HOMEWORK 1

1. Scalar variables. Make the following variables

a. a = 10
23
b. b = 2.5 ×10
c. c = 2 + 3i , where i is the imaginary number
j 2π /3
d. d=e , where j is the imaginary number and e is Euler’s number (use exp, pi)

% shortProblems.m
% Homework 1, problems 1 through 7
% 1a
a) a=10;
% 1b
b) b=2.5e23;
% 1c
c) c=2+3*i; %2+3*j is also ok
% 1d
d) d=exp(j*2*pi/3); % i instead of j is also ok

2. Vector variables. Make the following variables

a. aVec =[3.14159 26]
2.71
b. bVec = [ 8 ]
28
c. cVec =[5 4.8 ⋯ − 4.8 −5] (all the numbers from 5 to -5 in increments of -0.2)

d. dVec = [10 10 ⋯ 10 10 ] (logarithmically spaced numbers between 1 and 10, use logspace, make
0 0.01 0.99 1

sure you get the length right!)

e. eVec = Hello ( eVec is a string, which is a vector of characters)

% 2a
aVec=[3.14 15 9 26];
% 2b
bVec=[2.71; 8; 28; 182];
% 2c
cVec=5:-0.2:-5;
% 2d
dVec=logspace(0,1,101); % there are 101 values here, not 100
% can also do dVec=10.^(0:.01:1);
% 2e
eVec='Hello';

3. Matrix variables. Make the following variables

 2 ⋯ 2
a. aMat = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] a 9x9 matrix full of 2’s (use ones or zeros)
2 ⋯ 2

1 0 ⋯ 0
0 ⋱ 0 ⋱
b. bMat = ⋮ 0 5 0 9x9 matrix of all zeros, but with the values
0 ⋱ 0 ⋱
(⋯ 0 ⋮ 1)

[123454321] on the main diagonal (use zeros, diag)

1 10 ⋯ 91
2 12 ⋱ 92
c. cMat = ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ 0 10x10 matrix where the vector 1:100 uns down the
⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱
(10 20 ⋯ 100)

columns (use reshape).

𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁

d. dMat = [𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 ] a 3x4 NaN matrix (use nan) NaN NaN NaN NaN
𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁 𝑁𝑎𝑁
13 −1 5
e. eMat = [ ]
−22 10 −87

f. Make fMat be a 5x3 matrix of random integers with values on the range -3 to 3 (use rand and
floor or ceil)
% 3a
a) aMat=2*ones(9); % or aMat=2+zeros(9);
% 3b
b) temp=[1:5 4:-1:1];
bMat=diag(temp,0);
% 3c
c) cMat=reshape(1:100,10,10);
% 3d
d) dMat=nan(3,4);
% 3e
e) eMat=[13 -1 5; -22 10 -87];
% 3f
f) fMat=floor(rand(5,3)*7)-3; % should be *7 not *6,
because of the floor
% fMat=ceil(rand(5,3)*7)-4; is also ok.
 % 4a
a) x=1/(1+exp(-(a-15)/6));
% 4b
b) y=(sqrt(a) + b^(1/21))^pi;
% 4c
c) z=log(real((c+d)*(c-d))*sin(a*pi/3))/(c*conj(c));
% 5a
d) xVec=1/(sqrt(2*pi*2.5^2))*exp(-cVec.^2/(2*2.5^2));
% 5b
e) yVec=sqrt((aVec').^2+bVec.^2);
% 5c
f) zVec=log10(1./dVec);

6. Matrix equations. Using the variables created in 2 and 3, solve the equations below. Use matrix
operators.

a. xMat =( iiaMat aVec bVec )

b. yMat ii = bVec aVec, note that this is not the same as aVec bVec

T
c. zMat = cMat ( i ) , where aMat bMat cMat is the determinant of cMat , and T
again indicates the transpose (use det).

% 6a
a) xMat=(aVec*bVec)*aMat^2;
% 6b
b) yMat=bVec*aVec;
% 6c
c) zMat=det(cMat)*(aMat*bMat)';

7. Common functions and indexing.

a. Make cSum the column-wise sum of cMat . The answer should be a row vector (use sum).
b. Make eMean the mean across the rows of eMat . The answer should be a column (use
mean).
c. Replace the top row of eMat with [111] .
 d. Make cSub the submatrix of cMat that only contains rows 2 through 9 and columns 2
through 9.
e. Make the vector lin =[12 ⋯ 20] (the integers from 1 to 20), and then make

every other value in it negative to get lin =[1 −23 −4 ⋯ −20] .

f. Make r a 1x5 vector using rand. Find the elements that have values <0.5 and set those
values to 0 (use find).

% 7a
a) cSum=sum(cMat,1);
% 7b
b) eMean=mean(eMat,2);
% 7c
c) eMat(1,:)=[1 1 1];
% 7d
d) cSub=cMat(2:9,2:9);
% 7e
e) lin=1:20;
lin(2:2:end)=-lin(2:2:end);
% 7f
f) r=rand(1,5);
inds=find(r<0.5);
r(inds)=0;

8. Plotting multiple lines and colors. In class we covered how to Open a script and name
plot a single line in the default blue color on a plot. You may have it twoLinePlot.m. Write
noticed that subsequent plot commands simply replace the the following
existing line. Here, we’ll write a script to plot two lines on the same commands in this
axes. a.
script.
b. Make a new figure using figure
c. We’ll plot a sine wave and a cosine wave over one period
i. Make a time vector t from 0 to 2π with enough samples to get smooth lines
ii. Plot ( )sin t
iii. Type hold on to turn on the ‘hold’ property of the figure. This tells the figure
not
to discard lines that are already plotted when plotting new ones. Similarly, you
can use hold off to turn off the hold property.
iv. Plot ( )cos t using a red dashed line. To specify line color and style, simply
add a
third argument to your plot command (see the third paragraph of the plot
help).
This argument is a string specifying the line properties as described in the help
file. For example, the string ‘k:’ specifies a black dotted line.
d. Now, we’ll add labels to the plot
i. Label the x axis using xlabel
ii. Label the y axis using ylabel
iii. Give the figure a title using title
iv. Create a legend to describe the two lines you have plotted by using legend
and
passing to it the two strings ‘Sin’ and ‘Cos’.
If you run the script now, you’ll see that the x axis goes from 0 to 7 and y goes
e.
from -1 to
1. To make this look nicer, we’ll manually specify the x and y limits. Use xlim to
set the x
axis to be from 0 to 2π and use ylim to set the y axis to be from -1.4 to 1.4.
Run the script to verify that everything runs right. You should see something
f.
like this:

% twoLinePlot
% a plot that has two lines in two different colors
% make a new figure
figure
% make a time vector
t=0:.01:2*pi;
% plot a sine wave
plot(t,sin(t))
% hold on and plot a cosine wave on top of it in a red dashed line
hold on
plot(t,cos(t),'r--')
% label everything
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Function value');
title('Sin and Cos functions');
legend('Sin', 'Cos');
xlim([0 2*pi]);
ylim([-1.4 1.4]);

9. The calculateGrades script is pasted below

% calculateGrades
% load a matrix of student grades, normalize each assignment to
have a b
% average and then calculate the average grade for each student
% load the grades
load classGrades
% look at the first 5 rows
namesAndGrades(1:5,:)
% get just the grades out
grades=namesAndGrades(:,2:end);
% calculate the mean of each assignment
meanGrades=mean(grades);
% show the meanGrades
meanGrades
% calculate nanmean grades and nanmax grades
meanGrades=nanmean(grades)
% compress the range so the mean is 3.5
meanMatrix=ones(size(grades,1),1)*meanGrades
curvedGrades=(grades./meanMatrix)*3.5;
nanmean(curvedGrades)
curvedGrades(find(curvedGrades>5))=5;
% calculate the total grade for each student
totalGrade=ceil(nanmean(curvedGrades,2));
letters='FDCBA';
letterGrades=letters(totalGrade);
disp(['Grades: ' letterGrades]);

Screen output:

ans =

1.0000 2.5064 3.6529 2.4617 3.3022 2.5189 0.0963 4.6502

2.0000 2.1586 3.2324 3.4737 0.2378 2.4480 0.4194 1.9951
3.0000 4.9878 NaN 4.8637 1.7439 4.3852 4.8740 0.2370
4.0000 4.0580 1.9914 1.6388 2.2567 1.7657 3.2567 1.7119
5.0000 2.4283 3.7491 4.1890 NaN 2.2472 1.1562 3.6798

meanGrades =

NaN NaN 2.8361 NaN 2.8540 1.6481 NaN

meanGrades =

2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677

meanMatrix =

2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677

2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
 2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677
2.9690 2.9445 2.8361 2.4879 2.8540 1.6481 2.5677

ans =

3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000 3.5000

Grades: BCBBBACCBCCCCAB

10. The seriesConvergence script is pasted below

% seriesConvergence
% this script plots two series to verify that they converge to the
% analytical value
% define the constants
p=0.99;
k=0:1000;
% calculate each term in the series
geomSeries=p.^k;
% calculate the infinite sum
theoreticalValue=1/(1-p);
% plot theory and cumulative sum
figure
plot([0 max(k)],theoreticalValue*ones(1,2),'r');
hold on
plot(k,cumsum(geomSeries));
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('Sum');
title(['Convergence of geometric series with p=' num2str(p)]);
legend('Infinite sum','Finite sum');
% define the new constants
p=2;
n=1:500;
% calculate each term in the p-series
pSeries=(1./n).^p;
% calculated theoretical answer, which is the solution to the basel
problem
baselValue=pi^2/6;
% plot theory and cumulative sum
figure
plot([1 max(n)],baselValue*ones(1,2),'r');
hold on
plot(n,cumsum(pSeries));
xlabel('Index');
ylabel('Sum');
title('Convergence of p-series with p=2');
legend('Infinite sum','Finite sum');

The figures generated by seriesConvergence are below

11. The throwBall script is pasted below
% throwBall
% this is a script that throws a ball of a set mass at a specified
angle
% and with a specified initial velocity and calculates where the
ball lands
% define the constants
h=1.5; %meters
g=9.8; %gravitational acceleration in m/s^2
v=4; %m/s
theta=45; % degrees
% make a time vector
t=linspace(0,1,1000);
% calculate the x and y positions as a function of time
x=v*cos(theta/180*pi)*t;
y=h+v*sin(theta/180*pi)*t-1/2*g*t.^2;
% find when it hits the ground
ind=find(y<0,1,'first');
distance=x(ind);
disp(['The ball hits the ground at a distance of '
num2str(distance) '
meters']);
% plot the ball's trajectory
figure
plot(x,y)
xlabel('Distance (m)');
ylabel('Ball Height (m)');
title('Ball Trajectory');
% plot the ground
hold on
plot([0 max(x)],[0 0],'k--');
The output printed to the screen upon running throwBall is:
The ball hits the ground at a distance of 2.5821 meters

The throwBall script generates this figure:

Jan. 25, 2010 Homework 1 Solutions 6.094: Introduction to Matlab

10
12. The encrypt script is pasted below:
% encrypt
% this is a simple encryption script that takes a string and
shuffles the
% letters around and then replaces the letters
% define the original string
original='This is my top secret message!';
% make the encoding indices vector
encodeInds=randperm(length(original));
% apply the shuffled indices vector to the original
encoded=original(encodeInds);
% make the decode indices vector
temp=[encodeInds;1:length(original)]';
temp=sortrows(temp);
decodeInds=temp(:,2);
% unshuffle the shuffled message
decoded=encoded(decodeInds);
% display all three phrases
disp(['Original: ' original]);
disp(['Encoded : ' encoded]);
disp(['Decoded : ' decoded]);
% verify that the decoding happened correctly
correct=strcmp(original,decoded);
disp(['Decoded correctly (1 true, 0 false): ' num2str(correct)]);
The screen output of encrypt.m is:
Original: This is my top secret message!
Encoded : iis !sgep etsasr Tmhsceomeyt
Decoded : This is my top secret message!
Decoded correctly (1 true, 0 false): 1