Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure

Testing and Maintaining Environmental

Compliance

Arthur D. Bosshart II

TECO Energy

07/09/08
 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Table of Contents
Abstract ….………………………………………………………………………….. 3

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………. 3

Field Tests and Analysis …………………………………….…………………….. 4

Proposed Procedure ………………………………………….……………………. 9

Ideal Testing Conditions ……………………………………….………………….. 11

Conclusions ……………………………………………………….………………… 13

Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………….. 14

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………… 15

Appendix …………………………………………………………………………….. 16
A) Calculations ……………………………………………………………………………… 16
B) Example spread sheet walkthrough ……………………………………………...…… 18
C) Assumptions ……………………………………………………………………………... 21
D) Nomenclature ……………………………………………...……………….….………… 21
E) Simplified Field Method …………..……………………...….…………….….………… 22
F) APT Lookup Table …...…………………………………...……………….….………… 24
G) Compliance Curve …………..……..………….……...….……………….….………… 25
H) Simplified Field Method Sample Calculation ……………...………….….………… I) 25
Field Pressure Testing Packet …...…………………………...………….….………… J) 27
Completed Line Pressure Test Worksheet ……………...………….….………...…… K) 33
Calculation of the “P” Coefficient …...…………………………...……….….………… L) 34
Calculation of a Specific APT Value ……………...………….….…………...…...…… 36

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 2

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Abstract

The API 1110 pressure test method is used for determining leaks within piping segments in

contact with soil or above water. A criticism of this current method is that it does not account for

temperature effects on the contained substance in the piping. These temperature variances

affect the measured pressure during a test and depending on testing conditions can pass a failed

test or fail a passed test. The proposed alternate method and associated calculations account for

a temperature change that can occur during a pressure test and correlates an unaccounted

volume of substance to the Table BPP located in Rule 62-762.601, Florida Administrative Code

(F.A.C.) to determine pass or fail.

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to define the allowable pressure tolerances of the API 1110

pressure test method between the theoretical pressure change and the actual pressure change

associated with a temperature change of a contained substance within piping during a pressure

test. A volumetric difference, over a testing duration, can be associated with the difference

between the theoretically calculated and actual measured pressures and then correlated to the

Table BPP found in Rule 62-762.601, F.A.C. to identify a passed or failed test in accordance with

API 1110 pressure test method. Ideal testing conditions will then be identified to ensure accuracy

and confidence in a given pressure test. There are a number of influences that affect the final

results of pressure tests such as the change in substance temperature within the piping, ambient

temperature changes, piping temperature change, piping material, substance within the pipe,

thermal expansion rates, compressibility, percentage of pipe directly in contact with sunlight, and

volume of piping isolated for testing. Some of the factors noted above have a greater effect than

others.

The most important operational condition to monitor, other than pressure, is the

temperature of the substance within the pipe. Depending upon the type of substance, a change

in temperature can have dramatic results. Using #2 diesel fuel as an example, if a temperature
o
change of 1 F occurs within an isolated volume, the pressure will increase or decrease by 70 psi

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 3

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

to 100 psi. This is because liquids are not easily compressible like gases. The pressure will vary

depending on the volumetric thermal expansion rate of #2 diesel fuel and the piping material.

Another important factor to account for is the energy transfer between the outside

environment and the pipe and between the pipe and the substance contained therein. Given that

the piping section being tested is isolated, energy transfer is the reason why a substance’s

temperature will increase during a test. The temperature change is determined by the thermal

conductivity of the piping material, the energy flux, schedule of the piping, the heat capacity of the

liquid, initial ambient temperature, final ambient temperature, initial exterior pipe surface

temperature, final exterior pipe surface temperature, initial interior pipe surface temperature and

final interior pipe surface temperature. These relationships are described in Fourier's law.

Fourier's law describes linear heat flow rate between two surfaces. If a portion of the

piping is exposed to the sun the exterior surface temperature of the piping will increase. The

magnitude of the increase is determined by the solar radiation intensity and if the pipe is coated

with an energy absorbing color like black then a greater temperature change will occur.

Currently, there is no protocol in the current API 1110 pressure test method that requires

that the liquid temperature be monitored throughout the duration of a test. This is a potential

deficiency of this test. Without monitoring the temperature of the substance within the pipe,

pressure fluctuations cannot be accounted for other than reasoning that a product loss had

occurred meaning that there is a leak in the pipe that was pressure tested. This reasoning is not

accurate. If the heat capacity of the contained substance and thermal conductivity of the

substance’s surroundings are accounted for, there will be a substantial delay between the

ambient or environmental temperature change and the temperature change of the substance.

Field Tests and Analysis

For purposes of this paper, two examples of API 1110 pressure tests that were recently

conducted in the field at TECO Energy facilities will be examined to illustrate the temperature

changes, pressure changes, and energy transfers between materials.

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 4

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Example #1:

This API 1110 pressure test was conducted at the TECO Big Bend Plant on February 12,

2007 located in Apollo Beach, FL from 2:00 p.m. to 3:19 p.m. The test was performed on a

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 5

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

section of piping nearly 900 feet in length constructed of carbon steel. Contained within the pipe

is #2 diesel fuel. This portion of piping is entirely aboveground and transports fuel from a pump

house, over a canal, along the side of the canal, and into an aboveground storage tank system.

The weather conditions during this test were partly cloudy with a light breeze.

When analyzing the data associated with Example #1, it is important to note the pressure

increase and the temperature increase. The initial pressure and temperature readings were
o
recorded at 107psi and 65 F, respectively. Readings were recorded every 15 minutes throughout

the testing duration and before depressurization, the final reading was recorded at 234psi and
o
70 F. The temperature recordings were of the ambient environmental temperature. Although the
o
ambient temperature increased by 5 F, the temperature of the #2 diesel fuel only increased by
o o
1.285 F. This 1.285 F temperature rise occurred mainly due to solar radiation incident upon the

pipe’s exterior surface. The change in ambient temperature appears to have had a smaller

impact. When using Fourier's law to describe the heat transfer occurring within this test, one

needs to look at the piping schedule, the temperature of the piping exterior surface, the energy

transfer through the pipe, and the heat capacity of the #2 diesel. Although the ambient
o
temperature was only around 70 F, the temperature of the pipe’s exterior surface was most likely
o o
around the range of 80 F to 85 F. This temperature difference is attributed to the energy

absorbing ability of the pipe’s exterior coating and the solar radiation directly incident upon the

pipe, radiation diffused through the surrounding environment, and radiation reflected upon the

pipe’s surface from the water below. The #2 diesel fuel did not reach a thermal steady state with

the pipe’s exterior surface because of the length of the test, the rate at which heat is conducted

through the carbon steel piping, and the heat capacity of the contained liquid.

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 6

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Example #2

This API 1110 pressure test was conducted at the TECO Big Bend Plant on February 12,

2007 located in Apollo Beach, FL from 3:20 p.m. to 4:40 p.m. The test was performed on a

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 7

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

section of piping between 400 and 600 ft. in length and constructed of carbon steel. Contained

within the pipe was #2 diesel fuel. This portion of piping is underground and transports fuel from

another portion of piping to an aboveground day storage tank system. The weather conditions

during this test were partly cloudy.

When analyzing the data associated with Example #2, it is important to note the relatively

stable pressures and temperatures recorded. The initial pressure and temperature readings were
o
recorded at 160psi and 72 F, respectively. Readings were recorded every 15 minutes throughout

the testing duration and before depressurization, the final reading was recorded at 160psi and
o
70 F. The temperature recordings were of the ambient environmental temperature. When

looking at the first four readings of the test it is important to note that the temperature decreases

and the pressure increases. This occurs because underground temperature remains relatively

stable throughout the day because the ground acts as an insulator and limits the impact of the

ambient temperature fluctuation. Also, the pipe is not absorbing energy from solar radiation

incident upon the exterior surface. Although the ground acts as an insulator, heat flow will still

occur from the ground surface to the soil in contact with the pipe, from the soil in contact with the

pipe to the pipe’s exterior surface, from the pipe’s exterior surface to the pipe’s interior surface,

and from the pipe’s interior surface to the #2 diesel fuel. Temperature under the soil surface

remains stable because heat transfer occurs through multiple layers with varying thermal

conductivities. Given the above information, one can see this delay in energy transfer when one

analyzes the fourth and fifth readings. During the time these last readings were taken, heat is

flowing in the opposite direction from the warmer liquid to the cooler interior surface of the pipe, to

the cooler exterior surface of the pipe, and all the way to the ground surface. Note that only a
o
0.15 F change occurred to cause a 14.1 psi pressure drop.

The analysis of this pressure test’s results includes a comparison of the initial recorded

pressure to other recorded pressures during the test and evaluation for a substantial pressure

drop to confirm a failed test. If there is no substantial pressure drop, then the test passes. In the

two examples given, both tests passed because neither fell substantially below the initial pressure

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 8

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

reading. A failed test can be overlooked because of increased pressure from an increase in the

contained substance’s temperature and failed tests may have actually passed due to a

temperature decrease. The contained substance’s temperature must be measured during testing

and an expected pressure change must be calculated from the temperature data and compared

to the measured pressure change. The difference between the calculated and the measured

pressure values is what must be analyzed.

Hoop stress is defined in ASME B31.8 as the stress in a pipe wall, acting

circumferentially in a plain perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe and produced by the

pressure of the fluid in the pipe. Barlow's Formula is the common method used to determine

hoop stress in the wall of pipe. Pressure levels observed during API 1110 pressure testing will

not cause piping deformation because the observed pressure levels used during testing are well

below the design pressure limits of the piping system. Minimal volume change occurs because a

minimal piping deformation occurs therefore; the effects of hoop stress are negligible.

By monitoring the temperature of the contained substance in the piping during a pressure

test, the complexity of Fourier's heat transfer calculations and the need to monitor the ambient

and the exterior pipe surface temperature can be eliminated. If the temperature change of the

contained substance is known, then the energy change of the liquid can be used to determine the

temperature change of the pipe eventually determining the thermal expansion of the pipe. By

eliminating the need to monitor the external surface temperature of the pipe, the potential for

inaccuracies is decreased substantially and facilitates the development of an additional procedure

that can be used in conjunction with the API 1110 pressure test method to meet the standards in

Table BPP of Rule 62-762.601, F.A.C. See Appendix A for an example calculation.

Proposed Procedure

The following procedure is proposed to be conducted in association with the current API

1110 pressure testing. This proposed procedure will account for temperature change during a

pressure test to ensure compliance with the requirements of Table BPP table of Rule 62-762.601,

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 9

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

F.A.C. The first step is to identify known conditions and factors. These include the material of

which the pipe being pressure tested is constructed, the contained substance within the pipe, and

the physical state of that contained substance (i.e., solid, liquid, gas).

The next step is to gather referenced data for the known conditions and factors. The

thermal expansion coefficients of the pipe material and the contained substance must be

referenced, along with the compressibility of the contained substance. Piping as-built drawing or

a process flow diagram (PFD) should be referenced to find the length of pipe that is to be isolated

for testing. Once the length is determined, then the volume of the contained substance can be

calculated by using the inside diameter of the pipe.

The pressure test should be performed in accordance with API 1110 monitoring the

pressure and ambient temperature, but a temperature probe should also be used to take readings

of the substance’s temperature contained within the isolated pipe. Temperature of the contained

substance should be monitored with the same regularity of the pressure readings. It is important

to be aware of the integrity of the temperature probe’s seal to assure that the temperature reading

point is not a source of pressure loss.

Once the testing is completed and all data is gathered, the theoretical calculated

pressure can be determined. This calculation may be broken into two separate theoretical

pressure calculations if circumstances such as those seen in Example #2 occur. The test may

also be broken into separate calculations if the need to bleed off or increase pressure occurs.

This will provide an explanation for such abnormal occurrences while maintaining the accuracy of

the test. Please see Appendix E for a field simplified field method for determining compliance.

When the theoretical calculation(s) is complete, the deviations, if present, between the

theoretical calculated pressure(s) and the actual measured pressure(s) should be analyzed and

an unaccounted volumetric flow determined. This unaccounted volumetric flow can be compared

to Table BPP found in Rule 62-762.601, F.A.C. and set forth below, to determine a pass or a fail.

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 10

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Frequency of Testing Line Segment Capacity Line Segment Capacity greater Line segment capacity
Less than 50,000 gallons than 50000 gallons but less than greater than 100000 gallons
100000 gallons

Leak Rates for Monthly 3 gallons/hr 4 gallons/hr 5 gallons/hr

Testing
Leak Rates for 1 gallon/hr 2 gallons/hr 3 gallons/hr
Quarterly Testing
Leak Rates for Annual 0.2 gallons/hr 0.5 gallons/hr 1 gallons/hr
Testing

Using a spreadsheet developed for this purpose and using data from Example #1, it can be
o
determined that the pressure test in Example #1 was a passing test assuming a 1 F temperature

change occurred. It was determined that 0.161469 gallons/hr were unaccounted for during this

test. The pipe segment tested has a capacity less than 50,000 gallons, therefore by referencing

the Table BPP above it is found that an unaccounted volumetric flow of 0.2 gallons/hr or less is

required to be in compliance. A full set of calculations of the theoretical pressure for Example #1

is shown in Appendix A. Calculations were also conducted for Example #2 which was also

determined to be a passing pressure test. Neither of the two examples actually monitored the

temperature of the contained substance during testing and therefore these calculated examples

are demonstrative only. Please see Appendix E for a field simplified field method for determining

compliance.

Ideal Testing Conditions

The proposed additional procedure to API 1110 accounts for temperature change and

accurately calculates a volumetric loss from a piping segment that is pressure tested. However,

there are a few scenarios that could potentially produce an inaccurate result. Therefore, it is of

the upmost importance to identify ideal testing conditions to optimize the accuracy of the results

produced to ensure compliance with Table BPP in Rule 62-762.601, F.A.C.

The greatest potential threat to the accuracy of the proposed addition to the API 1110

pressure test method is from the temperature gradients of the contained substance from which

temperature readings are being recorded. An example of one scenario is if a pressure test is

performed on an aboveground segment of piping where half is exposed to solar radiation and half

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 11

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

is covered by shade. It is a safe assumption to assume the portion of pipe exposed to solar

radiation will absorb more energy than the portion of piping covered by the shade. Consequently,

the energy flow through the pipe to the contained substance on one end will be greater than on

the other causing a temperature gradient across the pipe. If the temperature readings of the

contained substance are being measured on the warmer half of the pipe, then the value of the

theoretically calculated pressure will be higher because of a larger temperature change during the

pressure test on the half exposed to solar radiation than on the half covered by shade. This

would cause the calculations to represent that a greater volumetric loss had occurred and could

possibly fail a passing test. The reverse is true if the temperature measurements were recorded

from the cooler half of the pipe. A failed test could pass because the theoretically calculated

pressure would be lowered and would not account for the half of the pipe exposed to the solar

radiation. These temperature gradients are illustrated below. Calculations can be conducted

from weather data, solar engineering equations, and heat transfer equations but, the proposed

procedure would become too complex and could lead to a greater potential for error.

∆T = 1.5oF ∆T = 2.5oF
∆T = 1oF ∆T = 4oF

No Direct Exposure to Solar Radiation Direct Exposure to Solar Radiation

To assure accurate results, where portions of piping are exposed to intense day time

solar radiation, such piping should be tested during early morning or twilight hours to minimize

temperature gradients. If a pipe segment is entirely exposed to direct solar radiation or only

exposed to diffused and reflected solar radiation, the chance for temperature gradients is

minimized and testing can be conducted at anytime. Piping segments, where a portion of pipe

greater than 10% is aboveground and the remaining portion is below ground, should be pressure

tested separately so potential errors from temperature gradients can be avoided. Temperature

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 12

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

measurements should be recorded from the middle 20% of the piping segment isolated for

testing. If the above-mentioned actions are not possible, pressure testing should be conducted

during early morning or twilight hours and during months where there is not a rapid temperature

increase or decrease throughout the day.

Outside of the temperature change of the contained substance, the volumetric change is

what must be noted when measuring pressure. Changing pipe diameters in underground piping

is prevalent in older industrial facilities. If changes in diameter occur within a piping segment

isolated for pressure testing, the volume of a contained substance can still be calculated. If the

isolated pipe segment is underground, the temperature change of the piping will be very stable, at

most a 2F to 4F temperature rise. If the pressure test is conducted on above ground piping then

the temperature change might be more unstable. Volumetric thermal expansion of the piping, at

a varying range of temperature change of the pipe material is small to begin with, so if a

comparison between the volumetric thermal expansion differences between a 4in pipe and a 6in

pipe, the difference would be negligible, though linear thermal expansion will have an observable

variation. If a large temperature change of the contained substance occurs (more than 5F),

though highly unlikely, it might create a larger radial temperature gradient within the 6in pipe and

could provide a different end result than the 4in pipe. This is an unlikely scenario though during a

one hour test.

Conclusions

The existing API 1110 pressure test method is accurate unless a temperature change in

the contained substance occurs. This proposed method is to be used in conjunction with the API

1110 pressure test method which allows for highly accurate results that account for a temperature

change during a test. This proposed method will allow the Department of Environmental

Protection (DEP) to have full confidence that, if this additional procedure is used during API 1110

pressure testing, an accurate grade of pass or fail will be determined in accordance with Table

BPP of Rule 62-762.601, F.A.C.

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 13

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Acknowledgements

The cooperation and assistance of the members of the Solid Waste Subcommittee of the

Florida Electric Power Coordinating Group, Inc. is greatly appreciated. Special thanks to Mr.

Randy Melton and Mr. Stan Kroh of TECO Energy, representatives of Marathon Oil, Mr. Michael

Petrovich of Hopping Green & Sams, P.A., and the Florida Petroleum Council. All queries

regarding the proposed method and technical aspects should be directed to Mr. Arthur Bosshart,

TECO Energy, adbosshart@tecoenergy.com

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 14

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Bibliography

1) API Recommended Practice 1110, Fourth Edition, March 1997

2) Chapter 62-762, Florida Administrative Code – Draft Rule – September 28, 2007

3) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.8 - 2003 Gas Transmission

and Distribution Piping Systems

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Appendix

Appendix A

A calculation walkthrough step-by-step for Example 1:

1) Volumetric Thermal Expansion of Liquid (#2 Diesel Fuel)

∆VL = βL*VLo*∆TL = 0.00046 * 325581.3953 * 1 = 149.7674419

-volume is converted to in3

2) Volume of pipe material is calculated

π = 3.14
ro = 3.3125 in. (Referenced Value, The outside radius of the pipe in inches.)
LTo = 11275.30538 (The length of pipe in inches at initial temperature)
3 3
VLo = 325581.3953 in (Value must be converted to in )
2
Vp = (π*ro *LTo) - VLo (Initial Volume @ Initial Temperature)

Vp = (3.14*(3.3125^2)* 11275.30538)*.0043) – 1400 = 270.4681151 gal.

3) Mass of the pipe is calculated

MP = VP*DP = 270.4681151 * 65.36954953 = 17680. 37884

- Volume is in gallons, density is in pounds per gallon

4) Mass of contained substance

ML = DL*VL = 6.7 * 1400 = 9380

- Volume is in gallons, density is in pounds per gallon

5) Energy change of the substance from the measured temperature change is calculated

Q = ML*CpL*∆TL = 9380* 0.43 * 1 = 4033.4

- Energy is given in BTU

6) Rearranging the equation from step 5, the temperature change of the pipe is determined from the
contained substance’s energy change by its temperature change

∆TP = Q/(MP*CpP) = 4033.4 / (17680.37884 * 0.12) = 3.583333333

- Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit

7) Linear Thermal Expansion of Piping (Carbon Steel)

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

∆Lp = βp* LTo *∆Tp = 0.0000078 * 11275.30538 * 3.583333333 = 0.315144785

- Linear expansion is first calculated then volumetric

8) Volume of the pipe at the final temperature is calculated from its linear thermal expansion

VpT2 = πri2LT2 = 3.14 * 3.03252 * 11275.62052 = 325590.4953

- The volume is given in cubic inches

9) The volume change of the pipe is calculated

∆Vp = VpT2 – VpTo = 325590.4953 - 325581.3953 = 9.1

- The volume change is given in cubic inches

10) The overall change in volume accounts for the expansion rates of the substance and the pipe

∆V = ∆VL - ∆VP = 149.7674419 - 9.1 = 140.6674419

- The answer is given in cubic inches

11) Using the overall change in volume, an adjusted thermal expansion coefficient for the substance is
calculated. This is the volume change with respect to the contained substance.

βA = ∆V / (VLo*∆TL) = 140.6674419 / (325581.3953 * 1) = 0.00043205

- Answer is given in oF-1

12) The theoretical pressure change is calculated using the bulk modulus of elasticity of the substance.
The bulk modulus is the inverse of the substances compressibility. The equation below is
arranged to use compressibility but further manipulation can form an equation to use the bulk
modulus of elasticity

“P” coefficient = ∆P = (∆V/VL0) / ά = (140.6674419 / 325581.3953)* 217500) = 93.97

- The answer is given in PSI

13) The theoretical calculated pressure is the sum of the theoretical calculated pressure change and the
actual measured initial pressure. Unaccounted volume is found by comparing the difference in
pressure changes and rearranging the pressure formula.

∆VLa = (PTC - PAM )*VLo/ ά = ((200.97 – 234) * 1400) / 217500 = -0.21260126

79min /60 = 1.3166667 hr

-0.21260126 / 1.3166667 = 0.1614693 gallons/hr

- The answer is given in gallons, if the initial volume value used in the equation is in gallons
- From here the unaccounted volume is divided by the testing duration and the number yielded
can be compared to the BPP Table to determine compliance.

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 17

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Appendix B

The following spreadsheet was used for developing the proposed method and for

calculation purposes. The spread sheet shows entries made for analyzing Example #1.

Data entry section of the spread sheet:

Select Pipe
Material Input Field
Carbon Steel 0.5% C Calculated Field (DO NOT EDIT)

Select Substance contained in Pipe Enter Data if Selections are not Found in List
#2 Diesel Fuel Oil Testing Conditions and Data Collected
Drop Down List
Auto populated if selection is on list

Pretest Data
6.065 in Pipe Inside Diameter See Table on Sheet 3
6.625 in Pipe Outside Diameter See Table on Sheet 3
0.28 in Pipe Schedule See Table on Sheet 3
1400 gallons Initial Volume of Liquid
o -1
F Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Piping Material
o -1
F Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquid
psi Compressibility of Liquid
o
BTU/lb F Heat Capacity of Substance in Pipe (Only if Substance is not shown in above List)
BTU/lb oF Heat Capacity of Pipe (Only if Piping Material is not shown in above List)
o
BTU/(hr F in) Heat Conductivity (Only if Piping Material is not shown in above List)
lbs/gallon Density of Substance in Pipe (Only if Substance is not shown in above List)
lbs/gallon Density of Piping Material (Only if Piping Material is not shown in above List)

This is the calculation portion of the spread sheet:

Theoretical Pressure Change with Bulk Elastic Properties of Diesel Compressibility

∆P = (∆VL2/VL0) * ά
ά = Compressibility (#2 Diesel)
∆P = Change in
Pressure
ά 217500 psi
∆P 93.97 psi
∆VL = βL*VLo*∆TL
∆VL = Change in Volume of Liquid
βL = Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquid

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

VLo = Initial Liquid Volume

∆TL = Change in Temperature
βL 0.00046 o
F -1
VLo 325581.3953 in3
∆TL 1 o
F
∆VL 149.7674419 in3 232.5581395

Pipe Surface Area

Ape = 2πro2 + 2πroLTo
Ape = Surface Area of Pipe Exterior
ro = Radius of Pipe Exterior

*assume that the minimal increase in piping surface due to temperature rise has no effect on heat transfer from the pipe exterior surface to
the liquid contained within the pipe. Therefore, piping surface area at initial temperature is used for calculation.
ro 3.3125 in
Ape 234623.4484 in2

Volumetric Thermal Expansion of Piping (Carbon Steel)

∆Lp = βp* LTo *∆Tp
βp = Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Piping Material
LTo = Length of Pipe @ Initial Temperature
∆Tp = Change in Piping Temperature

βp 0.0000078 o
F -1
LTo 11275.30538 in 939.60878 ft
∆Tp 3.583333333 o
F Use heat transfer Equation
∆Lp 0.315144785 in

VpTo = πri2LTo *assuming no residual air pockets in pipe

VpTo = Volume of Pipe @ Initial Temperature
ri = radius of inside piping diameter
ri 3.0325 in
VpTo 325581.3953 in3

VpT2 = πri2LT2
VpT2 = Volume of Pipe @ Final Temperature
LT2 = Length of Pipe @ Final Temperature
LT2 11275.62052 in
VpT2 325590.4953 in3

∆Vp = VpT2 – VpTo

∆Vp = Change in Piping Volume
∆VP 9.1 in3

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Overall Change in Volume

∆V = ∆VL - ∆VP
∆V = Overall Change in Volume
∆V 140.6674419 in3
Mass of Piping
MP= DP*VP
ML = Mass of Isolated Piping
DL = Density of Piping Material
VP 270.4681151 gallons 1 in^3 = .0043 gallons
DP 65.36954953 lbs/gallon 1 kg/m^3 = .008345404 lbs/gallon
MP 17680.37884 lbs.
Mass of Substance in Pipe
ML = DL*VL
MP = Mass of Substance contained in Pipe
DP = Density of Substance contained in Pipe
VL 1400 gallons
DL 6.7 lbs/gallon
ML 9380 lbs.
Energy in Substance
Q=ML*CpL*∆TL
Q = Heat
CpL = Heat capacity of Substance
BTU/lb
CpL 0.43 o
F
Q 4033.4 BTU
Temperature Change of Pipe
∆TP = Q/(MP*CpP)
CpP = Heat Capacity of Pipe Material
BTU/lb
CpP 0.12 o
F
o
∆TP 3.583333333 F

This is your results portion of the spread sheet:

Unaccounted
Volume
∆VLa = (PTC - PAM )*VLo/ ά
∆VLa = Calculated Volume Difference associated with pressure change
PTC = Theoretical Calculated Pressure
PAM = Actually Measured Pressure

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

PTC 200.97 psi

∆VLa -0.21260126 gallons ∆VLa /hr 0.1614693 gallons/hr

Appendix C

Assumptions

1) A minimal increase in piping surface due to temperature rise has no effect on heat

transfer from the pipe exterior surface to the liquid contained within the pipe.

Therefore, piping surface area at initial temperature is used for calculation.

2) The system to be tested is assumed to be comprised entirely of a homogeneous

liquid.

3) Hoop Stress on piping does not cause piping deformation because pressure levels

used during testing are well below the design pressure of the piping system. No

volume change occurs because no deformation of the piping material occurs.

4) The radial temperature gradient of the pipe material is negligible because pipe walls

are less than .6 in. and during normal testing conditions an extreme temperature

change will not occur over single test duration.

Appendix D

Nomenclature

ά = Compressibility (#2 Diesel)

∆P = Change in Pressure

∆VL = Change in Volume of Liquid

βL = Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquid

VLo = Initial Liquid Volume

∆TL = Change in Temperature

Ape = Surface Area of Pipe Exterior

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TECO Energy

ro = Radius of Pipe Exterior

βp = Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Piping Material

LTo = Length of Pipe @ Initial Temperature

∆Tp = Change in Piping Temperature

VpTo = Volume of Pipe @ Initial Temperature

ri = radius of inside piping diameter

VpT2 = Volume of Pipe @ Final Temperature

LT2 = Length of Pipe @ Final Temperature

∆Vp = Change in Piping Volume

∆V = Overall Change in Volume

ML = Mass of Isolated Piping

DL = Density of Piping Material

MP = Mass of Substance contained in Pipe

DP = Density of Substance contained in Pipe

Q = Heat

CpL = Heat capacity of Substance

CpP = Heat Capacity of Pipe Material

Appendix E

Simplified Field Method

o
For #2 Diesel it is found that a linear pressure change of 9.4 PSI occurs for every .1 F change in

temperature within a perfectly isolated volume. This 9.4 PSI change per unit of temperature will

be known as the “P” coefficient in the pressure testing packet in appendix I. The “P” Coefficient is

found by relating compressibility to a change in volume and defining a change in temperature

o
between the initial temperature (Ti) and the final temperature (T f) to be .1 F. Using equations 1

through 12 found in Appendix A of “Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and

Maintaining Environmental Compliance” and defining referenced coefficients for liquid

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

compressibility, piping thermal expansion, liquid thermal expansion, pipe density, liquid density,

pipe heat capacity, and liquid heat capacity the “P” coefficient for any substance may be found.

The Allowable Pressure Tolerance (APT) is calculated by defining an acceptable volumetric loss

which for purposes of compliance in Florida is defined to be .2 gallons/hour (∆VLa/hr) by Table

BPP within 62-762 F.A.C. Equation 1 is the formula used for calculating ATP where

compressibility (ά) and piping volume at the initial temperature are shown (V Lo). APT is the

allowable pressure difference between the theoretically calculated pressure (P Tc) and the actually

measured pressure (Pam).

APT = ((∆VLa/hr)(ά))/VLo (1)

APT = PTc - Pam (2)

Procedure Simplified

Find as-built drawings of piping system to be pressure tested and note the lengths of each

section that is to be isolated. Determine the size of piping and the schedule of piping then find

the inside radius of the pipe using reference material. Calculate the volume within the section of

pipe that is to be isolated for pressure testing using the following equation:

2
VTo = πr L (3)
o
Given that 9.4 PSI occurs for every .1 F change in temperature, the noted temperature change
o
during the testing period should be divided by .1 F to determine the magnitude factor to be used

later. When the pressure testing is complete the magnitude factor (MF) should be multiplied by

9.4 PSI and then added to the initially measured pressure (Pi) from the beginning of the test to

determine the theoretically calculated pressure (PTc). See Equation 4.

PTc = Pi + 9.4(MF) (4)

During the test, the APT lookup table must be present. Using the piping volume that was

calculated prior to testing, the APT can be found using the APT lookup table. By subtracting the

APT defined for the given piping volume from the PTc, the lower limit of the actually measured

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

pressure can be defined. If the measured pressure during the duration of a pressure test falls

below this defined lower limit then the test fails.

Appendix F

APT Lookup Table

o
9.4 PSI / .1 ∆ F Test Duration .75 hr Test Duration 1 hr Test Duration 1.25 hr Test Duration 1.5
Piping Volume
(Gal.) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) ∆VLa /hr
500 65.25 87.00 108.75 130.50 0.2
600 54.38 72.50 90.63 108.75 0.2
700 46.61 62.14 77.68 93.21 0.2
800 40.78 54.38 67.97 81.56 0.2
900 36.25 48.33 60.42 72.50 0.2
1000 32.63 43.50 54.38 65.25 0.2
1100 29.66 39.55 49.43 59.32 0.2
1200 27.19 36.25 45.31 54.38 0.2
1300 25.10 33.46 41.83 50.19 0.2
1400 23.30 31.07 38.84 46.61 0.2
1500 21.75 29.00 36.25 43.50 0.2
1600 20.39 27.19 33.98 40.78 0.2
1700 19.19 25.59 31.99 38.38 0.2
1800 18.13 24.17 30.21 36.25 0.2
1900 17.17 22.89 28.62 34.34 0.2
2000 16.31 21.75 27.19 32.63 0.2
2100 15.54 20.71 25.89 31.07 0.2
2200 14.83 19.77 24.72 29.66 0.2
2300 14.18 18.91 23.64 28.37 0.2
2400 13.59 18.13 22.66 27.19 0.2
2500 13.05 17.40 21.75 26.10 0.2
2600 12.55 16.73 20.91 25.10 0.2
2700 12.08 16.11 20.14 24.17 0.2
2800 11.65 15.54 19.42 23.30 0.2
2900 11.25 15.00 18.75 22.50 0.2
3000 10.88 14.50 18.13 21.75 0.2
3100 10.52 14.03 17.54 21.05 0.2
3200 10.20 13.59 16.99 20.39 0.2
3300 9.89 13.18 16.48 19.77 0.2
3400 9.60 12.79 15.99 19.19 0.2
3500 9.32 12.43 15.54 18.64 0.2
3600 9.06 12.08 15.10 18.13 0.2
3700 8.82 11.76 14.70 17.64 0.2
3800 8.59 11.45 14.31 17.17 0.2
3900 8.37 11.15 13.94 16.73 0.2
4000 8.16 10.88 13.59 16.31 0.2
4100 7.96 10.61 13.26 15.91 0.2
4200 7.77 10.36 12.95 15.54 0.2
4300 7.59 10.12 12.65 15.17 0.2

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TECO Energy

4400 7.41 9.89 12.36 14.83 0.2

4500 7.25 9.67 12.08 14.50 0.2
4600 7.09 9.46 11.82 14.18 0.2
4700 6.94 9.26 11.57 13.88 0.2
4800 6.80 9.06 11.33 13.59 0.2
4900 6.66 8.88 11.10 13.32 0.2
5000 6.53 8.70 10.88 13.05 0.2

Appendix G

Compliance Curve

Compliance Curve #2 Diesel

APT = ((∆VLa /hr)*ά) / VLo

120.00

100.00
.75 hrs. Test Duration
Allowable Pressure Tolerance "APT" (PSI)

1 hr. Test Duration

1.25 hrs. Test Duration
1.5 hrs. Test Duration
80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Piping Volume (Gallons)

Appendix H

Simplified Field Method Sample Calculation

For example, an underground pipe that contains #2 diesel fuel is pressure tested in the state of

Florida. Before the test it was determined that the pipe was 6in. in diameter and had a schedule

40 wall thickness. The volume of the pipe that is to be isolated was calculated to have a capacity

of 1400 gallons. The line was properly packed and the initial temperature and pressure readings

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 25

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

o
were 70 F and 100PSI respectively. The test lasted 1.5 hours and the final temperature and
o
pressure readings were 71.1 F and 171 PSI respectively. Is the piping system in compliance?

Using the simplified procedure we know that a linear pressure change of 9.4 PSI occurs for every
o
.1 F change in temperature within a perfectly isolated volume therefore the magnitude factor (MF)

is first calculated. The magnitude factor has no units.

o o o
MF = (71.1 F - 70 F)/.1 F = 11

Next, the theoretically calculated pressure (PTc) is determined.

PTc = Pi + 9.4(MF) = 100 PSI + 9.4 PSI(11) = 203.4 PSI

Using the APT lookup table, we find that for a piping system of 1400 gallons, the allowable

pressure tolerance (APT) is 46.61 PSI. Next, the lower limit for compliance is determined.

Lower Limit = 203.4 PSI – 46.61 PSI = 156.79 PSI

The final temperature reading from the test was 171 PSI. The final reading is greater than the

lower limit therefore the pressure test passes. See Appendix J to view the completed Line

Pressure Testing form using this example.

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TECO Energy

Appendix I
Line Pressure Testing Packet Instructions
Pretest
Pretest data should be acquired prior to pressure testing.
Line 1 -- The facility representative should identify an accurate pipe capacity through calculation or best
engineering judgment. Information regarding the pipe capacity and the contained substance should be
given to the entity or individuals conducting the pressure test prior to testing.
Line P – Values for the “P” coefficient may be found on page 2 of the DEP Line Pressure Testing Packet in
the “P” Coefficient Lookup Table. Enter this value into line P.
Test Data
Before the first temperature and pressure readings are recorded, the piping segment being pressure tested
must be properly “packed.” Meaning the piping segment must be completely filled with the contained
substance with no vapor or air pockets. Please reference for proper packing procedures section 3.7 of API
Recommended Practice 1110 Fourth Edition, March 1997.

Line 2 – After the line is properly packed and pressurized the desired test pressure, enter the initial pressure
reading once testing begins into line 2.
Line 3 – Enter the initial temperature reading once testing begins into line 3.
Line 4 – Enter the time which testing begins into line 4.
Line 5 – When testing is complete enter the final pressure reading into line 5.
Line 6 – Enter the final temperature reading into Line 6.
Line 7 – Enter the time which the test ended into line 7.

Post Test Calculation

Line 8 – Subtract line 7 from line 4 and enter the length of the test, in hours, into line 8. If a test, for
example, lasts 90 minutes, divide 90 by 60 to convert the test duration to hours, which in this example is
1.5hrs.
Line 9 – Subtract line 6 from line 3 and enter the change in temperature into line 9. If this value is a
negative number, then simply multiple the value by -1 and enter the positive number into line 9.
Line 10 – Divide the value from line 9 by 0.1 and enter it into Line 10.
Line 11 – Determine the theoretically calculated pressure by multiplying the value from line P by line 10
and adding the product of the multiplication to the initial pressure reading on line 2. Enter this value into
line 11.
Line 12 -- Values for the allowable pressure tolerance “APT” may be found on page 3 of the DEP Line
Pressure Testing Packet in the APT Lookup Table. Enter this value into line 12. Use the Facility Identified
Isolated Piping Segment Capacity found on line 1 and the test duration found on line 8 to determine the
APT value.
Line 13 – Determine the lower limit value by subtracting line 11 from line 12. Enter this value into line 13.
The lower limit is the limit that that the pressure cannot drop below during testing to be compliant.

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TECO Energy

DEP Line Pressure Testing Worksheet

Facility Owner _______________________ Date _________________
Facility Name _______________________ Facility ID _________________
Line Segment Tested _______________________
Pretest Data
Data Description Data Entry Line
Number
Contained Substance ____________________ P=_________________________ P
The “P” coefficients can be found using a referenced value of the contained substance found on page 2 of the pressure testing packet.
Facility Identified Isolated Piping Segment Capacity (V) ___________________________ (1)
Capacity must be given in gallons
Test Data
Is the test segment properly packed? Y N
“For proper line packing procedures refer to Section 3.7 of API
Recommended Practice 1110 Fourth Edition, March 1997”
Initial Test Data
Initial Pressure Reading (Pi) ____________________________ (2)
“units of pressure must be given in PSI”
Initial Temperature Reading (Ti) ____________________________ (3)
“units of Temperature must be given in oF”
Time Began ____________________________ (4)
Final Test Data
Final Pressure Reading (PF) ____________________________ (5)
“units of pressure must be given in PSI”
Final Temperature Reading (TF) ____________________________ (6)
“units of Temperature must be given in oF”
Time Ended ____________________________ (7)
Post Test Calculation
Test Duration (t) t = line 7 – line 4 = __________________________ Hours (8)
“units of time must be given in hours”
o
Temperature Change (∆T) ∆T = line 6 – line 3 = __________________________ F (9)
“units of Temperature must be given in oF”
o
Magnitude Factor (MF) MF = line 9 / 0.1 F = ____________________________ (10)
“The Magnitude Factor is unit less””
o
Theoretically Calculated Pressure (PTc) PTc = line 2 + line P x line 10 = _________________ F (11)
“units of Temperature must be given in oF”
Allowable Pressure Tolerance (APT) APT = _____________________________________ PSI (12)
“units of Pressure must be given in PSI”
The APT is found using the table on page 3 of the pressure testing packet. Using the “Facility Identified Isolated Piping Segment
Capacity” on line (1), find the associated APT value.
Lower Limit Lower Limit = line 11 – line 12 = __________________ PSI (13)
“units of Pressure must be given in PSI”
Is the lower limit pressure (Lower Limit), on line 13, less than the final pressure (P F) reading, on (14)
line 5? Y N
Test Result
If the lower limit pressure (Lower Limit), on line 13, is greater than the final pressure (PF) reading, on line
5 then circle the compliance determination of FAIL, otherwise circle the compliance determination of
PASS.
PASS FAIL
Pressure Test Conducted by _____________________________________
Pressure Test Technician _____________________________________
Technician Signature _____________________________________
Facility Representative _____________________________________
Facility Representative Signature _____________________________________

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TECO Energy

“P” Coefficient Lookup Table

Enter the correct “P” coefficient into the DEP Line Pressure Testing Worksheet into “line P”
Gasoline
#2 Diesel 9.4
Biodiesel
#6 Fuel Oil
Benzene
Methanol
Ethanol

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TECO Energy

APT Lookup Table #2 Diesel Fuel Oil

9.4 PSI / .1 ∆oF Test Duration .75 hr Test Duration 1 hr Test Duration 1.25 hr Test Duration 1.5
Piping Volume
(Gal.) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) APT (PSI) ∆VLa /hr
100 326.25 435.00 543.75 652.50 0.2
200 163.13 217.50 271.88 326.25 0.2
300 108.75 145.00 181.25 217.50 0.2
400 81.56 108.75 135.94 163.13 0.2
500 65.25 87.00 108.75 130.50 0.2
600 54.38 72.50 90.63 108.75 0.2
700 46.61 62.14 77.68 93.21 0.2
800 40.78 54.38 67.97 81.56 0.2
900 36.25 48.33 60.42 72.50 0.2
1000 32.63 43.50 54.38 65.25 0.2
1100 29.66 39.55 49.43 59.32 0.2
1200 27.19 36.25 45.31 54.38 0.2
1300 25.10 33.46 41.83 50.19 0.2
1400 23.30 31.07 38.84 46.61 0.2
1500 21.75 29.00 36.25 43.50 0.2
1600 20.39 27.19 33.98 40.78 0.2
1700 19.19 25.59 31.99 38.38 0.2
1800 18.13 24.17 30.21 36.25 0.2
1900 17.17 22.89 28.62 34.34 0.2
2000 16.31 21.75 27.19 32.63 0.2
2100 15.54 20.71 25.89 31.07 0.2
2200 14.83 19.77 24.72 29.66 0.2
2300 14.18 18.91 23.64 28.37 0.2
2400 13.59 18.13 22.66 27.19 0.2
2500 13.05 17.40 21.75 26.10 0.2
2600 12.55 16.73 20.91 25.10 0.2
2700 12.08 16.11 20.14 24.17 0.2
2800 11.65 15.54 19.42 23.30 0.2
2900 11.25 15.00 18.75 22.50 0.2
3000 10.88 14.50 18.13 21.75 0.2
3100 10.52 14.03 17.54 21.05 0.2
3200 10.20 13.59 16.99 20.39 0.2
3300 9.89 13.18 16.48 19.77 0.2
3400 9.60 12.79 15.99 19.19 0.2
3500 9.32 12.43 15.54 18.64 0.2
3600 9.06 12.08 15.10 18.13 0.2
3700 8.82 11.76 14.70 17.64 0.2
3800 8.59 11.45 14.31 17.17 0.2
3900 8.37 11.15 13.94 16.73 0.2
4000 8.16 10.88 13.59 16.31 0.2
4100 7.96 10.61 13.26 15.91 0.2
4200 7.77 10.36 12.95 15.54 0.2
4300 7.59 10.12 12.65 15.17 0.2
4400 7.41 9.89 12.36 14.83 0.2
4500 7.25 9.67 12.08 14.50 0.2
4600 7.09 9.46 11.82 14.18 0.2

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TECO Energy

4700 6.94 9.26 11.57 13.88 0.2

4800 6.80 9.06 11.33 13.59 0.2
4900 6.66 8.88 11.10 13.32 0.2
5000 6.53 8.70 10.88 13.05 0.2
5100 6.40 8.53 10.66 12.79 0.2
5200 6.27 8.37 10.46 12.55 0.2
5300 6.16 8.21 10.26 12.31 0.2
5400 6.04 8.06 10.07 12.08 0.2
5500 5.93 7.91 9.89 11.86 0.2
5600 5.83 7.77 9.71 11.65 0.2
5700 5.72 7.63 9.54 11.45 0.2
5800 5.63 7.50 9.38 11.25 0.2
5900 5.53 7.37 9.22 11.06 0.2
6000 5.44 7.25 9.06 10.88 0.2
6100 5.35 7.13 8.91 10.70 0.2
6200 5.26 7.02 8.77 10.52 0.2
6300 5.18 6.90 8.63 10.36 0.2
6400 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.20 0.2
6500 5.02 6.69 8.37 10.04 0.2
6600 4.94 6.59 8.24 9.89 0.2
6700 4.87 6.49 8.12 9.74 0.2
6800 4.80 6.40 8.00 9.60 0.2
6900 4.73 6.30 7.88 9.46 0.2
7000 4.66 6.21 7.77 9.32 0.2
7100 4.60 6.13 7.66 9.19 0.2
7200 4.53 6.04 7.55 9.06 0.2
7300 4.47 5.96 7.45 8.94 0.2
7400 4.41 5.88 7.35 8.82 0.2
7500 4.35 5.80 7.25 8.70 0.2
7600 4.29 5.72 7.15 8.59 0.2
7700 4.24 5.65 7.06 8.47 0.2
7800 4.18 5.58 6.97 8.37 0.2
7900 4.13 5.51 6.88 8.26 0.2
8000 4.08 5.44 6.80 8.16 0.2
8100 4.03 5.37 6.71 8.06 0.2
8200 3.98 5.30 6.63 7.96 0.2
8300 3.93 5.24 6.55 7.86 0.2
8400 3.88 5.18 6.47 7.77 0.2
8500 3.84 5.12 6.40 7.68 0.2
8600 3.79 5.06 6.32 7.59 0.2
8700 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 0.2
8800 3.71 4.94 6.18 7.41 0.2
8900 3.67 4.89 6.11 7.33 0.2
9000 3.63 4.83 6.04 7.25 0.2
9100 3.59 4.78 5.98 7.17 0.2
9200 3.55 4.73 5.91 7.09 0.2
9300 3.51 4.68 5.85 7.02 0.2
9400 3.47 4.63 5.78 6.94 0.2
9500 3.43 4.58 5.72 6.87 0.2
9600 3.40 4.53 5.66 6.80 0.2

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

9700 3.36 4.48 5.61 6.73 0.2

9800 3.33 4.44 5.55 6.66 0.2
9900 3.30 4.39 5.49 6.59 0.2
10000 3.26 4.35 5.44 6.53 0.2

Compliance Curve #2 Diesel

APT = ((∆VLa /hr)*ά) / VLo

120.00

100.00
.75 hrs. Test Duration
Allowable Pressure Tolerance "APT" (PSI)

1 hr. Test Duration

1.25 hrs. Test Duration
1.5 hrs. Test Duration
80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Piping Volume (Gallons)

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 32

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Appendix J
Completed Line Pressure Testing Worksheet

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 33

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

Appendix K
Step-by-Step Calculation of the “P” Coefficient

The “P” Coefficient is found by relating compressibility to a change in volume and defining a
change in temperature between the initial temperature (Ti) and the final temperature (Tf) to be
o o
.1 F. For #2 Diesel it is found that a linear pressure change of 9.4 PSI occurs for every .1 F
change in temperature within a perfectly isolated volume. This calculation is independent of the
amount of volume but requires an initial value for volume to begin the calculation of the “P”
coefficient. In the example below, we will use the capacity of one of our actual piping systems.

1) Volumetric Thermal Expansion of Liquid (#2 Diesel Fuel)

This is the change in volume due to the change in temperature.

o -1 o -1
βL = .00046 F (Referenced coefficient, must be in F )
3 3
VLo = 325581.3953 in (Value must be converted to in )
o o
∆TL = Tf – Ti = .1 F (Define your temperature change as .1 F)
3
∆VL = βL*VLo*∆TL = 0.00046 * 325581.3953 * .1 = 14.97674419 in

2) Volume of pipe material is calculated

3
This is not the capacity of the pipe. This is the amount of piping material in in . Subtracts
the outside volume if pipe was a solid cylinder from the inside capacity of the pipe.
Answer must be given in gallons. We are using a 6 in. pipe.

π = 3.14
ro = 3.3125 in. (Referenced Value, The outside radius of the pipe in inches.)
LTo = 11275.30538 (The length of pipe in inches at initial temperature)
3 3
VLo = 325581.3953 in (Value must be converted to in )
2
Vp = (π*ro *LTo) - VLo (Initial Volume @ Initial Temperature)

Vp = (3.14*(3.3125^2)* 11275.30538)*.0043) – 1400 = 270.4681151 gal.

3) Mass of the pipe is calculated

The mass must be calculated to determine energy transfer.

DP = 65.36954953 lbs./gal (Referenced Coefficient, must be in pounds per gallon)
VP = 270.4681151 gal. (From Equation 2)

MP = VP*DP = 270.4681151 * 65.36954953 = 17680. 37884 lbs.

4) Mass of contained substance

This is calculated to determine energy transfer.

DL = 6.7 lbs./gal (Referenced Coefficient, must be in pounds per gallon)
VLo = 1400 gal. (Initial volume @ the initial temperature. Must be in gallons)

ML = DL*VL = 6.7 * 1400 = 9380 lbs.

5) Energy change of the substance from the measured temperature change is

calculated.

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 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

This is calculated to determine energy transfer from the pipe material to determine the
temperature change of the pipe material and eventually determine the thermal expansion
of the pipe.
ML = 9380 lbs. (From Equation 4)
o o
CpL = .043 BTU/lb. F (Referenced Coefficient, Must be in “BTU/lb. F”)
o o
∆TL = Tf – Ti = .1 F (Define your temperature change as .1 F)

Q = ML*CpL*∆TL = 9380* 0.43 * .1 = 403.34 BTU

6) Temperature Change of Piping Material

Rearranging the equation from step 5, the temperature change of the pipe is determined
from the contained substance’s energy change by its temperature change.
Q = 403.34 BTU (From Equation 6)
o o
CpP = .12 BTU/lb. F (Referenced Coefficient, Must be in “BTU/lb. F”)
MP = 17680.37884 lbs. (From Equation 3)
o
∆TP = Q/(MP*CpP) = 403.34 / (17680.37884 * 0.12) = .3583333333 F

7) Thermal Expansion of Piping (Carbon Steel)

The Thermal Expansion will not substantially vary from material to material and therefore
will not affect the determined value of the “P” Coefficient. The differences from material
to material are negligible.
o -1 o -1
βp = .0000078 F (Referenced coefficient, must be in F )
LTo = 11275.30538 in. (The length of pipe in inches at initial temperature)
o
∆Tp = .3583333333 F (From Equation 6)

∆Lp = βp* LTo *∆Tp = 0.0000078 * 11275.30538 * .3583333333 = 0.0315144785 in.

8) Volume of the pipe at the final temperature is calculated from its thermal
expansion

This is used to determine the overall change in volume with respect to all thermal
expansions affecting the isolated system.
π = 3.14
ri = 3.0325 in. (Referenced Value, The inside radius of the pipe in inches.)
LTo = 11275.30538 (The length of pipe in inches at initial temperature)
∆Lp = 0.0315144785 in. (From Equation 7)
2* + 2 3
VpT2 = π*ri (LTo ∆Lp) = 3.14 * 3.0325 * (11275.30538 + .315144785) = 325582.3053 in

9) The volume change of the pipe is calculated

This is the volume change of the pipe due to thermal expansion.

3
VpT2 = 325582.3053 in (From Equation 8)
3 3
VLo = 325581.3953 in (Value must be converted to in )
3
∆Vp = VpT2 – VLo = 325582.3053 - 325581.3953 = 0.91 in

10) The overall change in volume accounts for the expansion rates of the substance
and the pipe.
3
∆VL = 14.97674419 in (From Equation 1)
3
∆VP = .91 in (From Equation 9)

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 35

 Arthur D Bosshart II
TECO Energy

3
∆V = ∆VL - ∆VP = 14.97674419 - 0.91 = 14.06674419 in

12) Determination of the “P” Coefficient.

The theoretical pressure change is calculated using the bulk modulus of elasticity of the
substance. The bulk modulus is the inverse of the substances compressibility. The
equation below can be arranged to use compressibility or the bulk modulus of elasticity.
3
∆V = 14.06674419 in (From Equation 11)
3 3
VL0 = 325581.3953 in (Value must be converted to in )
ά = 217500 psi (Referenced Coefficient, Compressibility must be in psi)

“P” coefficient = ∆P = (∆V/VL0) / ά = (14.06674419 / 325581.3953) * 217500) = 9.397 psi

Appendix L
Step-by-Step Calculation of a Specific APT Value

The Allowable Pressure Tolerance (APT) is calculated by defining an acceptable volumetric loss

which for purposes of compliance in Florida is defined to be .2 gallons/hour (∆V La/hr) by Table

BPP within 62-762 F.A.C. Equation 1 is the formula used for calculating ATP where

compressibility (ά) and piping volume at the initial temperature (VLo) are accounted used in

determination. APT is the allowable pressure difference, defined by an environmental authority,

between the theoretically calculated pressure (PTc) and the actually measured pressure (Pam).

We will use the referenced and calculated values from Appendix K.

1) APT = (((∆VLa/hr)(ά))/VLo)*t

∆VLa/hr = 0.2 gal/hr (This is the minimal accepted leak rate defined by environmental authority)
ά = 217500 psi (Compressibility of #2 Diesel)
VLo = 1400 gal. (Value must be in Gallons)
t = 1.5 hrs. (Duration of test, given in hours)

APT = (((∆VLa/hr)(ά))/VLo)*t = ((0.2 * 217500)/1400)*1.5 = 46.61 psi

Effects of Temperature Change on Pressure Testing and Maintaining Environmental Compliance 36