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    4 Defects in Crystalline Materials

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    There are four main types of defects in crystals: point, line, planar, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies and impurity atoms that substitute or occupy interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. Line defects are dislocations that disrupt the periodic structure. Planar defects include grain boundaries, surfaces, twins, and stacking faults. Volume defects incorporate larger-scale irregularities such as pores, cracks, inclusions, and notches.

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    4 Defects in Crystalline Materials

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    169 views28 pages
    There are four main types of defects in crystals: point, line, planar, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies and impurity atoms that substitute or occupy interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. Line defects are dislocations that disrupt the periodic structure. Planar defects include grain boundaries, surfaces, twins, and stacking faults. Volume defects incorporate larger-scale irregularities such as pores, cracks, inclusions, and notches.

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    There are four main types of defects in crystals: point, line, planar, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies and impurity atoms that substitute or occupy interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. Line defects are dislocations that disrupt the periodic structure. Planar defects include grain boundaries, surfaces, twins, and stacking faults. Volume defects incorporate larger-scale irregularities such as pores, cracks, inclusions, and notches.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    169 views28 pages

    4 Defects in Crystalline Materials

    Uploaded by

    school
    There are four main types of defects in crystals: point, line, planar, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies and impurity atoms that substitute or occupy interstitial sites in the crystal lattice. Line defects are dislocations that disrupt the periodic structure. Planar defects include grain boundaries, surfaces, twins, and stacking faults. Volume defects incorporate larger-scale irregularities such as pores, cracks, inclusions, and notches.

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    Defects in Crystals

    1
    Types of Defects
     Point Defects
     Line Defects
     Planar Defects
     Volume Defects

     Basis of Classification:
    “GEOMETRY”
    2
    Point Defects
     Vacancies

     Impurity
    Defects
     Interstitial
     Substitutional

    3
    Vacancies
    Nv = NLexp(-Q/kT)
    Vacancies increase
    with
    Temperature!!!

    Vacancies are
    important in
    causing solid state
    Vacancies in Pt
    diffusion
    4
    Vacancies: Example Problem
    Calculate the equilibrium
    number of vacancies per
    cubic meter for copper at
    1000 C. The energy for
    vacancy formation is 0.9
    eV/atom; the atomic
    weight and density (at
    1000C) for copper are
    63.5 g/mol and 8.4 g/cm3,
    respectively.

    5
    Point Defects
     Vacancies

     Impurity
    Defects
     Interstitial
     Substitutional

    6
    Impurity Atoms
    Intentionally added to improve
    Strength of Metals: ALLOYING

    Iron
    Carbon

    Steel
    7
    Point Defects

     Heating

     Solidification
     (impurities
    maybe added)  Stress
    8
    Dislocations
     considered as linear defects
     occur as three types:
     edge
     screw
     mixed

    9
    EDGE DISLOCATION

    Dislocation Line
    perpendicular
    Burgers vector, b

    10
    SCREW DISLOCATION

    Dislocation Line
    Parallel
    Burgers vector, b

    11
    EDGE

    SCREW
    12
    MIXED DISLOCATION
    Dislocation Line
    Neither Parallel
    nor Perpendicular
    Burgers vector, b

    13
    Burger’s Circuit

    14
    Source of Dislocation

     Solidification  Stress
    15
    Frank-Read Source
    (Stress + Dislocation)

    16
    PLANAR DEFECTS
     Grain Boundaries
     Surfaces
     Twin Defect
     Stacking Fault

    17
    Grain Boundaries

    Represents the site at which


    MISMATCHED Crystals meet! 18
    Grain Boundary

    19
    Grain Boundaries

    Pictures of GBs
    20
    Boundary
    is 150
    21
    Implication of Grain Boundary

     Affects:
     Mechanical Property
     Electrical Property 22
    External Surfaces

    Surfaces are considered defective


    since the atoms at the surface lack
    required coordination number
    23
    Stacking
    Fault

    HCP
    Stacking Fault in
    FCC
    ABC..AB..ABC

    FCC 24
    Twin Defect

    refers to a change in crytal orientation which lead to the


    formation of mirror image of the crystal across a plane
    25
    Twins in Microstructure

    26
    Types of Twins

    Mechanical Annealing
    Twins Twins
    Important in Deformation of Metals 27
    Volume Defects
     Pores and Voids
     Cracks
     Foreign inclusions
     Notch

    28

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