DESIGN OF BRIDGES

PART – 3 : BRIDGE DESIGN TO IRC : 112-2011

BRIDGE DESIGN

• Brief of IRC: 112 – 2007

• Properties of Concrete
• Properties of Steel
• ULS
• SLS
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

1. Purpose: To establish common procedures for design and construction of concrete road bridges including foot bridges in India.
2. Aim: To achieve construction of Safe, Serviceable, Durable and Economical bridges.
3. Aspects covered: Design principles, detailed designed criteria and practical rules, material specifications, workmanship, quality
control, all such aspects which affect characteristics/ability of bridge to meet the aims.
4. Assumptions:
 Choice of structural system and design carried out by competent personnel
 Execution carried out by competent personnel
 Adequate supervision and quality control
 Construction material and products used are as per relevant standards
 Intended properties considered for design are available
 Use as intended & Adequate maintenance

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LIMIT STATE METHOD OF BRIDGE DESIGN

LSM

ULS SLS

Internal Fatigue
Equilibrium Stresses

Strength Deflection Vibration

Other
Crack Width Secondary
Effects
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Basis of ULS-Shear SLS-

IRC 112 Scope Material Analysis ULS-Flexure Durability Detailing
Design + Torsion ULS-Induced Stresses,
Deformation Deflection
& Crack
Concrete width

Un-tensioned
Steel

Prestressing
Steel
Clauses relevant to Design of RCC T-Beam Bridge
Superstructure
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Stress v/s strain relationship

Un-Confined Concrete

Rectangular Parabolic Simplified Bi-linear Simplified Rectangular

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship
Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship

Simplified

𝑛 Where, λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 60 MPa

𝜀𝑐
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1− 1−
𝜀𝑐2 λ = 0.8 – (fck – 60) / 500 for 60 ≤ fck ≤ 110 MPa
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜀𝑐 ≤ 𝜀𝑐2
η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 60 MPa
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑
η = 1.0 – (fck – 60) / 250 for 60 ≤ fck ≤ 110 MPa
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑐2 ≤ 𝜀𝑐 ≤ 𝜀𝑐𝑢2

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 es
es

Parabolic Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of Simplified Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of

RCC Section RCC Section

Strain in Steel = fyk/(gm x Es)

es

Bilinear Rectangular Stress-strain Diagram of

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RCC Section
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Stress v/s strain relationship

𝛼𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚

Where, α = 0.67, factor for effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time [ref. 6.4.2.2(2)]
γm = Partial factor of safety for material = 1.5 for Basic & Seismic combination
= 1.2 for Accidental combination

0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
1.5 9
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

The average stress fav & centroid ratio β (depth to the centroid of the compressive force over
depth of compression zone) have been produced from following expressions

es

Parabolic Rectangular Relationship Simplified Bi-linear Relationship Simplified Rectangular Relationship

1 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐3
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 0.5 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝜆𝜂𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3

2 2 2 2
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 𝜀𝑐3
2 − (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝛽 =1− 2 − 6
𝛽 = 𝜆/2
𝛽 =1− 𝜀 𝜀𝑐2 𝜀 𝜀
2
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 − 𝑛𝑐𝑢2
2
𝜀𝑐𝑢3 − 𝑐𝑢32 𝑐3
+2

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Un-Tensioned Steel (reinforcement)

Fe415

Hot Rolled Fe415D

Table from Code
Thermo- Mild Steel
Mechanical
Fe500
(Grade-I)
treated Untensioned
Steel
HYSD
Fe500D
De-coiled Steel

Fe550
Cold-worked
Fe550D

Fe600

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
Stress v/s strain relationship

Ductility = ft/fyk

E = 200 GPa

Mild Steel
fyk = yield strength for Mild Steel
= 0.2% proof strength for HYSD Hot rolled / Heat
treated HYSD Steel Cold Worked HYSD
Steel

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
For Design purpose, either idealized bilinear or simplified bilinear diagram can be used

𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
500 ss 𝛾𝑠
450 Idealized Bilinear Diagram

400
Where, γs = Partial Factor for Material
ft
350 Factored Idealized Design
= 1.15 for Basic & Seismic Combination
300 fyk Bilinear Diagram = 1.00 for Accidental Combination
Simplified Bilinear Diagram
fyd250=fyk/gs
200 Factored Simplified Design
150 Bilinear Diagram

100

50 Let us understand same by an example

0
euk es For, Fe-415 Grade of steel
0 0 fyd/Es
0.025 0.05 eud = 0.075
0.9 euk 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175
fyk= 415 MPa  fyd = 415/1.15 = 360 MPa
ft = 110% x fyk = 456.5 MPa (min 485 MPa)  ft/γm = 485/1.15 = 422 MPa
Considering εuk= 14.5%  εud = 0.9 x 14.5% = 13.05%

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Use of Stress Strain Relationship
for
Design of a Section

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

General
 For simple geometry like beam, column and slab; we follow design approach wherein bending
moment + axial force & Shear + Torsion are dealt with separately.

 These design models are not completely compatible but are acceptable for design.

 However, for complex geometries such as shell, membrane element design has to be based on net
effect of all forces acting together, ensuring compatibility of strains.

ULS

Flexure (Pure Flexure + Induced

Shear Torsion Punching
Bending) Axial Force Deformation

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 SECTION SELECTION

Introduction IRC 112:2011 Parametric Abstract of Findings +

to Study Grillage WSM Explanatory Study Future Scope of Work

Scope &
Material Material ULS – ULS – Shear
Basis of Analysis SLS
Steel Concrete Flexure + Torsion
Design

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Parabolic Rectangular Diagram

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18
19
 1 𝜀𝑐2
𝑓𝑎𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 −
𝑛 + 1 𝜀𝑐𝑢2

20
 M
d reqd 
0.1658 f ck b
Ru
21
u
22
b2

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24
25
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

Capacity of a flexure member can be found by use of strain compatibity method as shown below:

1. Assume a neutral axis depth and calculate the strains in the tension and compression reinforcement by assuming linear strain
distribution and a strain of εcu2 (or εcu3 as the case may be) at the extreme fiber of the concrete in compression.

2. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the steel stresses appropriate to the calculated steel strains.

3. From stress-strain idealization, calculate the concrete stresses appropriate to the strains associated with the assumed neutral
axis depth.

4. Calculate the net tensile and compressive forces at the section. If they are not equal, adjust the neutral axis depth and return
to step-1.

5. When net tensile force is equal to net compressive force, take moment about a common point in the section and determine
moment of resistance.

Let us understand by means

of an Example

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)  Example (Strain Compatibility Method)

300mm fck = 25 MPa  α=0.67  γm=1.5  fcd = 11.17 MPa

fyk=500 MPa  γs=1.15  fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Considering Simplified Rectangular Stress V/s Strain Diagram:
400mm
450mm
εcu3 = 0.0035, η = 1 & λ = 0.8

Assume x = 200 mm
400−200
3 Nos – 25mm dia. Strain in steel εs = 200
× 0.0035

= 0.0035 ≥ εs,yield = 0.0021

f yk OK
e s , yield 
g s .E s
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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)  Example (Strain Compatibility Method)

300mm Distance of Compressive Force from extreme compression fibre (a) = β x = 0.4 x 200 = 80 mm
Compressive Force (Fc) = ηfcd . b . λx = 1x11.17 x 300 x 0.8 x 200 / 1000 = 536.16 kN
450mm 400mm Tensile Force (FS) = fyd x As = 435 x 1472 / 1000 = 640.00 kN

Here Fc ≠ Fs  Revise Assumed Neutral Axis depth & re-calculate the forces from 1st Step.
3 Nos –
25mm dia.

After Various iteration, for depth of x = 238.8 mm

Fc = Fs = 640 kN

Now to find Moment of Resistance of this balanced section

M.R. = Fs z = Fs (d – b.x) = 640 (400 – 0.8/2 x 238.8) = 195 kN-m
 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

 As it can be seen, Strain Compatibility is an iterative method, is tedious for hand calculations.

 However It is very useful for evaluating non-uniform sections.

 Standard formulas for widely used sections such as Rectangular and Flanged-Tee are given in
subsequent slides.

 Its imperative to mention here that, “special care must be taken regarding strain level in steel so as to
avoid brittle failure (when strain in concrete reaches it limiting value prior to steel)”

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

For rectangular section:

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝛽𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 For tension steel to yield
1. Singly under- reinforced: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝛾𝑚 𝛾𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑑
𝛽𝑥 𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1
2. Singly Balanced: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥𝑑 1 − = ≤
𝑑 𝑑 𝛾𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 + 1
3. Doubly reinforced : 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥 𝑑 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝛾𝑚 𝑠𝑐

𝑥 1
≥
For compression steel to yield before concrete: 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑦𝑘
1−𝛾 𝐸 𝜀
𝑚 𝑠 𝑐𝑢2/3

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

For Flanged Section:
1. Neutral Axis lies in Flange: Similar to Singly reinforced rectangular section

2. Neutral Axis lies in Web:

I. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is greater than the depth of flange

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐷𝑓 𝑥 𝛾𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑥 𝑑 − 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑 − = ≤
2 𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝛾𝑚 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 + 1

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 Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

ULS Flexure (Pure Bending)

II. Depth of rectangular part of stress block is less than the depth of flange

Considering Whitney stress block, replace Df by

𝒚𝒇 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝑫𝒇 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Limiting value of x/d for all three idealizations of strain block

𝜀𝑐2/3 − 0.2𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 0.2[𝜀𝑐𝑢2/3 − 0.2𝜀𝑐2/3 ] Steel 
𝐵= MS-G-I Fe415 Fe500 Fe550 Fe600
𝐴= Concrete 
𝜀𝑐2/3 𝜀𝑐2/3
fck ≤ 60 0.77 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57
65 0.76 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.56
70 0.75 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.54
Limiting value x/d can directly be taken from Table  75 0.73 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.53
80 0.73 0.6 0.56 0.54 0.51
85 0.72 0.6 0.55 0.53 0.51
90 0.72 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.5

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 ULS FLEXURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RCC T-BEAM BRIDGE

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