Five Technological Considerations When Choosing an E-Learning Solution

By By Karl M. Kapp, Assistant Director and Associate Professor of the Institute for Interactive
Technologies, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA

E-learning is first and foremost about learning. Without a focus on the learner, the learners' needs,
and the aptitude of the learner, e-learning cannot take place. However, the enabler for all this online
learning is technology. An online learner cannot learn if he or she is encountering technical difficulties.

To make e-learning successful, the technology must have several characteristics that make the
learner's and the instructor's experience enjoyable. Nothing dampens a new e-learner's enthusiasm
more quickly then technological glitches or kills an instructor's drive to work online like difficult-to-use
software.

This article looks at different e-learning technologies and briefly discusses the pros and cons of each.
It then explains five technology characteristics that you should look for when selecting an e-learning
solution.

Regardless of whether your focus is academic or corporate, you should look for the following five
characteristics to aid you in choosing an e-learning program that supports instructors and learners.

E-Learning Technology

There is a continuum of e-learning software with simple HTML on one end of the spectrum and
complex, enterprise-wide Learning Content Management Systems on the other. One of the secrets to
successful e-learning implementations is to choose the correct software for the correct need. The e-
learning software must satisfy the needs of the online learner, the online instructor and, in many
cases, individuals in an administrative capacity who must track and maintain learner records.
Generally, there are five types of e-learning software that can be used alone or in combination. These
are:

• Programming Languages
• Authoring Packages
• Learning Management Systems
• Content Management Systems
• Learning Content Management Systems

Programming Languages: The most common programming language for online learning is Hyper Text
Mark Up Language which is better known as HTML. It is possible to develop a simple, online lesson
using straight HTML. However, the use of straight HTML does not provide for a high level of
interactivity or interaction on behalf of the learner. Most online learning sites that are based on
programming languages add items like Java, JavaScript, PEARL, or even CGI scripting to increase
the level of interactivity between the learner and the software. Programming languages provide a
great deal of flexibility and freedom to the developer when creating online learning. The difficulty is
that maintaining customized sites and developing in a programming language can be a cumbersome
task for an instructor. In addition, most instructors don't know enough programming to develop an
effective site.

Authoring Packages: These packages are designed specifically to overcome the difficulty most
instructors have with using programming languages. Most authoring packages are visually oriented so
the learner doesn't need to know any coding. The software performs the coding "behind the scenes."

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All the instructor needs to worry about is placing the correct information in the right place. He or she
inserts an image, highlights text or moves objects around the screen with a mouse. The software
takes care of coding interactions and functionality in the background.

These authoring packages include Macromedia's Dreamweaver and products like TrainerSoft and
Lectura. More and more of these packages are being made available by various vendors.

A drawback of many of these packages is their inability to track and monitor the performance of a
multitude of learners over time. These packages are typically designed for the creation of a lesson
and immediate feedback to the learner but not for long term storage of performance data.

In addition, most of these authoring packages do not have features that enable interaction in "real
time" between and among students. These packages don't have chat rooms, threaded discussions or
two-way audio features. They are limited in terms of learner interactivity.

Learning Management Systems (LMS): These systems are specifically designed to track the
performance of a multitude of learners. They can be academically focused like Blackboard, e-College,
or WebCT, or more focused toward corporations like Docent, Saba, and Click2learn's Aspen. There
are literally hundreds of academic and commercial Learning Management Systems from which to
choose. The commonality among LMS e-learning platforms is that they can track and store user
performance on built in assessment; they can track the number of hits to a certain area of the site;
and they can track the amount of time a learner has spent in a certain area of the course.

These systems allow learners to register for courses. Once registered, the system will automatically
send reminders to students to take a required online class. These systems allow for the management
of most administrative functions. Students can check grades, turn assignments into virtual drop
boxes, chat with other students, and participate in special group areas where only designated group
members can enter.

Content Management System (CMS): While it is critical that learners are managed properly, another
management issue with online instruction involves the tracking and cataloging of graphics, sound
files, video files, and text files.

A CMS helps instructors catalog, track, and manipulate content used in online courses. For an
individual instructor or a person working alone, content management is usually not a critical element.
The instructor has some CD-ROMs or content on their workstation and simply remembers where a
certain file is stored. When multiple instructors are creating courses, the task of managing content
becomes more difficult.

A CMS is a database of content which is assigned keywords and extensive search capabilities so that
an instructor or developer can easily locate what he or she is seeking. The instructor might type the
key words "business person" and receive a listing of photographs, line art, and video clips all
containing individuals in a business setting.

A CMS is effective when large numbers of instructors are all focused on developing courses and have
a desire to reuse content in a variety of courses. Reusing content cuts down on development time
because, instead of creating a new image of a business person, the CMS allows the instructor to
simply find an existing image.

Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS): These systems are simply a combination of several
types of e-learning software. Most LCMS provide the capability of tracking users, the ability to author
content, and the ability to store and retrieve content when needed. These "mega" packages allow an

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organization to have an enterprisewide solution that takes care of every e-learning software need.

If the systems are implemented properly and used appropriately, they can be cost effective.
Unfortunately, many times these systems are implemented into organizations without a clear
understanding of how they will be used and without a plan for maximizing the functionality of the
system. To effectively use an LCMS, training and instruction must be provided.

Five E-Learning Software Characteristics

Regardless of what level of software you choose for your e-learning solution, you need to consider
five characteristics. These are maintainability, compatibility, usability, modularity, and accessibility.
Each of these characteristics is critical for success. It is important to note that, in reality, many of the
characteristics overlap. However, looking at the five characteristics individually helps to ensure a
broader understanding of the technological needs of e-learning solutions.

1. Maintainability: The ability to maintain, over the long-term, your e-learning technology is critical. If it
is difficult to add new users or delete old ones, hard to add content or inconvenient to recycle quizzes,
instructors are going to abandon the technology quickly. In addition, if it is hard to perform updates or
increase the sever capacity, problems will arise. You do not want to be at the mercy of a vendor for
maintenance, changes, and alterations to your e-learning.

The system should be easy to administer and should be simple to update course content using pre-
existing templates. Look for e-learning software that separates content from structure so you can
update content without accidentally deleting critical navigational or menu items. Check out the help
system to make sure that it is, indeed, helpful.

Examine the software. Make sure you are comfortable with maintaining both the content and the
software itself. Look for the ability to recycle a course by removing users and test results but not
course content. If a course is used over and over again, you want features that allow you to quickly
move the old learners out and the new learners in. You also want the ability to archive records of past
learners.

2. Compatibility: Look for a solution that is compatible with other e-learning solutions on the market.
You do not want to end up with a proprietary product that links you and the e-learning vendor together
for life. Select a vendor that uses software and standards that are widely recognized. While it is
impossible to have a solution that is "compatible with every known LMS or standard on the market," it
is possible to choose e-learning solutions that are widely recognized and utilized.

Even though several groups are all vying for the right to claim to have the standard in e-learning, you
can still make choices that ensure some level of interoperability. First, you need to determine which of
the standards are most relevant for your situation. Ask questions like:

• Do we need to move content from one Learning Management System to another?

• Are we creating content to be placed into many learning management systems?
• Are we going to use the authoring package that comes with the LCMS we purchased?
• Do we need to find employees who can quickly create courses using this software?

One way to ensure compatibility is to seek e-learning software that adheres to certain standards that
are emerging within the e-learning industry. The basic ideal behind e-learning standards is to allow
one vendor's e-learning modules to share information with another vendor's module. Standards allow
e-learning modules to easily share information with LCMS or LMS systems. If all vendors adhere to
the same standards, a learning module or learning object can be used interchangeably in multiple
LMS or LCMS systems.

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There are several organizations which are developing standards. These organizations are the AICC
(Airline Industry CBT Committee), the quasi-governmental organization Advanced Distributed
Learning (ADL) who is working on SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model), and IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).

The most comprehensive is the SCORM project which encompasses many of the other standards.
The important element in looking for compatibility is to understand that compliance with a standard
like SCORM doesn't automatically ensure interoperability.

Interoperability is the ability to take one learning course and use it in many different learning
management systems seamlessly. The standards are currently ONLY guidelines for interoperability
and can still be interpreted differently by different vendors. It is important to know what types of
courses you want to interact with your LMS, so determine from the vendor whether or not those
courses can function with their LMS. Don't take it for granted that a SCORM compliant course
automatically links with a SCORM compliant LMS.

3. Usability: Another technical issue you want to address is that of usability. You want to be assured
that the e-learning solution is easy to use. This is important because if technology is seen as
cumbersome or difficult to navigate, the potential learners or instructors will never use it. You want the
software to be intuitive. It should be easy to find the help menu, easy to move from one section of the
course to another, and easy to have communications with the instructor.

Instructors are not going to want to read a huge, thick manual to be able to understand how to create
instruction. Or spend hours trying to figure out how to create a quiz. The software needs to be simple
and straightforward. This is true not only for the instructor and learners but for the administrators as
well.

4. Modularity: E-learning solutions can now be developed as small interchangeable knowledge

objects. A knowledge object or learning object is small piece of instructional content. It is a small
chunk of self-contained information that can be reused as necessary to meet the instructional needs
of the learner. Learning objects are small pieces of instruction that can easily be moved from one
course, lesson, or program to another completely different piece of e-learning. The idea is to reduce
development time because once you develop the learning object, you can reuse it again and again.

The analogy most often used for learning objects is one of plastic, interchangeable blocks. Each
learning object is self-contained but can easily be added to or subtracted from similar pieces, just like
Lego blocks. These blocks can be snapped together, unsnapped and re-arranged in different
configurations regardless of their size or color—they are all interchangeable.

If you are considering reusing bits and pieces of your course materials, you need an e-learning
system that supports this type of functionality. Look for systems that allow you to determine the
learning objects and that require the instructor to link the learning objects to specific learning
objectives.

5. Accessibility: This can cover two layers. The first layer is that the e-learning program is accessible
to all individuals regardless of physical obstacles. This may mean that your e-learning software
conforms to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Section 508 standards. This can be required
when you are doing work for the federal government. You may need to make sure your e-learning is
compatible with screen readers. Screen readers are software that literally reads the words on the
Web page to an individual who is unable to see the text.

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While most of the screen readers do an excellent job of reading text, an instructor or course
developer can make it easier on the learner by following certain conventions. One such convention is
to add an alternative tag to each graphic to explain the purpose and meaning of the graphic.

Second, you have to make sure that the technology you are purchasing is available to all the users.
For example, if some of your learners do not have the latest Macromedia Flash plug-in, then the
learners won't see your brilliant simulation you created using the latest version of Flash, or if the table
structure you use is for a 5.0 browser and your students have a 4.0 browser, they may not be able to
access the information they need.

You need to know that your learners can gain access to e-learning without any technical obstacles.
Your e-learning software solution needs to be checked in the browsers that are going to be used by
the learners. You need to check several scenarios to make sure e-learning works when it should on
the platforms it should. It is best to check the solution on a few representative machines or
workstations rather than rolling out to 40,000 people only to have it fail. If you can't control the
technical environment of the learners, you must make strong recommendations about the
configuration of their equipment.

Conclusion

The electronic portion of e-learning is critical to the success of the student and to the online program.
Consideration must be given to the type of e-learning software you want to employ to reach your
learners. Your e-learning solution might range from developing a simple Web page to add value to a
class or it may involve a full-scale Learning Content Management System that includes learning
registration as well as course development.

Regardless of the solution needed, you must consider five elements of any e-learning technology. If
you consider the elements of maintainability, compatibility, usability, modularity, and accessibility
when choosing your e-learning software, you will have a smoother more effective e-learning
implementation.

Careful consideration to the type of e-learning solution you need to meet the needs of learners,
administrators, and instructors will help ensure e-learning success. Let the instructors and learners
focus on the learning and not the "e."

About the Author

Karl M. Kapp, Ed.D., CFPIM, CIRM, is an Associate Professor of Instructional Technology at

Bloomsburg University where he teaches a number of Web-based courses. He is also the Assistant
Director of the Institute for Interactive Technologies at Bloomsburg University. As Assistant Director of
the Institute for Interactive Technologies (IIT), Karl helps organizations such as Aetna, CIGNA
Healthcare, the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare, and L'OREAL understand how e-learning
technologies impact employee productivity and learning.
Look for Karl's most recent book titled Winning E-Learning Proposals: The Art of Development and
Delivery. It not only explains e-learning proposal writing but also project management, e-learning
development time estimations, and technological considerations when choosing an e-learning vendor.
Visit Karl at www.karlkapp.com.

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