ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

Subjective Type
1. From the given current in the diagram, the current through the middle branch of the circuit must be 1.00 A (the
difference between 2.00 A and 1.00 A). We now use Kirchhoff’s rules, passing counterclockwise around the top loop
:
200 V (1.00 A) (6.00 + 1.00 ) + (1.00 A) (4.00 + 1.00 ) 1 = 0.

1 = 18.0 V
Now traveling around the external loop of the circuit :
20.0 V (1.00 A) (6.00 + 1.00 ) (2.00 A) (1.00 + 2.00 ) 2 =0 2 = 7.0 V
Vab = (1.00 A) (4.00 + 1.00 ) + 18.0 V = +13.0 V
So, Vba = 13.0 V

12 6 6
2. Case I : Current in the circuit = 1.2 A
3 2 5
VA VB = 12 3 1.2 = 12 3.6 = 8.4 V
VC VO = 6 + 2 1.2 = 6 + 2.4 = 8.4 V
Hence Vm Vn = 8.4 V

12 6 18
Case II : 3.6 A
3 2 5
VA VB = 12 3.6 3 = 12 10.8 = 1.2 V
VP VC = 6 3.6 2=6 7.2 = 1.2
VC VD = +1.2 V
Vm Vn = 1.2 V
3. Temperature coefficient of the material is given by

R2 R1
R1 (t2 t1 )
4 o 1
Here 1.70 10 C
t1 = 27o C, R1 = 100 and R2 = 117

4 177 100
1.70 10
100(t2 27)

177 100 17
or (t2 27) 4 2
1000
100 1.70 10 1.70 10
or t2 = 1000 + 27 = 1027o C.

R1 R0 R20 R0
4.
R0 t R0 273
20 10 1 1 o 1
= C or K 1
10 273 273 273
5. Given that

4
r= mm = 2 mm = 2 10 3 m
2
l = 100 m, t1 = 10o C, t2 = 120o C
 Rt1 0.408 ; Rt2 0.508
i. Temperature coefficient of resistance is given by

Rt1 Rt2 0.508 0.408

2.2 10 3 C 1

1 t 0.408(120 10)
ii. We know that, Rt1 R0 (1 t1 )

Rt1 0.408 0.408

or R0 0.4
1 t1 1 2.2 10 3 10 1.022
iii. Resistivity at 0o C is given by

R0 A R0 r 2
0
l l
3 2
0.4 3.14 2 10 8
= m = 5.02 10 m
100
Resistivity at 120o C is given by

20 0 (1 )
= 5.02 10 8 (1 2.2 10 3
120) m
8 8
= 5.02 10 1.264 m = 5.34 10 m
6. i. Terminal voltage of the battery is given by
V=E IR
2
Here E = 12 V, I = 90 A, r = 5.0 10
2
V= 121 90 5.0 10 = 12 4.5 = 7.5 V..
ii. The maximum current can be drawn from the battery by short circuiting it. At that time, V = 0, hence
E Im r = 0 or Im = E/r = 12V/500 = A = 24 mA.
Obviously, on short-circuiting the battery will be discharged and will need recharging.
iii. During charge, the current flows in the opposite direction,
i.e., from positive to negative terminal inside the cell.
Hence during the charging : V = E + Ir or V > E > 12 V
This means that the terminal voltage of the battery during charging is greater than its e.m.f 12 V.
7. Given that E = 8.0 V, V = 120 V, r = 0.5 and R = 15.5
Current in the circuit during charging is given by

Total voltage V E 120 8 112

I= =7 .
Total resistance R r 15.5 0.5 16
During charging, the current flows inside the battery in a direction opposite to the during discharge. Hence the
terminal voltage of the battery during charging is
= E + Ir = 8 + 7 0.5 = 11.5 V..
A series resistor in the charging circuit limits the current drawn from the external source. In its absence, the current
will be dangerously high.
8. Let RAB = x is equivalent resistance of system between A and B. As the resistance of a conductor is directly propor-
tional to length, the equivalent resistance between A1 and B1 will be x/2. Therefore, the equivalent circuit becomes
as given below in fig.
 Let AB = 2r, then A1C = CB1 = AA1 = BB1 = r.
In the circuit 2r and x/2 are in parallel between A1 and B1, then their effective resistance is

x
2r
2 2 rx
R1 = x =
4r x
2r
2
Now R1 is in series with AA1 and BB1, therefore, their effective resistance is

2 rx
R2 = R1 + 2r = 2r
4r x
R2 is in parallel with 2r (of AB), so the net effective resistance across AB is

2 rx
2r
4r x
R2 2r
x=
R2 2r = 2 rx
2r 2r
4r x

4r 6r 2 4 3 8 r2
2 2
3x + 4rx 8r = 0 or x=
2 3
As x cannot be negative

4r 16r 2 96r 2 (2 7 2)
x= = r
6 3
a
But r=
2

2 7 1 a
x= = 0.55 a .
3 2
9. When a steady state is reached, no current passes through the capacitor and therefore, there is no current in the
CE branch of the net work.
Considering the loop ABEFA, 5(I1 + I2) = 10
or I1 + I2 = 2 (i)
Considering the loop BCDEB, 4I2 = 12 10 = 2
I2 = 0.5 A
I1 = 2 0.5 = 1.5 A
To find the charge on the capacitor, we must know the potential difference across the plates. Consider the closed
loop CEDCE
 12 + 4I2 + 3 (0) Vc + 8 = 0
or 12 + 2 Vc + 8 = 0 or Vc = 2V..
The negative sign indicates that the plate of the capacitor nearer to E is negative and the one nearer to C is positive.
charge on the capacitor..
Q = CV = 5 F 2.0 V = 10 C.
10. In the given circuit of fig there is no series or parallel combination of resistances. Therefore, to calculate its equiva-
lent resistance, a battery of voltage V is to be connected across terminals A and B.
If the circuit draws a current I from the battery, its equivalent resistance will be equal to R = V/I.
Given that the combination is symmetric about centre C.
Therefore, current through various components will be as shown in figure.

Applying Kirchhff’s voltage law on mesh DCKLD

30I3 4I4 8I2 + 6I1 = 0 (i)
For mesh DECD,
32(I2 I3) 2(I2 I4 I1 + I3) 30I3 = 0 (ii)
For mesh KCJK,
5I4 2(I2 I4 I1 + I3) 4(I2 I4) = 0 (iii)
For mesh ALKJHGBNMA,
8I2 + 4(I2 I4) + 32(I1 I3) + 6I1 V=0 (iv)
Solving equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
I1 = V/42; I2 = V/21; I3 = V/84; I4 = V/42.
Equivalent resistance,
R = V/I = 14 .
But the total current drawn by the circuit from battery is equal to
I = I1 + I2
I = V/14
equivalent resistance,
R = V/I = 14 .
11. Applying KVL in the loop of ABCD
E1 = (I + 0.05)R1 + IR2 I = 20 A
Current through R1 = 30 mA towards right.
Current through R2 = 20 mA towards left.
Applying KVL in loop BGEF
E2 = (I + 0.05)100 + (0.05)20 = 4 V.
12. The simplified circuit is shown in fig. We have to find I.

Let the potential of point P be O. Potential at other points are shown in fig. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at Xx.
 x 10 x 10 x 20 (x 10) 0
0
4 2 4 2
x 10 + 2x 20 + x 20 + 2x 20 = 0

35
20
6x = 70 x = 35/3 V, I = 3 25 .
A
4 12
(v 10) 10 v 0 v 5
13. 0
2 2 1

v 20 v
v 5 0
2 2
v 20 v 2(v 5) 0 = 4v 20 10 0
30 15
v= =
4 2
15 15 10 5
v 5= 5 = =
2 2 2
5/2 5
i= A
1 2
14. In steady state, current will flow as shown in the fig.
I = 6/(10 + 10) = 0.30 A.
p.d. across C1 is same as that across 10 on left side.
So, V1 = 10 I = 3 V
Charge on C1 : q1 = C1V1 = 1 3=3 C.

We can see that p.d. across C2 is 6 V

So, charge on C2 : q2 = C2V2 = 2 6 = 12 C.
15. Voltage across AB = V, Voltage across A’B’ = V/2
i.e., Voltage across R2 = V/2.
 Now from Kirchhoff’s law it is obvious that voltage across

V V
R1 = V
2 2
i R1
When the voltage is halved, current is also halved, i.e., current on R2 is half of that in R1. So, R1i = R2
2 R2
1
=
2
Now the attenuation produced by the circuit on termination b, a resistance will not be affected if equivalent resis-
tance R becomes independent of number of sections in the circuit. This is only possible if the terminating resistance

R0 R2
R0 is itself equal to equivalent resistance (fig). The equivalent resistance of R0 and R2 is R' .
R0 R2
R0 R2
R1 is in series with it, so equivalent resistance between A and B is R1 + R’ = R1 .
R0 R2
R0 R2
According to proposition R0 = R1
R0 R2

R1 4 R2
Solving for R0, we get R0 = 1 1 .
2 R1
Thus the circuit may be terminated after a few sections if resistance R0 is connected in parallel as shown in fig.
16. (a) For t = 0 to t = (2R2 + R1)C, capacitor gets charged from all the three resistors, so
t
2 R2 R1 C
q CE 1 e , put t = (2R2 + R1)C.

CE (e 1)
q1 CE[1 e 1 ]
e
Now battery is disconnected and the capacitor gets discharged through R1 after S1 is opened and S2 is closed. So
2 R2 R1 C
q2 dq dt
q1 q 2 R2
RC
R1 C 1

q1 CE e 1
q2 =
e e2
(b) Since battery is disconnected at this time, so there is no current in R2.
17. The current distribution is indicated in fig. When the condenser has been fully charged there will be no current in
this branch.
 Applying Kirchhoff’s law to meshes NLKMN and PNMOP :
30i2 20i3 = 1 (i)
10i1 + 20i3 = 4 (ii)
Applying Kirchhoff’s first law of junction M
i2 + i3 = i1 (iii)
Solving equation (1), (ii) and (iii), we get
i2 = i3 = 0.1 A; i1 = 0.2 A
Considering mesh PBALP, we have
VAB 1 = 10i1 = 10 0.2 = 2
VAB = 2 + 1 = 1 V..
18. For part (a) and (b)

For BAD : VB + 2(i i1) + 1(i i1) 4i1 = VD.

3i 7i1 = 4.
For BCD : 6i 10i1 = 4
i1 = 3 A, i = 17/3 A.
Current in AC = i1 = 3A, In ABC = i i1 = 8/3 A.
To find E : E = 8i1 = 24 V
i = 2i3 = i1 + i2 (i)
q/C = 2i1 + i1 + 4i3 q/C = 3i1 + 4i3 (ii)
Also q/C = 3i2 + 3i2 + 4i3 q/C= 6i2 + 4i3 (iii)
From equaiton (ii) and (iii)
q/C = 3i1 + 2i
From equation (i) and (iii)
q/2C = 3i2 + i
q/C + q/2C = 3(i1 + i2) + 3i 3q/2C = 6i
t / 4C
i = q/4C dq/dt = q/4C q= q0 e
t
5.92 = 4 4 15 6 t = 16 s.
16e
19. Let a battery of emf E is applied between the points A and B. Let a current I enters through point A. If RAB is
equivalent resistance between the points A and B, then from Ohm’s law
RAB I = E’. (i)
The distribution of currents, keeping in mind symmetry condition, is shown in fig.
 Let R (= 2 ) be the resistance of each wire.
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to mesh DGFC, we get

I I
I1 R ( I 2 I1 ) R I1 R I1R 0
2 2
I
or 2 I1 ( I 2 I1 ) I1 0
2
2
or 2 I 5 I1 0 or I1 I (ii)
5
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to external circuit AHEBE’,

1 I
we get R I1 R R E' (iii)
2 2
Comparing (i) and (iii), we get

7 7
RAB R 2 2.4 .
5 5
20. (i) In steady state, no current will flow through the circuit if S is opened. So the potential of ‘a’ will be 18 V and that
of ‘b’ will be zero.
Hence Va Vb = 18 0 = 0.
(ii) Obtiously ‘a’ is at the higher potential.
(iii) When S is closed finally in steady state, current I will flow as shown in fig.

18
I= 2A
6 3 , V1 = 6I = 6 2 = 12 V..

Vb = 18 V1 = 18 12 = 6 V
(iv) q1 = C1V1 = 6 12 = 72 C,
V1 + V2 = 18 V2 = 6 V, q2 = C2V2 = 3 6 = 18 C.
Before closing S, the potential on each capacitor is 18 V and charge q10 = 6 18 = 108 C.
q20 = 3 18 = 54 C.
 Change in charge : q1 q10 = 36 C and q2 q20 = 3.6 C.
21. Due to sources, currents flow through resistance R1, R2 and R3 and capacitor gets charged. Due to charge, an
electric field is established in the capacitor whose magnitude cannot exceed di-electric strength E0 of air. Maximum
safe value of V corresponds to the maximum possible charge on capacitor. Let the maximum possible charge on
capacitor be q0.
Then the electric field inside the capacitor

q0
E0
A 0

0 A
q0 A 0 E0 = 15,000, 0 C and C = =5 0 Farad.
d
Since, in steady state no current flows through the capacitor, therefore, current through various parts of the circuit
will be as shown in fig.

Now analysing the circuit in a steady state.

First applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law on mesh ABJA
I2R1 + V + R2(I1 I1) = 0 2i1 5I2 = V
For mesh AJDFGA :
R2((I1 I2) = R 3I1 + V = 0
3I1 2I2 = V
From equation (i) and (ii); I1 = 7V/11 and I2 = 5V/11.
Now applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law on mesh BDJB :
q/C + I1R3 V=0 q = 4CV/11 = 20/11
1 0 V..

But maximum possible value of q is q0 = 15,000 0.

maximum safe value of

V = 11q0/20 0 = 8250 V = 8.25 kV..

22. Since, in steady state no current flows through the capacitors, therefore, the current through 1 resistor becomes
zero.
Current through resistors and charge on capacitors will be as shown in fig.

Applying KVL on mesh MACDA : 2I + 3I + 3I + 2I 10 = 0 I = 1A.

 q1
Mesh MABM : 10 2 I 6 = 0 q1 = 16 C.
2 10
q2
Mesh MBDM : 6
2I 0 q2 = 4 C.
2 10
q3
Mesh MDCNM : 2 I 3I q3 = 5 C
(1 10 6 )

q2
Energy stored in capacitors, U =
2C
a12 q22 q32
=
2 (2 10 6 ) 2 (2 10 6 ) 2 (1 10 6 )
= 80.5 10 6 J
Rate of supply of energy be battery is P = EI
= 10 1 = 10 W..
t1 / RC
23. q0 = CE, q0/2 = q0 e t1 = RC ln 2.

3 q0 / 4 t2
dq dt
Now t2 = 3RC ln 2.
q0 / 2
CE q 0
3RC
From here we get : t1/t2 = 1/3.
24. In the steady state, no current passes through upper three resistors.

12
So, I = 0.3 A
10 30

Potential difference between A and B : V = 30 0.3 = 9 V

Now in loop ACDBA : q/C1 + q/C2 = 9
q/20 + q/10 = 9 q = 60 C.
(a) Potential difference across C1 : V1 = q/C1 = 60/20 = 3 V
Potential difference across C2 : V2 = q/C2 = 60/10 = 6 V
(b) After K is opened, 12 V will be out of circuit, capacitors will act as batteries as shown in fig.
 Now one can find I1 = 0.375 A.
25. Req = E/I.

E = rI1 + R(I1 I2) E = (r + R) I1 RI2 (1)

rI1 + rI2 = R(I I1) (r + P)I1 + rI2 = RI (2)
rI2 + r(I I1 + I2) = R(I1 I2)
(r + R)I1 (R + 2r)I2 = rI (3)

R r I
2 3 (3r + R)I2 = (R r)I I2 =
3r R
Put the above value in equation (2) hence, we get

r R r
(r R) I1 I RI
2r R

R r I
I1 = (after simplification)
3r R
Put I1 and I2 in equation (1)
2
E R r R R r r r 3R
Req = = = .
I 3r R 3r R 3r R