[Seismic Design To SS EN 1998-1-2013]

FLOW CHART TO DETERMINE THE SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENT

1. All new buildings
2. Addition of floors on existing buildings that results in the building attaining a
building height, H
3. Structural works affecting key structural elements supporting total tributary area
of more than 60% of the total structural floor area of a building with building
height, H.

4. Additions of new structural floor areas of more than 60% of the existing total
structural floor area of a building with building height, H.

Building Height, H > 20 meters

Yes No
No need Seismic Design

Ordinary Building on Ground Type Class D or S1 (OR)

Special Building on Ground Type Class C, D, or S1

No No need Seismic Design

Yes

SEISMIC DESIGN

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Items Reference & Remarks

Fundamental Requirement SS EN 1998-1:2013:CL 2.1,
1. “No Collapse” (ULS): The structure shall be designed and constructed as follow: National Annex
• Withstand the design seismic action without local or global collapse, thus retaining its integrity and a residual load bearing
capacity after the seismic events (Protection of human life).
• TNCR = 475 years (reference return period of seismic action for the no-collapse requirement)
• PNCR = 10% (reference probability of exceedance in 50 years)
2. “Damage Limitation” (SLS): The structure shall be designed and constructed as follow:
• Withstand a seismic action having a larger probability of occurrence than the design seismic action, without the occurrence of
damage and associated limitations of use, the costs of which would be disproportionately high in comparison with the costs of
the structure itself (damage limitation).
• TDLR = 95 years (reference return period of seismic action for the damage limitation requirement)
• PDLR = 10% (reference probability of exceedance in 10 years)

Seismic Zone Maps and Reference Ground Accelerations EN 1998-1:2013:CL 3.2.1,

National Annex
ag = γ1.agR
• The whole of Singapore is under one seismic zone and the reference ground acceleration to be used is agR = 0.175 m/s2 (for a return
S = Soil factor
period TNCR = 475 years)
agR = 0.175 m/s2 is the
• Governing parameter (identification and value) for threshold of low seismicity, ag.S ≤ 0.98m/s2 (for a return period TNCR = 475 years)
reference peak ground
o Simplified design procedures for certain types or categories of structures may be used.
acceleration on Type A
• Governing parameter (identification and value) for threshold of very low seismicity, ag.S ≤ 0.39m/s2 (for a return period TNCR = 475 ground.
years)
o The provisions of EN 1998 need not be observed.

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1998-1-2013]

Building Height, H EN 1998-1:2013, BC3: 2013

The building height, H shall be taken from the foundation or top of a rigid basement to the topmost habitable structure floor level (topmost
flooraccessable for usage).

Ground Type Classification EN 1998-1:2013, CL3.1.2,

The Ground Type within the footprint of structurally indepent building shall be classified from the Table below using the parameter, P, NA.ZA, BC3: 2013
computed by using either soil parameter of shear wave velocity (vs,30), standard penetration test (NSPT(blows/30cm)) or undrained shear strength
(Cu) in the upper 30m soil depth.

∑   Structurally independent


building refers to a building
∑  

that depends only on the
structural framing within its
Where ∑ d is equal to 30m. own footprint for stability
Pi is the soil parameter (vs,30 , NSPT(blows/30cm) or Cu) and and resistance against
actions.
di is the thickness of layer i between 0 and 30m.

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Table for Ground Types

Parameter, P, based on
Ground Shear-Wave NSPT Undrained
Type Description of Stratigraphic Profile Velocity, (blows/30cm) Shear
vs,30 (m/s) Strength, Cu
(kPa)
A Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5m of > 800 N/A N/A
weaker material at the surface.
B Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several 360 - 800 > 50 > 250
tens of meters in thickness, characterised by a gradual increase of
mechanical properties with depth.
C Deep deposits of dense or medium-dense sand, gravel or stiff clay 180 - 360 15 -50 70 - 250
with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meters.
D Deposits of loose- to-medium cohesion less soil (with or without < 180 < 15 < 70
some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm
cohesive soil.
S1 Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10m thick, of soft < 100 <5 10 - 20
clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > 40 ) and high water
content.

In determining the Ground Type,

The top 30m soil depth is taken from the existing ground level even if the development requires excavations for basement
construction.

If more than one of the 3 soil parameters mentioned in table above are available, the most onerous Ground Type determined from
these soil parameters shall be adopted.

The most onerous Ground Type shall be adopted if there are different Ground Types spatially distributed as determined from various
site investigations within the footprint of a building.

These rules shall apply regardless of whether the building is founded on piles that extend to hard soil stratum or not.

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Design Seismic Actions EN 1998-1:2013, CL3.2.1,

The earthquake gound motion in Singapore is represented by the horizontal elastic response spectrum. National Annex, BC3: 2013

T (sec) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Ground Type C 2.88 3.96 5.04 6.12 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 6.60 6.09 4.95
Acceleration, Se(T) at 5%
structural damping, (%g)
Elastic Spectral

Ground Type D 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 11.25 11.25 11.25 11.25 11.25

Ground Type S1 5.76 6.30 6.84 7.38 7.92 8.46 9.00 9.54 10.08 10.52 11.16 11.70 12.24 12.78 14.40

T (sec) 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Ground Type C 4.40 3.96 3.60 3.30 2.93 2.64 2.26 1.98 1.72 1.52 1.32 1.13 0.99 0.88 0.79
Acceleration, Se(T) at 5%
structural damping, (%g)
Elastic Spectral

Ground Type D 10.00 9.00 8.18 7.50 6.67 6.00 5.14 4.50 3.91 3.06 2.30 1.69 1.29 1.02 0.83

Ground Type S1 14.40 14.40 14.40 14.40 11.38 9.22 6.77 5.18 3.92 3.07 2.30 1.69 1.30 1.02 0.83

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Se(T) vs T Se(T) vs T
( For Ground Type C at 5% Structural Damping ) ( For Ground Type D at 5% Structural Damping )
8 12 TB
TB TC
Elastic Spectral Acceleration, Se(T) (%g)

Elastic Spectral Acceleration, Se(T) (%g)

TC
7
10
6
8
5
4 6
3 TD
4
2
TD 2
1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Structural Period, T (Sec) Structural Period, T (Sec)

Ground Type Soil Factor, S TB(sec) TC(sec) TD(sec)

Se(T) vs T
( For Ground Type S1 at 5% Structural Damping ) C 1.6 0.4 1.1 10.4
16
TB D 2.5 0.9 1.6 4.6
Elastic Spectral Acceleration, Se(T) (%g)

TC TD
14
12
S1 3.2 1.6 2.4 2.4

10 The design response Sd(T) is given by

 . 
8
 


6 Eq (1)
Eq (1)
4
2   ℎ  ! "#$%& %##&$%'! % 5% $*#*$%& %+"!
0 ,  ℎ +"'$%! -%#'$
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Structural Period, T (Sec) .  ℎ /ℎ%0'*$ -%#'$

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Ductility Class SS EN 1998-1:2013

DCL (low) National Annex
− Design without energy dissipation and ductility BC3-2003 CL 3.4
− q ≤ 1.5 for over strength
− design only according to EC2 – EC7 For DCL Ductility Class, the
upper limit of the
DCM (medium)/DCH(High)
reference value of the
− Design for energy dissipation (normally through ductility)
behaviour factor q shall be
− q>1.5 • 1.5 for concrete
− Global ductility buildings and
o Structure forced to remain straight in elevation through shear walls, bracing system or strong columns (ΣMRc>1.3ΣMRb in • 2.0 for steel &
frames) composite steel-
− Local ductility concrete buildings.
o Plastic hinges detailed for ductility capacity derived from q-factor Approximate
o Brittle failures prevented by overdesign/capacity design enhancements or
− Capacity design of foundations & foundation elements reductions shall be applied
o On the basis of overstrength of ductile elements of superstructure (Or: Foundation elements including piles are designed to this reference value
and detailed for ductility) based on structural
Differences between DCM and DCH regularity considerations
− q-values (usually q > 4 for DCH, 1.5 < q < 4 for DCM)
− Local ductility requirements – ductility of materials or section, member detailing, capacity design against brittle failure modes Also refer to paragraph “q”

Material limitations for different ductility classes

Ductility Class DCL (Low) DCM (Medium) DCH (High)
Concrete grade No Limit ≥ C16/20 ≥ C20/25
Steel class per EN 1992- 1-1, B or C B or C Only C
Table C1
Longitudinal bars Only ribbed Bars Only ribbed Bars
Steel overstrength No limit No limit fyk,0.95 ≤ 1.25fyk

As Singapore is in a low seismicity region, Ductility Class Low (DCL) design and detailing can be adopted.

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Importance Classes for Buildings SS EN 1998-1:2013: Table

The level of seismic action is depending on its important and consequences of failure (importance classes of building) 4.3, National Annex, BC3-
Importance Class Buildings Important Factor (γ1) 2003 CL 3.4
Ordinary Buildings other than those classified as 1.0
“Special” buildings.
Special Hospitals, fire stations, civil defence 1.4
installations, ministry offices and
institutional buildings.

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Behavour Factors horizontal seismic actions,q, for concrete buildings EN 1998-1:2013, CL5.2.2.2,
National Annex

V WX ≥ . Z
The upper limit of q for
where
low-dissipative structural
behaviour is 1.5.
qo is the basic value of the behavour factor, dependent on the type of the structural system and on its regularity in elevation.

kw is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls

Basic value of the behaviour factor, qo, for systems regular in elevation
Structural Type DCM DCH

Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 3.0 αu/α1 4.5 αu/α1

Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0 αu/α1

Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0

Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0

-For building which are not regular in elevation, the value of qo should be reduced by 20%, 0.8qo.

αu/α1 for various structural systems

Frames or frame-equivalent dual systems Wall- or wall-equivalent dual systems Buildings not regular in plan Higher αu/α1 value not
more than 1.5 could be
Structural Systems αu/α1 Structural Systems αu/α1 Structural Systems αu/α1 adopted with the
confirmation through a
One-storey buildings 1.1 Wall systems with only two uncoupled 1.0 One-storey buildings 1.05 nonlinear statics
walls per horizontal direction (pushover) global analysis.

Multistorey, one-bay frames 1.2 Other uncoupled wall systems 1.1 Multistorey, one-bay frames 1.1

Multistorey, multi-bay frames or 1.3 Wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall 1.2 Multistorey, multi-bay frames or 1.15
frame-equivalent dual structures systems frame-equivalent dual structures

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kw = 1.0 for frame and frame – equivalent dual system

= 0.5 < (1+αo)/3 ≤ 1.0 for wall, wall – equivalent and torsional flexible systems
∑ bcd
Where ∝a
; hgh  ℎ ℎ ℎ '- i%&&  %! lgh  ℎ &! ℎ '- ℎ #'! '- i%&& .
∑ ecd

Behavour Factors horizontal seismic actions,q, for Steel buildings EN 1998-1:2013, CL6.3.2,
National Annex
Upper limit of reference values of behaviour factors for systems regular in elevation
Structural Type Ductility Class -The upper limit of q for
DCM DCH low-dissipative structural
behaviour is 2.0.
a) Moment resisting frames 4 5αu/α1

b) Frame with concentric bracings

Diagonal bracings 4 4

V-bracings 2 2.5

c) Frame with eccentric bracings 4 5αu/α1

d) Inverted pendulum 2 2αu/α1

e) Structures with concrete cores or concrete walls Refer to concrete buildings

f) Moment resisting frame with concentric bracing 4 4αu/α1

g) Moment resisting frames with infills

Unconnected concrete or masonry infills, in contact with the frame 2 2

Connected reinforced concrete infills Refer to composite buildings

Infills isolated from moment frame (see moment frames) 4 5αu/α1

-If the building is non-regular in elevation, the upper limit values of q listed in Table above should be reduced by 20%.

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Structural Systems αu/α1 Higher αu/α1 value not

Moment Resisting Frames more than 1.6 could be
(Dissipative zones in beams and at adopted with the
bottom of columns) confirmation through a
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in nonlinear statics
plan (pushover) global analysis.

1.1 (1.05) 1.2(1.1) 1.3(1.15)

Frames with eccentric bracings
(dissipative zones in bending or shear
links)
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan

1.2(1.1)
Inverted Pendulum
a. Dissipative zones at the
column base
b. Dissipative zones in columns
(NED/Npl,RD < 0.3)
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan
1(1) 1.1(1.05)
Moment resisting frame combined
with concentric bracing
(dissipative zones in moment frame
and in tension diagonals)
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan

1.2(1.1)

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Behavour Factors horizontal seismic actions,q, for composite steel – concrete buildings EN 1998-1:2013, CL7.3.2,
Upper limits for reference values of behaviour factors for systems regular in elevation National Annex
Structural Type Ductility Class
DCM DCH -The upper limit of q for
low-dissipative structural
a) Composite moment resisting frames 4 5αu/α1 behaviour is 2.0.

b) Composite concentrically braced frames

Diagonal bracings 4 4

V-bracings 2 2.5

c) Composite eccentrically braced frames 4 5αu/α1

d) Inverted pendulum structures 2 2αu/α1

e) Composite structural systems

Composite walls (Type 1 and Type 2) 3αu/α1 4αu/α1

Composite or concrete walls coupled by steel or composite 3αu/α1 4.5αu/α1

beams (Type 3)

f) Composite steel plate shear walls 3αu/α1 4αu/α1

-If the building is non-regular in elevation, the upper limit values of q listed in Table above should be reduced by 20%.

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Structural Systems αu/α1 Higher αu/α1 value not

Composite moment resistanting more than 1.6 could be
frames (Dissipative zones in beams adopted with the
and at bottom of columns) confirmation through a
(---)
---) is for Building s not regular in nonlinear statics
plan (pushover) global analysis.

1.1 (1.05) 1.2(1.1) 1.3(1.15)

Composite eccentrically braced
frames (dissipative zones in bending
or shear links)
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan

1.2(1.1)
Inverted Pendulum
a. Dissipative zones at the
column base
b. Dissipative zones in columns
(NED/Npl,RD < 0.3)
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan
1(1) 1.1(1.05)
Composite structural systems
---)
---) is for Building s not regular in
plan

1.1(1.05)
Composite steel plate shear walls 1.2 (1.1 for buildings not regular in plan)

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According to BC3, the behaviour factor q can be adopted as 1.5 for all building types using spatial models BC3: 2013 CL 3.3

with the modal response spectrum method for structural analysis.

q

The q factor depends on the structural system, regularity and plan, and ductility class. After accounting for and
enhancements or reductions as per considerations below, a minimum value of 1.5 can be adopted for q factor in
determining the design seismic action for all building types (i.e. concrete, steel and composite steel-concrete structures).

Structural regularity: Regularity of the structure (in elevation and in plan) influences the required structural model (planar
or spatial), the required method of analysis and the required behaviour factor.

Regularity in plan : Regularity in plan may influence the magnitude of the seismic action (via the over strength factor,
αu/α1). A conservation approach could be adopted considering the structure as being irregular in plan without taking into
account any enhancements provided for the behaviour factor q if a regular structural configuration is adopted. This
approach would also require that a spatial rather than planar model be used for structural analysis.

Regularity in elevation : Regularity in elevation would determine if any reduction to the behaviour factor q is needed. A
conservative approach could be adopted considering the structure as being irregular in elevation by applying a 20%
reduction to the behaviour factor q. This approach would also require that the modal response spectrum method
method be used for
structural analysis.

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Criteria for regularity in plan EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.2.3.2

1. “Approximately” symmetrical distribution of mass and stiffness in plan with respect to two orthogonal axes.
2. A compact shape, i.e. one in which the perimeter line is always “polygonal convex (a polygon that has all interior angles less than 180
degrees) ”, or at least encloses not more than 5% of total area as shown in figure below.

3. The floor diaphragms shall be sufficiently stiff in-plane not to affect to the distribution of lateral loads between vertical elements.
This should be carefully examined in the branches of branched systems, such as L, C, H, I and X plan shapes.
4. The ratio of longer side to shorter side in plan does not exceed 4 (Lmax/Lmin < 4).

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5. The geometrical stiffness – lateral torsional response and torsional flexibility should be satisfied by the following expressions.

Lateral torsiuonal response condition – rx ≥ 3.33eox
– ry ≥ 3.33eoy

Torsionally rigidity condition – rx ≥ Is
– ry ≥ Is

e v wxv 
– st
u
y

∑|}~ 
– z{t
∑}~ 

∑}~‚ 
– €{t
∑}~‚ 

∑[|…|†‡ v }~ w…†‡ v }~‚ ]

– $| ≈ u ∑}~ 

∑[|…|†‡ v }~ w…†‡ v }~‚ ]

– $ ≈ u ∑}~‚ 

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6. In multi-storey buildings only approximate definations of the center of stiffness and the torsional radius are possible. A simplified
definition, for the classification of structural regularity in plan and for the approximate analysis of torsional effects, is possible if the
following two conditions are satidfied.

All primary members, run without interruption from the foundations to the top of the building.

The deflected shape of the individual systems under horizontal loads are not very different.

Criteria for regularity in elevation EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.2.3.3

1. All primary members, shall run without interruption from their foundations to the top of the building.
2. Mass and stiffness must either remain constant with height or reduce only gradually, without abrupt changes. In the absence of a
quantitative definition in EC8, it is recommended that the decrease with height may be considered gradual if both the mass and
stiffness of every storey is between 70% and 100% of that of the storey below.
3. In framed buildings the ratio of the actual storey resistance to the resistance required by the analysis should not vary
disproportionately between adjacent storeys.
4. Buildings with setbacks (i.e where the plan area suddenly reduce between successive storeys) are generally irregular, but may be
classified as regular if less than limit shown in figure below. This shows that the setbacks are symmetrical on each side, there is no
limit on overall reduction; however, for asymmetrical setbacks, the overall reduction is limited to 30% of the base width. The
exception is that an overall reduction in width of up to half is permissible within the lowest 15% of the height of the building. Note
that “overhangs” (i.e. inverted pyramid shapes) as opposed to “setback” are always classified as highly irregular.

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Consequences of structural regularity on seismic analysis and design EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.2.3.1,

Table 4.1
The structural regularity of the building is play significant role to the following aspects of the seismic design.
• Construction of structural model (planner or spatial model)
• Method of analysis (response spectrum analysis / lateral force procedure of a model)
• The value of behaviour factor q (low value of q is for building not regular in elevation)
Table 4.1 Consequences of structural regularity on seismic analysis and design
Regularity Allowed Simplification Behaviour factor
Plan Elevation Model Linear-elastic Analysis (for linear analysis)
Yes Yes Planar Lateral forcea Reference value
Yes No Planar Modal Decreased value
No Yes Spatialb Lateral forcea Reference value
No No Spatial Modal Decreased value
Notes:
− a
There are also maximum limits on the period of vibration for the lateral force method to be allowed.
− b
The reference behaviour factor is multiplied by 0.8 for buildings with irregular elevations.
− Torsionally flexible concrete buildings, defined are assigned much lower reference q values than equivalent concrete
buildings which are regular in plan also attract a lowered q value.
− Separate planar model may be used. i.e. It is abserved that equivalent linear analysis may not always be suitable for
irregular buildings. High irregular buildings.

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Method of analysis EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.

Analysis Criteria
Lateral force analysis • Regular in plan and elevation
• Regular in elevation and irregular in plan
• Fundamental period
T1 ≤ 4TC
T1 ≤ 2.0s
Response spectrum modal • Regular in plan and irregular in elevation
• Irregular in plan and elevation
• Fundamental period: Not special requirements
Non-linear • High irregular structures

Modelling EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.1

BC3-2013 CL 4.2
• The model of the building shall adequately represent the distribution of stiffness and mass in it so that all significant deformation
NOTES:
shapes and inertia forces are properly accounted for under the seismic action considered. In the case of non-linear analysis, the model => The diaphragm is taken
shall also adequately represent the distribution of strength. as being rigid, if, when it is
• The model should also account for the combination of joint regions to the deformability of the building, e.g. the end zones in beams modeled with its actual in-
or columns of frame type structures. Non-structural elements, which may influence the response of the primary seismic structure, plane flexibility, its
should also be accounted for. horizontal displacements
nowhere exceed those
• In general the structure may be considered to consist of a number of vertical and lateral load resisting systems, connected by
resulting from (the rigid
horizontal diaphragms. diaphragm assumption by
• When the floor diaphragms of the building may be taken as being rigid in their planes, the masses and the moments of inertia of each more than 10% of the
floor may be lumped at the centre of gravity. corresponding absolute
• In concrete buildings, in composite steel-concrete buildings and in masonry buildings the stiffness of the load bearing elements horizontal displacements in
should, in general, be evaluated taking into account the effect of cracking. Such stiffness should correspond to the initiation of the seismic design situation.
yielding of the reinforcement.
=> Foundation deformability
• Unless a more accurate analysis of the cracked elements is performed, the elastic flexural and shear stiffness properties of concrete (including the soil-structure
and masonry elell1ents may be taken to be equal to one-half of the corresponding stiffness of the uncracked elements. interaction) may always be
• Infill walls which contribute significantly to the lateral stiffness and resistance of the building should be taken into account. taken into account,
• The deformability of the foundation shall be taken into account in the model, whenever it may have an adverse overall influence on including the cases in which
the structural response. it has beneficial effects.

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Storey Weight, Wi EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.2.4

BC3-2013 CL 4.3
The storey weight, Wi , at storey i, taken when calculating the seismic actions should comprise the full permanent (or dead) plus the variable
National Annex
(or imposed) load multiplied by a factor ψEi.
ψEi . Imposed Load)
Wi(storey i) = Dead Load + Superimposed Dead Load + (ψ where ψEi = ψ2i . ϕ
ϕ
Category Storeys with Independently
Specific use ψ2i
of use Roof correlated occupied
occupancies storeys
Domestic, Residential (eg. rooms in residential buildings and houses; bedrooms
A and wards in hospitals; bedroom in hotels and hotel 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.5
kitchens and toilets)
B Offices 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.5
Congregation of people
• Areas with tables, etc. (eg. schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, reading
rooms, receptions);
• Areas with fixed seats. (eg. churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,
lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms);
• Areas without obstacles for moving people. (eg. museums, exhibition rooms,
C etc. and access areas in public and administration buildings, hotels, hospitals, 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5
railway station forecourts);
• Areas with possible physical activities. (eg. dance halls, gymnastic rooms,
stages);
• Areas susceptible to large crowds (eg. buildings for public events like concert
halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and access areas and railway
platforms)
D Shopping areas (eg. general retail shops and department stores) 0.6 1.0
Storage areas and industrial use (eg. archives and areas susceptible to
E 0.8 1.0
accumulation of goods, including access areas and industrial use)
F Traffic areas (vehicle weight ≤ 30kN) 0.6 1.0

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In a Category A building, for example a residential building, a ϕ value of 0.8 is to be adopted for all residential floors (see Figure A) as these
floors are correlated (i.e. interrelated) occupancies. However, if a floor in the residential building is designed as non-residential, for example
being designed to house communal facilities, the ϕvalue for that particular floor can be 0.5 (see Figure B). Likewise, for a hospital or hotel
building, a ϕ value of 0.8 is to be adopted for all the floors housing bed rooms and wards (in the case of hospitals) or bedrooms, kitchens and
toilets (in the case of hotels). However, if a floor in the building is designed not for occupancy as bedrooms and wards (in the case of
hospitals) or bedrooms, kitchens and toilets (in the case of hotels), for example being designed to house communal facilities (e.g. swimming
pool, café, restaurants), the ϕ value for that particular floor can be 0.5.

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In a Category B building (i.e. office building), the same principle will apply,where a ϕ value of 0.8 is to be adopted for all floors that are
designed for office occupancies. However, if a floor in the office building is designed for other occupancy, for example as refuge floor, the ϕ
value for that particular floor canbe 0.5.

In a Category C building, which is designed as a building for congregation of people, a ϕ value of 0.8 is to be adopted for all floors for such
occupancy. A ϕ value of 0.5 can be adopted for a floor which is not related to such occupancy.

In a mixed development comprising, say shopping areas (Category D) on the podium block and residential (Category A) on the tower block,
the adoption of ϕ value would be as follows, and as shown in Figure C:
• a ϕ value of 0.8 is to be adopted for all floors in the tower block designed for residential occupancy;
• a ϕ value of 1.0 is to be adopted for all floors in the podium block designed for shopping areas;
• a ϕ value of 0.5 is to be adopted for a floor in the tower block that is not designed for residential occupancy.

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Lateral force analysis method EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.2

BC3-2013 CL 4.4.3
λ
Fb = Sd(T1).W/g.λ where,

Fb = the seismic base shear force for each direction in which the building is analyzed
Sd(T1) = the ordinate of the horizontal design spectrum at period T1
T1 = the fundamental period of the vibration of the building for lateral motion in the direction considered
W = the total weight of the building ‰
∑ ‰h 
g = the gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s2
λ = the correction factor
= 0.85 if T1 ≤ 2TC and building has more than two storeys
= 1.00 otherwise

Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces to all storeys EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.2.3

BC3-2013 CL 4.4.2

Œ 
Š
Š‹
∑  Œ 
Where,

• Wi = the floor level storey weight

• zi = the height of the storey weight, Wi , above the level of
application of the seismic action (foundation level or top of
a rigid basement)
• n = the number of storeys
• Fb = the base shear due to seismic action
• Fi = the horizontal force acting at floor level i.

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Fundamental period of vibration T1 of the building EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.2.2

There are three methods can be used to determine the fundamental period of vibration of the buildings.
1. Methods of structural dynamics ( for example the Rayleigh method)
2. For buildings with heights of up to 40m

Ž
˜™ •š/› Where

H = the height of the building, in m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement

Ct = 0.085 for moment resistant space steel frames

= 0.075 for moment resistant space concrete frames and for eccentrically braced steel frames

= 0.050 for all other structures

For structures with concrete or masonary shear walls

œ.œž
˜™
Where
Ÿ †

&gh y
{
‘[h . ’0.2 + ” – —]
•

Ac = the total effective area of the shear walls in the first storey of the building. In m2.

Ai = the effective cross-sectional area of shear wall i in the direction considered in the first storey of the building, in m2.

H = the height of the building, in m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement

lwi = the length of the shear wall I in the first storey in the direction parallel to the applied forces, in m, with the restriction that
lwi/H should not exceed 0.9.

3. Ž
2. √ Where
d = the lateral elastic displacement of the top of the building, in m, due to the gravity loads applied in the horizontal direction.

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Model response spectrum analysis method EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.3

BC3-2013 CL 4.5
The design spectrum, Sd(T), derived from Eq (1) shall be used as input directly into any conventional structural analysis software as the lateral
Seismic Action when carrying out dynamic analysis using the modal response spectrum method. The response of all modes of vibration
contributing significantly to the global response shall be taken into account. This requirement is deemed to be satisfied if either of the
following criterias can be demonstrated:
• Criteria 1 – The sum of the effective modal masses for the modes taken into account amounts to at least 90% of the total mass of the
structure.
• Criteria 2 – All modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total mass are taken into account.

Requirement for spatial analysis

• Minimum number of modes – ¡ ≤ 3. √!
• Period of vibration of mode k, Tk ≤ 0.20s
Where
− k = the number of modes taken into account;
− n = the number of storeys above the foundation or the top of the rigid basement;
− Tk = the period of vibration of mode k.

Combination of model responses

• The response in two vibration modes i and j (with Tj ≤ Ti) : Tj ≤ 0.9.Ti ⇒ Seismic action effects : £}
u∑ £}h
y
(SRSS method)

• Otherwise ⇒ Seismic action effects : CQC method

Where
− EE = the seismic action effect under consideration (force, displacement, etc);
− EEi = the value of this seismic action effect due to the vibration mode i.

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Combination of the effect of the components of the seismic action EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.3.5
BC3-2013 CL 5.2

X-Direction
Horizontal (Independent)
seismic action is
to be acting
simultaneously X-Direction
(Independent)

Structural X-Direction
response (Independent)
spectrum
Shall be
evaluated X-Direction

separately (Independent)

Method 1 Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS)

Maximum
seismic action
calculation
Method 2 Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)

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Combination of the effect of the components of the seismic action, continue

EEdx “±” 0.30EEdy

0.30EEdx “±” EEdy

Method 1
Combination of
horizontal
components

The maximum value of each action effect on the structure due to the two horizontal components of
Method 2 the seismic action may be estimated by the square root of the sum of the squared values of the action
effect due to each horizontal component (SRSS method).

Behaviour factor q If the structural system or the regularity c1assification of the building in elevation is different in
different horizontal directions, the value of the behaviour factor q may also be different.

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Accidental torsional effects EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.2

BC3-2013 CL 5.3
In order to account for uncertainties in the location of masses and in the spatial variation of the Seismic Action, the calculated centre of mass
at each floor level i shall be considered as being displaced from its nominal location in each direction of analysis by an accidental eccentricity,
eai = ±0.05 Li
where
• eai = the accidental eccentricity of storey mass i from its nominal location, taken in the same direction at all floor levels;

• Li = the floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the Seismic Action.

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Drift Limitration EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.3.4,

4.4.3.2, BC3-2013 CL 7
The damage limitation should be verified by limiting the design inter-storey drift, dr , in accordance to the following formula.
0.005ℎ
¤ ≤
0. .

Where

• dr = the design inter-storey drift, evaluated as evaluated as the difference of the average lateral displacement, de at the top and
bottom of the storey under consideration.
• v = the reduction factor which take into account the lower return period of the seismic action associated with the damage limitation
requirement.
o v = 0.5 for ordinary buildings
o v = 0.4 for special buildings
o h = the height of the storey under consideration
o q = the behaviour factor
o de = the displacement of the same point of the structural system, as
determined by the analysis based on the design response spectrum

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Minimum Structural Separation for Buildings Above 20m High EN 1998-1:2013, CL4.4.2.7,
BC3-2013 CL 8
• The minimum structural separation for a new building from the property boundary line at each floor level should be ∆, where ∆ is
Note: Minimum structural
the deflection of the building at that floor level determined from the structural analysis multiplied by the behavior factor q adopted. separation is measured from
This minimum structural separation at each floor level should not be less than 0.1% of the height of that floor level measured from the key structural elements

the foundation or the top of a rigid basement. ∆i = qδei at the level i ≥ 0.1%Hi)
of the building and does not
include architectural
finishes.
• The minimum structural separation from adjacent buildings within the same development, ∆, at each floor level should be the
square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the deflections, ∆A and ∆B, where ∆A and ∆B are the deflections of the two buildings
respectively determined from the structural analysis at that floor level multiplied by the behavior factor q adopted. This minimum
structural separation at each floor level should not be less than 0.14% of the height of that floor level measured from the foundation

or the top of a rigid basement. ∆h

u∆ h
y
+ ∆y§h
Ÿ.¨©h y  + .¨©h y§ % &0&  ≥ 0.14%•h 

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Load Combinations_(P1) EN 1998-1:2013, CL3.2.4,

4.2.4, BC3-2013 CL 5,
National Annex

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Load Combinations_(P2)

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Load Combinations_(P3)

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Load Combinations_(P4)
ψEiQk EEdx Eedy
Sr. No. Gk GIFx GIFy
ψ2,i ϕ = ψEi Fdx eaiFdx Fdy eaiFdy
1 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -
2 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -
3 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -
4 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -
5 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -
6 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -
7 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -
8 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -
9 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -
10 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -
11 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -
12 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -
13 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -
14 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -
15 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -
16 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -
17 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 +1 -
18 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 +1 -
19 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 +1 -
20 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 +1 -
21 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 +1 -
22 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 +1 -
23 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 +1 -
24 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 +1 -
25 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 +1 -
26 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 +1 -
27 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 +1 -
28 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 +1 -
29 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 +1 -
30 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 +1 -
31 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 +1 -
32 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 +1 -
Combinations with “+” Geometric Imperfection in X-Direction

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Load Combinations_(P5)
ψEiQk EEdx Eedy
Sr. No. Gk GIFx GIFy
ψ2,i ϕ = ψEi Fdx eaiFdx Fdy eaiFdy
33 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -
34 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -
35 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -
36 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -
37 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -
38 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -
39 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -
40 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -
41 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -
42 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -
43 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -
44 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -
45 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -
46 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -
47 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -
48 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -
49 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 -1 -
50 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 -1 -
51 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 -1 -
52 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 -1 -
53 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 -1 -
54 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 -1 -
55 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 -1 -
56 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 -1 -
57 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 -1 -
58 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 -1 -
59 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 -1 -
60 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 -1 -
61 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 -1 -
62 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 -1 -
63 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 -1 -
64 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 -1 -
Combinations with “-” Geometric Imperfection in X-Direction

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Load Combinations_(P6)
ψEiQk EEdx Eedy
Sr. No. Gk GIFx GIFy
ψ2,i ϕ = ψEi Fdx eaiFdx Fdy eaiFdy
65 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 - +1
66 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 - +1
67 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 - +1
68 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 - +1
69 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 - +1
70 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 - +1
71 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 - +1
72 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 - +1
73 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 - +1
74 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 - +1
75 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 - +1
76 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 - +1
77 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 - +1
78 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 - +1
79 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 - +1
80 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 - +1
81 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 - +1
82 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 - +1
83 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 - +1
84 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 - +1
85 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 - +1
86 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 - +1
87 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 - +1
88 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 - +1
89 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 - +1
90 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 - +1
91 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 - +1
92 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 - +1
93 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 - +1
94 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 - +1
95 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 - +1
96 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 - +1
Combinations with “+” Geometric Imperfection in Y-Direction

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Load Combinations_(P7)
ψEiQk EEdx Eedy
Sr. No. Gk GIFx GIFy
ψ2,i ϕ = ψEi Fdx eaiFdx Fdy eaiFdy
97 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 - -1
98 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 - -1
99 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 - -1
100 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 - -1
101 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 - -1
102 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 - -1
103 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 - -1
104 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 - -1
105 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 +0.3 - -1
106 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 +0.3 -0.3 - -1
107 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 +0.3 - -1
108 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 +1 -0.3 -0.3 - -1
109 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 +0.3 - -1
110 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 +0.3 -0.3 - -1
111 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 +0.3 - -1
112 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 - -1
113 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 - -1
114 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 - -1
115 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 +1 - -1
116 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 +1 - -1
117 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 - -1
118 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 - -1
119 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 +1 -1 - -1
120 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 +1 -1 - -1
121 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 - -1
122 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 - -1
123 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 +1 - -1
124 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 +1 - -1
125 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 - -1
126 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 +0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 - -1
127 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 +0.3 -1 -1 - -1
128 1 0.3 0.8 0.24 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 - -1
Combinations with “-” Geometric Imperfection in Y-Direction

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Foundation Design BC3-2013 CL6

• If Ductility Class Low (DCL) is adopted for the design, the reaction forces derived directly from the structural shall be used in the
design of foundation elements. Reference shall also be made to BS EN 1998-5 where applicable.
• If Ductility Class Medium (DCM) or Ductility Class High (DCH) is adopted for the design, the requirements of Clause 4.4.2.6 of SS EN
1998-1 shall be adhered to.

Structural Systems EN 1998-1:2013, CL5.1.2

Structural Descriptions
System
Frame System Structural system in which both the vertical and lateral
loads are mainly resisted by a spatial frames whose shear
resistance at the building base exceeds 65% of the total
shear resistance of the whole structural system.

Dual System Structural system in which support for vertical load is

(Frame or Wall mainly provided by a spatial frame and resistance to
Equivalent) lateral loads is contributed to in part by frame system and
in part by structural walls, coupled or uncoupled.
Frame-equivalent dual system
Dual system in which the shear resistance of the frame
system at the building base is greater than 50% of the
total shear resistance of the whole system
Wall-equivalent dual system
Dual system in which the shear resistance of the walls at
the building base is higher than 50% of the total shear
resistance of the whole system

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Ductile Wall Structural system in which both vertical and lateral loads
System (couple are mainly resisted by vertical structural walls, either
or uncouple) coupled or uncoupled, whose shear resistance at the
building base exceed 65% of the shear resistance of the
whole structural system

System of Large Wall with large cross-sectional dimensions, that is, a

Lightly horizontal dimension lw at least equal to 4.0m or two-
Reinforced Walls thirds of the height hw of the wall, whichever is less.

Inverted System in which 50% or more of the mass is in the upper

Pendulum third of the height of the structure.
System

Torsionally Dual or wall system in which not having a minimum

Flexible tensional rigidity

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