Calculation
Calculation
Tray types
a) Ladder type tray
b) Perforated tray (100,75mm)
c) Connection - Coupler Plate
B) Documents
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
C) Sizing Calculation
Cable selection is essential in order to select the Size of
Standards Cable, which is used to carry the power without
interruption of service to consumers.Selection of the cables
IS 7098(Part 2) mainly depends on various current that may flow on the
IEC 60502 fault conditions. Cables are used to transfer the
BS 6622 power from one place to other place.
I) Technical requirements
Cable laying & Install 1) Factors to be considered for cable selection :
IS 1255(84) a) Maximum operating voltage (V),Current loading(I)
b) Type of load P(Trafos,motors,lightings etc) ,Power factor (PF)
PVC Al - IS 1554 c) Voltage drop or VoltageRegulation
XLPE Al - IS 7098 d) Ambient Temperature
e) Length of the cable (L) in Meter
f) Short circuit current
Cable types g) Derating factor (DF) (Cooling Effect) Heat disipating factor
A2XFY h) Physical and Chemical properties of soil
A - Al.Conductor
2X - XLPE insulation Cable Details
F - Flat strip Ar.steel No of Cores : Single & Three
Y - PVC outer sheath Conductor Material : Copper / Aluminium
Type of Insulation : XLPE / PVC
AYFY(Al. PVC cable) Type of Inner sheath : PVC wraped / PVC extruded
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 2 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
3) Economic requirements
a) Splices
b) Tetminations & connectors
Calculation Steps
a) Full load current (I) = P / (1.732 x V x P.F)
b) Current carriying capacity = FLC / DF
c) To refer cable catelouge choose the cable sizes
d) Selected cable sizes to take R,X Values, & Z = √R^2 + X^2
In Starting 15% e) Voltage drop = (1.732 x 6 x I x Z x L)/1000 Starting
Voltage drop allowable f) Voltage drop = (1.732 x I x Z x L)/1000 Running
f) %Voltage drop = (Voltage drop / Voltage) x 100
In Running 3% g) Power loss(Kw) = (3 x I^2 x R x L)/1000/1000
Voltage drop allowable h) % of Power loss = (Power loss/Actual Power) x100
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
Star
Line voltage = ph volt Power cable types & application
Line current = 3ph current a) In general,Single conductor cables are easy to handle,splices,
terminate and are supplied in longer lengths than
three conductor cables.
b) Reactance is higher than three conductor cables and use of
metallic sheath for mechanical protection would be more
expensive and result in higher losses than 3 conductor cables.
c) Ampacity & voltage drop will be higher for three 1 conductor
cables compared with a similar size of three conductor cable.
3 Earthing Cal.
Purposes
Standards The object of earthing is to limit the potential b/w the
non current carrying parts of all electrical apparatus
IS 3043(1987) (or) The installation b/w these parts and earth to safe value
Earthing trafo - 3151(1982) under all conditions of normal & abnormal system operation.
IEEE-80
Indu.Earthing IEEE-142 NGR
Indian Electricity Rules Sheet metal enclosure & shall be naturally ventilaed.
IS 1956 The resistor shall be of unbrakable ,Corrosion proof jointless,
Earthing Installation stainless steel grids.
no:6.51 - 84 The NGR shall be rated to withstand the fault current for 10Sec.
Firing Plate no:7-51-0103
Pipe electrode no:7-51-102 Step Potentional
The max value of the potential difference possible of being
shunted by a human body b/w 2 accessible points on the
Types ground seperated by the distance of one pace which may be
System Earthing assumed to be 1m.
Equipment grounding
Touch Potentional
The max value of the potential difference b/w a point on the
ground and a point on an object likely to carry fault current
such that the points can be touched by a person.
Objective
1 To design the Size of main earth grid conductor.
2 To design auxiliary earth conductor for HT/LT equipment.
3 To design the earthing conductor for transformer
Body and Neutral.
To check whether net resistance of earthing system is
less than one ohms.
5 To Calculate the No. Of Earth Pits Required.
Input Data
Soil Resistivety (r)
Length of the Electrode (L1)
Diameter of the electrode (d)
Estimated Length Strip (L2)
Width of the Buried Strip (t)
Depth of the Buried Strip (W)
Fault current duration for conductor : 1 Sec
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
b) Resistance of the Buried Earth Strip
RS = 100p Log e (2L2^2/wt))
2*3.14* L2
Types of electrodes
GI Pipe electrode c) Net Resistance of earthing grid RT = Re x RS
Pipe or Plate electrode Re + RS
3
CI Pipe electrode Max Current density I = 7.57 x 10 A / m2
√p x t
Earth Electrode t = Duration of earth fault in Sec
A metal plate,pipe or other p = Resistivity of soil in ohm metre
conductor or an array of LT Motors
conductors electrically
connected to the general a) AC motors of 110 kW and above 60mm x 10mm
mass of the earth. b) AC motors above 60kW up to 90 kW 50mm x 8mm
c) AC motors above 30kW upto 60 kW 40mm x 6mm
Earth d) AC motors above 10kW Upto 30 kW 25mm x 4mm
A Connection to the e) AC motor 10kw 8 SWG wire
general mass of earth by f) Control desk & control panel 25mm x 3mm
means of an earth electrode. g) LCS, Limit switches
6 sq. mm wire
Junction boxes. stranded
Earthing Resistor h) TPN receptacles Welding outlets from 25mm x 4mm
A resistor through which a 16A to 100A
system is earthed & which i) Columns, structures & cable trays
50mm x 6mm
serves to limit the current j) Rail tracks, mobile equipment & other non
flowing in the event of current carrying metal parts 60mm x 10mm
an earth fault. k) Lighting fixtures, single phase 8 SWG wire
receptacles, lighting circuits (4mm wire)
l) Isolator up to 16 A
16 sq. mm wire stranded.
m) Fractional Horse Power motor
8 SWG wire(4mm wire)
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
MF = Lamp lumens MF x Fixture MF x Room surface MF
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
INPUT DATA:
Battery nominal DC Voltage 110V DC
Battery AH capacity Cal values
Float charging voltage 1.4V
Float charging rate 2mA/AH
(As per Ni-Cd Battery catalogue of SABNIFE)
DC system continuous load current Cal value
(as per Fig.1 in Appendix-1)
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 7 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
Cal Steps
1 Float charging current of Battery = Battery AH capacity x
Float charging rate
2 Battery Charger rating = Float charging current of Battery +
continuous DC load current
3 Boost charging current = (AH capacity) x F*
Total recharging time specified
*F= Factor based on Battery charge
Battery discharge
Shunt capacitor
It is used in all voltage levels & all sizes
a Reduction of line current
b Increased voltage level at the load
c Reduced system losses
d Increased PF of a source current
e Reduced loading on source generators & circuits.
f Reduced system investment per kw of load
V,f, ambient temp,Voltage & permissible variation = +/- 10%
Frequency variation = +/- 5%
Arrangement up to 500kvar = Delta
above 500kvar = Star
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Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
2
a) Zn = V ohms
n x KVA x 1000
where,
n = trafo rated secondary current or Lower limit of fault current
Annual Loss Factor (LS)
LS = 0.2LF+0.8(LF)^2
Where,
LS = Annual Loss Factor
LF = Annual Load Factor
A = Isc x sqrt(t) in sq inch
14x104 (log10 (Tm+258)
To+258
A = Ans x 645.16 sq.mm
or
A = Isc x sqrt(t) in sq .mm
217 x (log10 (Tm+258)
To+258
Ex: Aluminium area of Zebra ACSR = 427.5Sq.mm
Steel area of Panther ACSR = 55.4Sq.mm
Taking 30% rating for steel S.C Condition area considered
(ie) 55.4*30% = 16.62
Total area of Zebra ACSR for with standing S.C Current
=427.5+16.62 444.12Sq.mm
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 9 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
Conculsion:
a) Hence "Zebra" ACSR can with stand fault current of
31.5kA for 1 sec.
b) Full load current carrying capacity of "Zebra" ACSR is 830A
for a rise of 35 deg.C over an ambient of 50 deg.C.
c) Hence "Zebra" ACSR has been selected.
b) Rct = 2.5ohm per 1000turns
(I.e) Rct for 3500 turns = 2.5 x 3500 in Ohms
1000
c) RL for 1km = 14.5 ohm (Assume 3C x 2.5 sq.mm)
(I.e) RL for 50m = 14.5 x 50 in Ohms
1000
Substitue all values in above formula
VK > Voltage (some value)
I mag < 30 mA at VK / 2
5 Lightning Cal.
Standards
IS 2309
IS 3070
IEC 99
8 Busbar Cal
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 10 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
D) Drawings
Input Data
a) Collect Drive list as per client
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 11 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
c) Cut out Details,Insert plate Details,panel elevation drawings,etc
d) for the above panel drawings for different Load centre &
floor levels
LC Clearances
1 Front clearance = min 1m
switchgear arrangement 2 Rear clearance = min 750mm if there are rear entry cables
IS 5578 or rear doors or there is necessity to
work behind.
or less than 200mm if there is no such
item to above.
3 Space between HT & LT = min 2m
4 If 2 switch boards are erected facing each other,the clearance
should be min 2m
5 If 2 switch boards are erected back to back,the clearance
should be min 1.5m
6 If 2 switch boards are erected adjacent to each ,if the same line
the clearance b/w 2 switch boards should be eighter
less than 200mm or more than 750mm
7 If double fronted switchgboard / mcc panels are erected as
sapce of not less than 1m shold be provided for the both
the front sides.
b) Different Section drawings
c) Gantry,Trench & Buried details
d) The above cable routing drawing for possible to shortest
routes considered
e) The cable tray routings are possible to rise & drop along the
Coloumn,Beam,Belt conveyor Structure, I Beam
b) Power Distribution for Lighting (SLD)
b) Typical drawings for earth electrode installation,
earthing of motors panels etc.
c) Earthing Details drawings
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 12 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
E) Protection
Relay No Relay Description
1 Transmission Lines & feeders
50 O/C ,Time delay
50N E/F ,Time delay
Senstive E/F
21 Distance
87 Differential protection(Longitudinal)
Phase Comparision
2 Bus bar Protection
50 O/C
50N E/F
Frame earth protection
21 Distance
Differential protection
Phase comparision protection
Direction locking protection
System Protection used to cover busbars
3 Generator Protection
50 Over current protection & Time delay
50N Stator Earth fault
46 Phase Unbalanced loading
64F Rotor earth faults
32 Reverse power
87 Differential protection
Field failure impedence
59 Over Voltage
24 Over load
Rotor temperature
4 Trafo Protection
50 Over current protection & Time delay
87 Differential protection(Longitudinal)
Over Heating
50N Instanteneous Restricted E/F Current & Time delay
63 Buchholz
Differential protection Differential protection
HV Restricted Earth Fault
HV Restricted Earth Fault
O/C time delayed O/C time delayed
LV Instatenious E/F
Phase unbalance or Negative sequence
Phase unbalance or Negative sequence
Over Voltage Over Voltage
Field failure impedenceField failure impedence
Rotor earth faults Rotor earth faults
Reverse power Reverse power
Winding temp Winding temp
Buchholz Buchholz
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 13 of 33
Electrical Engineering Sizing Calculation PRE : SPS
Soft starter
Functions of soft starters
1 To limit start current, thus to limit voltage drop on power system
a Excessive voltage drop may interfere with the normal power
system function of the equipment connected to the same
b Different countries have different voltage drop limits
2 To protect against mechanical impact on transmission gear and load
a Direct start results in high acceleration speed
b High acceleration speed have great mechanical impact on transmission gear and load
3 To prolong life of motor
a Direct start results in high start current and high acceleration speed
b Heat created by high start current may results in early aging of coils of motor
c High acceleration speed may shorten the life of bearings and rotors of motors
calculation.xls Electrical Cal 14 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS
Electric Current:
The flow of free electrons in a metal is called. (Or ) Movement of electric charge.
Electric Potential:
The ability of the charged body to do work.
Potential difference:
The difference in the potential of two charged bodies.
Resistance(R):
The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current.
or Property of a substance due to which it opposes the flow of current through it.
Electrical Resistivity(p):
R = pL / A ie p = RA / L = ohm x m^2 / m Unit : ohm m
Conductance(G):
Reciprocal of resistance. Unit : mho or seimens
Conductivity :
Reciprocal of resistivity. Unit : mhos / m
Direct Current(DC) :
It is a current in which the flow of electric charges is unidirection.
Alternating Current(AC) :
It is a current in which the flow of electric charges Periodically reverse in direction.
Reason for the reversal of direction is that alternating voltage source reverses in polarity.
DC Voltage AC Voltage
* Fixed polarity * Reverses in polarity
* Steady or vary in magnitude * varies b/w reversals in polarity
Electrical Energy:
It is the ability to produce heat by causing charge to move from one location to another.
or It is the ability to do work. Unit : Joule
Electrical Power:
The rate of producing or using electrical energy as well as the rate of doing work.
P = W / t P = VI 1 HP =746W
Ground :
It is used in ac poer supply lines.
It one side of the line is neutralized by connecting a metal rod driven in to the ground.
Series ckt :
Various resistance are connected across a source in such a way.
There is only one path for the current flow.
Parallel ckt :
Various resistance are connected across a source in such a way.
There is more than one path for the current flow.
Open ckt :
When any part of the path is open or broken & there is no continuity in the
conducting path.
* Resistance of an open ckt is infinitaly high. R = Infinitely
* There is no current in an open ckt I = 0
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 15 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Short ckt :
When the voltage source has a closed path across its terminals.
* Resistance of short ckt is zero result of this
there is no voltage drop across the hort ckt path. R = 0
* Large flow of current through short ckt. I = Isc
Resistor :
Resistor can conduct current in both the direction.
Purposes:
* Controling the flow of electric current.
* Providing desired amounts of voltage electric or electronics ckt.
Inductance :
It is the property of a coil which opposes change in current by means of
energy storage in the form of magnetic field.
Inductor :
It is electrical component,which is manufactured with specified amount of inductance.
Uses :
* To minimise alternating currents while permitting flow dc.
Capacitance :
Which opposes the change in voltage by means of energy storage in the form of
electrostatic energy.
Capacitor :
Capacitor are the device which can store electric charge.
Transducer :
A transducer is a device which converts energy in one form to another form.
This energy may be electrical,mechanical,chemical,optical or thermal.
Capacitor : Stores electric field
Inductor : Stores magnetic field
Electric field : Charges at rest.
Magnetic field : Charges at motion
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Flux(p):
The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet.
8
Unit : weber 1weber = 10 Magnetic lines.
Permeability ( μ):
Flux density(B) is proportional to Magnetising force(H)
B proportional H
B =μ H ie μ = B / H μ is constant proportionality.
Reluctance(S) :
S = Magneto motive force Unit : Amp / weber
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 16 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Flux
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 17 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Permeanance (p) :
Reciprocal of reluctance. Unit : weber / Amp
Leakage flux :
The flux which does not follow the desired path in magnetic ckt is known as.
Magnetic ckt:
It is the path followed by magnetic flux.
or Closed path for magnetic flux is known as.
Firing effect :
in area of the air gap as a result in flux density in the air gap.
Hall effect :
When a transverse magnetic field B is applied to a metal or a semiconductor carrying current I
an electric field E is induced in the direction of perpanticular to both I & B.
This Phenomenon is called.
Cycle : One complete set of +ve & -ve values of an alternating current.
I
Time period : Time taken by an alternating current to complete one cycle T
T = 1 / No of cycles
Cycle
Frequency : f = no of cycles / second f = 1 / T
Phase : The fraction of a cycle or time period which has elapsed since an ac or voltage last passed a
given reference point.
BASIC LAWS
Ohm's Law :
It gives relationship b/w Voltage,Current & Resistance for good conductors.
It states that " the electric current passing through the conductor is directly propotional to the
poterntial difference applied across the conductor ".
I proportional V
= V/R R is proportionality constant ie V = IR
Kirchoff's Laws :
i) KCL
It states that " in any n/w the algebraic sum of current meeting at a point or junction is zero.
or The sum of current entering a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the junction.
i) KVL
It states that "in any n/w the sum of all the voltages arround a closed path or loop is always zero.
ε IR + ε emf = 0
ε IR = sum of voltage drop across resistor.
ε emf = sum of battery voltages
or The net emf round a ckt is equal to the sum of the pds round the loop.
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 18 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Lenz Law :
It states that " any induced emf will circulate a current in such a direction so as to oppose the
cause producing it".Lenz law gives the nature of induced emf's.
or The direction of the induced emf is such that it tends to oppose the flux change causing it,
and does oppose it if induced current flows.
ε = - N dφ / dt
Gauss Law:
The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed
by that surface.
∫ D.∆ = εQ
Coulomb's Law:
It states that " the force b/w two small charged objects size is proportional to the magnitude of
each charge & Inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/w them.
F Proportional Q1 Q2 / r^2 F = Q1 Q2 / 4∏εr^2
Ampere's ckt Law:
It states that " the line integral of magnetic field intensity H arround any closed path
is equal to the direct current enclosed by that path.
∫H.dl = I
Pointing theorem :
The vector product of electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity at any point is
ameasure of the rate if energy flow per unit area at that point.
P = E X H
Thevenin's theorem :
It states that " any complex n/w can be replaced by series ckt consisting of an
ideal voltage source & a resistance.
~~~ A
A + R
Vth
B -
B
Complex n/w
Norton's theorem :
It states that " any complex n/w can be replaced by parallel ckt consisting of an
ideal current source & a resistance.
A
A RN
In
B ~
B
Complex n/w
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 19 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 20 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Telegen's theorem :
It states that " in a given n/w the algebraic sum of the power delivered by all source is equal
to the algebraic sum of the power absorbed by all elements.
This theorem is based on Kirchoff's law.
Electrical Machines
3Ph Induction Motor :
Principle
* 3ph supply is gn to the stator.
* Revolving magnetic field is produced in the stator.
* Revolving magnetic field is cut by the stator conductor.
* Emf induced in the stator conductor.
* The emf induced in the rotor due to lenz law.
Types
* Squirrel cage I.M
* Slip ring I.M
Speed control of I.M
Stator side Rotor side
* By changing the voltage * By rotor resistance control
* By changing the frequency * By operating two motors in casecade.
* By changing the no of poles * By injecting emf in the rotor.
Slip : Difference b/w synchronous speed(Ns) & rotor speed(N) is known as slip. S = (Ns - N) / Ns
Starting of I.M
In 3ph IM is directly switched on the supply,they draw starting current equal to 5 to 8 times of
full load current & starting torque equal to 1 to 1.5 times of full load torque.This amount of
starting current is affects the system voltage.
ie To limit the starting current & to improve the starting torque.Hence 3ph I.M suitable starts
are used .such as
Starters: * Primary resistance or stator resistance starter (starting torque is improved
* Auto transformer starter by adding resistance in
* Star - delta starter the rotor ckt with out using
* Rotor resistance starter starter)
* DOL Starter
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 21 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
DC Motor :
DC Motor is a machine which converts electrical energy in to Mechanical energy.
Eg:Grinder,mixy,water pump
Principle
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field a force acting on the conductor
and trice to push the conductor whether upward or down ward direction depends upon the
force acting on the conductor.
Direction of the force acting on the conductor can be find out by flamming left hand rule.(F =BIL)
Types
* DC series Motor
* DC shunt Motor
* DC compound Motor ( 1.Cummulative DC Comp.motor, 2.Differential DC Comp.motor)
Characteristics
* Speed vs Current
Electrical characteristics
* Torque vs Current
* Speed vs Torque Mechanical characteristics
Speed control
DC Series Motor DC Shunt Motor
* Armature diverted metod * Armature control
* Field diverted metod * Field control
* Voltage control method * Voltage control or Ward leonard system.
Starters
* Two point Starter
* Three point Starter ( Line,field,armature)
* Four point Starter ( Line plus,Line minus,field,armature)
Losses
* copper loss
* Iron or core loss
DC Generator :
DC Generator is a machine which converts Mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
Principle
The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically induced emf.
When ever a conductor cuts magnetic flux,dynamically induced emf is produced in according
to Faraday's law of electro magnetic induction.
* Field system = Stationary
* Armature system = Rotating
Types
* Seperately excited generator
* Self excited generator (1.Series,2.shunt,3.compound i.Long shunt ii.short shunt)
Characteristics
* Open ckt characters ( E0 vs If )
* Internal characters ( E vs IL )
* External characters ( Supply voltage vs IL )
Excitation:
By giving external DC Supply to the field of the generator is known as.
Losses
* copper loss or Variable
* Constant or stray loss (1.Iron or core loss, 2. friction loss)
Application
DC Series Gen DC Shunt Gen Compound Gen
* Series arc Lighting * source for battery charging * supply power to railway ckt
* Series incandescent Lighting * Electro plating & electrolysis * Incandesent lamp
* Booster * Elevator motors
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 22 of 33
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENDALS,LAW'S,MACHINES PRE : SPS
Alternator or AC Generator :
Principle Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Direction Can be found out by flamming right hand rule
Armature winding = Stationary = Stator
Field winding = Rotating = Rotor
When ever a conductor cuts the flux an emf induced in the armature conductor.
Rotor * Salient or Projecting pole type ( Low & medium speed)
* Smooth cylindrical type ( Very high speed,
used in steam turbine driven alternator or turbo alternator
Parallel
* Voltage must be same.
* Phase sequence must be same.
* Frequency must be same.
When 2 alternators are connected in parallel to supply power to a common load is
known as synchronising.
Synchronous Motor :
Synchronous motor identical with two motors.
Principle Similar to 3ph I.M
Construction Similar to alternator It is not a self starting.
When 3ph supply is gn to the stator a revolving magnetic field is produced.The revolving
magnetic field is the nature of poles ie N & S.
when DC excitation is gn to the field wdg of the rotor & hence rotor poles Nr & Sr is formed.
Starters
* Starting by damper wdg.
* Starting by separate I.M
* Starting by DC Motor couple to synchronous motor
Hunting The oscillation due to load condition & the periodic change in speed is known as.
Application
* Rubber mills * textile mill
* Paper mill * It is used to drive continuously operating & constant speed equipment
* crushers like fan,blowers,centrifugal pump
Hysteresis Motor :
It is similar to synchronous motor with out DC excitation/
A 1ph or 3ph supply is gn to the motor the torque is produced in the motor due to hysterisis &
eddy current induced in the rotor by action of rotating flux of stator wdg.
Principle
When a 3ph or 1ph supply is gn to the stator a rotating or revolving magnetic field is produced
in the stator.The revolving magnetic field magnetise the rotor rising & induces the holes.
Application
* Sound reproduction system (eg: Record players,tape recorders)
calculation.xls Electrical law & machines 23 of 33
PRE:SPS
STANDARDS
IS = Indian Standards
IEC = International Electro technical Commision
IEEE = International Electrical Electronics Engineer
ANSI = American National Standard Institute
ISO = International Standard Organization
BS = British Standars Institution
NEC = National Electric Code
NEMA =National Electrical Manufactures Association
SI.NO DESCRIPTION IS IEC ANSI/IEEE
4 Switchgear arrangement IS 5578
HV AC CB IEC 60265
HV CB IS 13118 IEC 62271 Part 100
HV Dis Connect switches IEC 62271 Part 102
HV Switches IEC 60265
HV Air switches ANSI/IEEE C37.3
HV testing ANSI/IEEE 4
HV fuse IEC 60281 ANSI/IEEE C37.4
SF6 IEC 60376
Switchgear up to 52kV IS 3427 IEC 60298 ANSI/IEEE C37.20
GIS Switchgear above 72.5kV IEC 60517
Gas insulated substation ANSI/IEEE C37.122
LV Switchgear & contro gear IEC 60947 / MEMA 250
LV CB IS 2516 IEC 60157-1
CB for O/C Protection IS 8828
Switchgear Spec. IEC 60694
Isolator or disconnecto Earthing switch IS 1818 IEC 129
Control Switches IEC 60337
HRC Fuse IS 2208
Catridge Fuse link for MCB IEC 60127
AC contactors IS 2959 IEC 60158-1
Al Busbar IS 5082
IP degree of Protection IEC 60529
MCCB NEMA AB1
Steel structure ISO 630
calculation.xls Standards 24 OF 33
PRE:SPS
STANDARDS
5 Cable IS 7098(Part 2) IEC 60502
BS 6622
Power cable 30kv to 150kV IEC 60840
Cable Sizing IEC 60287 IEEE S 135
PVC Al IS 1554
PVC cable IEC 60227
PVC Insulation PVC Sheath cable IEC 60189
XLPE Al IS 7098
OFC Cable IEC 60794
Cable laying & Install IS 1255(84)
Over Head Conductor IS 398 IEC 1089
Elect test mehod for Elect cables IEC 60885
Loading test on Over Head line tower IEC 60652
calculation.xls Standards 25 OF 33
IEEE ANSI Device Definitions
IEEE Device Numbers and Functions For Switchgear Apparatus
Selections from ANSI C37.2-1991
2 Time-delay starting or closing relay is a device that functions to
give a desired amount of time delay before or after any point of
operation in a switching sequence or protective relay system, except
as specifically provided by device functions 48, 62, and 79.
3 Checking or interlocking relay is a relay that operates in response to
the position of a number of other devices (or to a number of
predetermined conditions) in an equipment, to allow an operating
sequence to proceed, or to stop, or to provide a check of the
position of these devices or of these conditions for any purpose.
12 Overspeed device is usually a direct-connected speed switch which
functions on machine overspeed.
14 Underspeed device is a device that functions when the speed of a
machine falls below a predetermined value.
21 Distance relay is a relay that functions when the circuit admittance,
impedance, or reactance increases or decreases beyond a predetermined
value.
24 Volts per hertz relay is a relay that functions when the ratio of
voltage to frequency exceeds a preset value. The relay may have an
instantaneous or a time characteristic.
25 Synchronizing or synchronism-check device is a device that operates
when two ac circuits are within the desired limits of frequency,
phase angle, and voltage, to permit or to cause the paralleling of
these two circuits.
26 Apparatus thermal device is a device that functions when the
temperature of the protected apparatus (other than the load-carrying
windings of machines and transformers as covered by device function
number 49), or of a liquid or other medium exceeds a predetermined
value; or when the temperature of the protected apparatus or of any
medium decreases below a predetermined value.
27 Undervoltage relay is a relay which operates when its input voltage is
less than a predetermined value.
30 Annunciator relay is a nonautomatically reset device that gives a num-
ber of separate visual indications upon the functioning of protective
devices, and which may also be arranged to perform a lockout function.
32 Directional power relay is a relay which operates on a predetermined
value of power flow in a given direction, or upon reverse power flow
such as that resulting from the motoring of a generator upon loss of
its prime mover.
36 Polarity or polarizing voltage device is a device that operates, or
permits the operation of, another device on a predetermined polarity
only, or verifies the presence of a polarizing voltage in an
equipment.
37 Undercurrent or underpower relay is a relay that functions when the
current or power flow decreases below a predetermined value.
38 Bearing protective device is a device that functions on excessive
bearing temperature, or on other abnormal mechanical conditions
associated with the bearing, such as undue wear, which may eventually
result in excessive bearing temperature or failure.
39 Mechanical condition monitor is a device that functions upon the
occurrence of an abnormal mechanical condition (except that
associated with bearings as covered under device function 38), such
as excessive vibration, eccentricity, expansion, shock, tilting, or
seal failure.
40 Field relay is a relay that functions on a given or abnormally low
value or failure of machine field current, or on an excessive value
of the reactive component of armature current in an ac machine
indicating abnormally low field excitation.
46 Reverse-phase or phase-balance current relay is a relay that functions
when the polyphase currents are of reverse-phase sequence, or when
the polyphase currents are unbalanced or contain negative phase-
sequence components above a given amount.
47 Phase-sequence or phase-balance voltage relay is a relay that
functions upon a predetermined value of polyphase voltage in the
desired phase sequence or when the polyphase voltages are unbalanced
or when the negative phase-sequence voltage exceeds a given amount.
48 Incomplete sequence relay is a relay that generally returns the
equipment to the normal, or off, position and locks it out if the
normal starting, operating, or stopping sequence is not properly
completed within a predetermined time.
49 Machine or transformer thermal relay is a relay that functions when
the temperature of a machine armature winding or other load-carrying
winding or element of a machine or power transformer exceeds a
predetermined value.
50 Instantaneous overcurrent relay is a relay that functions
instantaneously on an excessive value of current.
51 AC time overcurrent relay is a relay that functions when the ac input
current exceeds a predetermined value, and in which the input current
and operating time are inversely related through a substantial
portion of the performance range.
52 AC circuit breaker is a device that is used to close and interrupt an
ac power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit
under fault or emergency conditions.
55 Power factor relay is a relay that operates when the power factor in
an ac circuit rises above or falls below a predetermined value.
56 Field application relay is a relay that automatically controls the
application of the field excitation to an ac motor at some
predetermined point in the slip cycle.
59 Overvoltage relay is a relay which operates when its input voltage is
more than a predetermined value.
60 Voltage or current balance relay is a relay that operates on a given
difference in voltage, or current input or output, of two circuits.
62 Time-delay stopping or opening relay is a time-delay relay that serves
in conjunction with the device that initiates the shutdown, stopping,
or opening operation in an automatic sequence or protective relay
system.
63 Pressure switch is a switch which operates on given values, or on a
given rate of change, of pressure.
64 Ground detector relay is a relay that operates on failure of machine
or other apparatus insulation to ground.
Note: This function number is not applied to a device connected in
secondary circuit of current transformers in a normally grounded
the power system, where other device numbers with a suffix G or N
should be used, that is, 51N for an ac time overcurrent relay
connected in the secondary neutral of the current transformers.
67 AC directional overcurrent relay is a relay that functions on a
desired value of ac overcurrent flowing in a predetermined direction.
68 Blocking relay is a relay that initiates a pilot signal for blocking
of tripping on external faults in a transmission line or in other
apparatus under predetermined conditions, or cooperates with other
devices to block tripping or to block reclosing on an out-of-step
condition or on power swings.
74 Alarm relay is a relay other than an annunciator, as covered under
device function 30, that is used to operate, or to operate in
connection with, a visual or audible alarm.
76 DC overcurrent relay is a relay that functions when the current in a
dc circuit exceeds a given value.
77 Telemetering device is a transmitter used to generate and transmit to
a remote location an electrical signal representing a measured
quantity, or a receiver used to receive the electrical signal from a
remote transmitter and convert the signal to represent the original
measured quantity.
78 Phase-angle measuring or out-of-step protective relay is a relay that
functions at a predetermined phase angle between two voltages or
between two currents or between voltage and current.
79 AC reclosing relay is a relay that controls the automatic reclosing
and locking out of an ac circuit interrupter.
80 Flow switch is a switch which operates on given values, or on a given
rate of change, of flow.
81 Frequency relay is a relay that responds to the frequency of an
electrical quantity, operating when the frequency or rate of change
of frequency exceeds or is less than a predetermined value.
84 Operating mechanism is the complete electrical mechanism or
servomechanism, including the operating motor, solenoids, position
switches, etc., for a tap changer, induction regulator, or any
similar piece of apparatus which otherwise has no device function
number.
85 Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay is a relay that is operated or
restrained by a signal used in connection with carrier-current or dc
pilot-wire fault relaying.
86 Lockout relay is a hand or electrically reset auxiliary relay that is
operated upon the occurrence of abnormal conditions to maintain
associated equipment or devices inoperative until it is reset.
87 Differential protective relay is a protective relay that functions on
a percentage or phase angle or other quantitative difference of two
currents or of some other electrical quantities.
90 Regulating device is a device that functions to regulate a quantity,
or quantities, such as voltage, current, power, speed, frequency,
temperature, and load, at a certain value or between certain
(generally close) limits for machines, tie lines, or other apparatus.
94 Tripping or trip-free relay is a relay that functions to trip a
circuit breaker, contactor, or equipment, or to permit immediate
tripping by other devices; or to prevent immediate reclosure of a
circuit interrupter if it should open automatically even though its
closing circuit is maintained closed.
95-99 Used only for specific applications in individual installations if
none of the functions assigned to the numbers between 1 to 94 is
suitable.
Suffix Letters
Suffix letters may be used with device function numbers for various
purposes. They permit a manifold multiplication of available function
designations for the large number and variety of devices used in the many
types of equipment covered by this standard. They may also serve to denote
individual or specific parts or auxiliary contacts of these devices or
certain distinguishing features, characteristics, or conditions which
describe the use of the device or its contacts in the equipment.
A Alarm or auxiliary power
B Bus, battery or blower
BL Block (valve)
BP Bypass
BT Bus tie
C Capacitor, condenser, compensator, carrier current or coil
CC Closing coil
F Feeder of field, filament, filter or fan
G Generator or ground <1>
H Heater or housing
L Line or logic
M Motor or metering
N Neutral<1> or network
SI Seal-in
TC Trip coil
X Auxiliary relay
Y Auxiliary relay
Z Auxiliary relay
<1> Suffix N is generally used in preference to G for devices connected
the secondary neutral of current transformers, or in the secondary of
a current transformer whose primary winding is located in the neutral
of a machine or power transformer, except in the case of transmission
line relaying, where the suffix G is more commonly used for those
relays that operate on ground faults.
Other Suffix Letters
A Accelerating or automatic
B Blocking or backup
C Close or cold
E Emergency or engaged
F Failure or forward
H Hot or high
HR Hand reset
HS High speed
L Left, local, low, lower or leading
M Manual
O Open or over
OFF Off
ON On
P Polarizing
R Right, raise, reclosing, receiving, remote or reverse
S Sending or swing
T Test, trip or trailing
TDC Time-delay closing
TDO Time-delay opening
U Up or under
Device Contacts
The letters a and b shall be used for all auxiliary, position, and limit
switch contacts for such devices and equipment as circuit breakers,
contactors, valves and rheostats, and contacts or relays:
a-Contact that is open when the main device is in the standard reference
position, commonly referred to as the nonoperated or de-energized
position, and that closes when the device assumes the opposite position.
b-Contact that is closed when the main device is in the standard reference
position, commonly referred to as the nonoperated or de-energized
position, and that opens when the device assumes the opposite position.
The simple designation a or b is used in all cases where there is no
need to adjust the contacts to change position at any particular point
in the travel of the main device, or where the part of the travel where
the contacts change position is of no significance in the control or
operating scheme. Hence the a and b designation usually are sufficient
for circuit breaker auxiliary switches.
ANSI Device Numbers PRE: SPS
2 Timer
21 Distance relay Distance relay is a relay that functions when the circuit admittance,
impedance, or reactance increases or decreases beyond a predetermined
value.
24 Over load relay
27 Under voltage relay Undervoltage relay is a relay which operates when its input voltage is
less than a predetermined value.
32 Reverse power relay Directional power relay is a relay which operates on a predetermined
value of power flow in a given direction, or upon reverse power flow
such as that resulting from the motoring of a generator upon loss of
its prime mover.
49 Thermal O/L protection Machine or transformer thermal relay is a relay that functions when
the temperature of a machine armature winding or other load-carrying
winding or element of a machine or power transformer exceeds a
predetermined value.
50 Instanttaneous O/C protection Instantaneous overcurrent relay is a relay that functions
instantaneously on an excessive value of current.
50N Instanttaneous E/F protection
51 IDMT O/C protection AC time overcurrent relay is a relay that functions when the ac input
current exceeds a predetermined value, and in which the input current
and operating time are inversely related through a substantial
portion of the performance range.
51N IDMT E/F protection
51G Stand by earth fault relay
52x Breaker aux.contact multiplier.
59 Over voltage Relay Overvoltage relay is a relay which operates when its input voltage is
more than a predetermined value.
59N Neutral displacement relay
60 Vector surge relay
63 Aux relay for trafo trip/alarm Pressure switch is a switch which operates on given values, or on a
or Buckloz relay given rate of change, of pressure.
63x Trafo fault relay
64R Restricted E/F relay
64F Rotor E/F relay
80 DC Supervision relay
81 Frequency relay Frequency relay is a relay that responds to the frequency of an
electrical quantity, operating when the frequency or rate of change
of frequency exceeds or is less than a predetermined value.
85 Pilot wire relay Carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay is a relay that is operated or
restrained by a signal used in connection with carrier-current or dc
pilot-wire fault relaying.
86 Master tripping relay
87 Differential relay Differential protective relay is a protective relay that functions on
a percentage or phase angle or other quantitative difference of two
currents or of some other electrical quantities.
94 Anti pumping relay Tripping or trip-free relay is a relay that functions to trip a
circuit breaker, contactor, or equipment, or to permit immediate
tripping by other devices; or to prevent immediate reclosure of a
circuit interrupter if it should open automatically even though its
closing circuit is maintained closed.
95 Trip ckt supervision relay
96 Gas pressure low
97 PT Fuse failure relay
98 Motor protection relay