution:
ALFr = 20 (CT data 5P20), Sin = (5A)^2 × 0.07 Ω =1.75 VA,
VAr = 10 VA (from CT data),
VAa = (5A)^2 × 0.117 Ω = 2.925 VA;
Fn = 50.3

Problem 3:
Consider CT: 600/1 5P20 15 VA, Rct = 4 Ω
CT Leads: 6 mm2, 50 m long , ρ= 0.0175
Numerical relays have low burdens, typically 0.1 Ω
Short circuit current, Iscc max = 30 kA
Find Actual ALF ?
Solution:
Rleads = 2 ρ l /A
l is the connection lead length in m
ρ is the resistivity in Ω mm2 m-1 (=0.0179 for copper)
A is the cross sectional area in mm2
= 2 x 0.0175 x 50 / 6 = 0.3 Ω
Ra = Rleads + Rrelay = 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.4 Ω
AVa = (1)^2*Ra=0.4 VA
AVin = (1)^2*Rct= 4 VA
ALFr= 20
ALFa = 20 (4 + 15 )/ (4 + 0.4) = 86.4

Problem 4:
A1200/5 , C400 CT with excitation curves shown on fig 1, is connected to a
2.0 Ω burden. Based on the accuracy classification, what is the maximum
symmetrical fault current that may be applied to this CT without exceeding a
10% ratio error?

Problem 5:
A 1200/5 , C400 CT is connected on the 1000/5 tap. What is the maximum
secondary burden that can be used and we can maintain rated accuracy at
20 times rated symmetrical secondary current?
Problem 6:
Assume that secondary burden of a 300:5 class C CT is 5 Ω. The relay
setting is 2A and the CT ratio is 300/5 .
. Using fig 1, calculate the primary current required to operate the relay?

Problem 7:
A relay is expected to operate for 7000A primary current. The class C CT
ratio is 600/5 (see fig 1).
Secondary burden is 3.5 Ω.
Will the CT saturate at this burden? Also, comment on the ratio error.

Problem 8:
What will be the approximate % error if a 500:5 class C CT is connected to a
secondary burden of 2.5 Ω and the secondary current is 68A.
Problem 9:
If a 300:5 class C CT (fig 2) is connected to a meter with resistance R1=1 Ω
and secondary current in the CT is 4.5A.
Find out the primary current, voltage developed across the meter and %
ratio error. Lead wire resistance RL=0.02 Ω .secondary resistance Rsof a
300:5 CT=0.15 Ω

Fig.2

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