Bachelor of Architecture

Cosmos College of Management and Technology

Structure IV
Course Coordinator:

Dr. Er. Bharat Pradhan (B.Eng., M.Sc., P.hD.)

Chairman (Pro Eth. Pvt. Ltd.)
Technical Advisor (Avtech Company Pvt. Ltd.)
Scientific Committee Member (ReLUIS, Italy)
Lecture on Wind Loads

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Tower West (KLIA) – 133.8 m Tower East (KLIA) – 120 m
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Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok – 132.2 m Helix-Like Edinburgh Airport Tower 60 m

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 ATC tower at Indira Gandhi International
Airport, Delhi (102 m)

JFK International Airport Tower, New York – 97 m

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 Torch-Like San Francisco Airport Tower 67 m

Mumbai International Airport ATC Tower – 84 m

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Damage due to wind load
Transmission Towers

Mexico, Nov 2008 Mexico, April 2014

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Hernandez et al. 2016
Damage due to wind load

Wind Turbine

28 October 2021

Enercon and Nordex wind turbine blades in

Tornado, 14 June 2021, Texas
Germany and France

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 Wind loads on Structure
Wind
direction Suction on roof

Positive
Positive Negative
Internal
pressure

Opening
On upstream
side
 Wind loads on Structure
Wind
direction Suction on roof

Positive Negative
Negative
Internal
pressure

Opening
On downstream
side
Design for wind loads

According to NBC 104:1994,

Nepal has been divided into two regions:

a) the lower plains and hills and, b) the mountains

• The first zone includes the southern plains of the Terai, the Kathmandu
Valley, and those regions of the country generally below an elevation of
3000 meters and

• The second zone covers all areas above 3000 meters.

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Design for wind loads

For the Nepalese plains continuous with the Indian plains, wind load
according to IS 875 (Part III):1987 is applicable.

IS 875 (Part III):1987 suggests a basic velocity of 47 m/s for the plains.

This is a design level basic wind speed having a return period of 50 years.

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Design for wind loads

As per NBC 104: 1994, as per IS 875 (Part 3):1987 / (revised 2015)

The design wind velocity for a structure has to be estimated based on the

• Probability/ risk factor (k1)

• terrain, and height factor (k2)

• topography factor (k3)

• Importance factor for cyclonic region (k4)

NBC 104 advises collecting data on wind direction and speed with the help
of appropriate instruments while designing important light roof-type
structure.

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Risk Factor K1

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Terrain Category

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To obtain the wind speed at
different heights, in each terrain
category for different sizes of
buildings/structures, the basic
wind speed shall be multiplied
by terrain and height factor

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Topography factor
The basic wind speed only considers the general level of site above sea
level.

It means, Basic wind speed does not consider for the local topographic
features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, etc. which affect the wind speed.

Due to topography effect, near the summit of hills or cliff, the wind speed is
acclerated and the wind speed is deccelerated at valleys or at the foot of
hills and cliff.

The effect of topography will be significant at a site when the upwind slope
is greater than about 3 degree, and below that, the value of k3 may be taken
to be equal to 1. The value of k3 is confined in the range of 1 to 1.36 for
slopes greater than 3 degree. 17
Importance factor for cyclonic load k4
IS 875, part III (2015) suggests an importance factor k4 for structures
subjected to cyclonic load.

(It is relevant for any structures within 60 km from the coastal line)

For non-cyclonic region k4 = 1.0

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 Design for wind loads
Design Wind Speed Vz
Note: In IS 875:1987, there is no factor k4
Vz = Vb * K1*K2*K3*K4 For non-cyclonic region k4 = 1.0

where Vb is the Basic wind speed

As per IS 875(part3):1987, Design Wind Pressure at any height above mean ground
level as per IS 875: 1987)

Pz = 0.6 x Vz2 If the design speed Vz is in m/s, Pd is obtained in N/m2

But as per the revised IS 875(part3):2015, the Design Wind Pressure is

Pd = Pz*Ka*kd*kc

Kd = wind directionality factor, Ka = area averaging factor, Kc = combination factor

Note: Pd should not be taken less than 0.70 Pz
(Not necessary to calculate Pd in the exam unles ka,kd,kc is given, assume Pd=Pz) 19
Design for wind loads

Wind force on the surface of individual members

F= (Cpe - Cpi ) x A x Pd

Cpi is the Internal Pressure Coefficient and it depends upon the degree of
permeability of the cladding to the airflow. These coefficients are to be taken
as positive or negative depending upon the direction of flow. The value of
∓ 0.2, ∓ 0.5, ∓ 0.7 depend upon the percentage of opening in the surface.

For normal permeability, Cpi should be taken as ∓ 0.2

Cpe is the External Pressure Coefficient and it depends on the surface of the
structure (wall, roof, overhangs, cylindrical structures, frames).
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Design for wind loads

External Pressure
Coefficients For
Walls of
Rectangular Clad
Buildings
Note:

h is the height to eaves or

parapet

l is the greater horizontal

dimension of a building and

w is the lesser horizontal

dimension of a building

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 Design for wind loads

External
Pressure
Coefficients
For Pitched
Roof of
Rectangular
Clad
Buildings

Note:

h is the height to eaves or parapet

w is the span of the truss 22
Design for wind loads

Force Coefficients

The value of force coefficients apply to a structure or a building as a whole.

The wind force is obtained by multiplying the force coefficient ‘Cf ’ with the
effective frontal area ‘Ae’ of the building and the design wind pressure ‘Pd’.

F = Cf * Ae* Pd

The force coefficient depends upon the shape of the structures and is different
for structures with and without claddings.

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Design for wind loads

Force Coefficients

Force Coefficients
For rectangular buildings
In uniform flow

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Design for wind loads

Force Coefficients

Force Coefficients for flad buildings of uniform cross section of different

shapes from IS 875 (part 3): 2015 and IS 875(part 3): 1987

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Design for wind loads

Force Coefficients

Force Coefficients for flad buildings of uniform cross section of different

shapes from IS 875 (part 3): 2015 and IS 875(part 3): 1987

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Numerical Problems

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Numerical Problems
Example 1:
Calculate the wind pressure for the design of a sloped roof truss
located at Nawalparasi, which has a span of 12 m and pitch of 1/4.
The height of the eaves is 6m above the ground level and the
permeability is normal. Take probability/risk factor k1=1.0,
terrain/height factor k2=0.8 and topography factor k3=1. Assume
basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/s.

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 Numerical Problems
Example 1:
Calculate the wind pressure for the design of a sloped roof truss
located at Nawalparasi, which has a span of 12 m and pitch of 1/4.
The height of the eaves is 6m above the ground level and the
permeability is normal. Take probability/risk factor k1=1.0,
terrain/height factor k2=0.8 and topography factor k3=1. Assume
basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/s.
Basic wind Speed = Vb = 47 m/s
Risk coefficient = K1 = 1
Terrain/height/structur
Solution: e size factor = K2 = 0.8
Pitch 1 in 4 Topography factor = K3 = 1
i.e. rise 1m
length 4m Design wind Speed = Vz = K1*K2* K3*Vb
slope 14.04degree 37.6 m/s

total rise 1.5m Design wind Presure = Pz = 0.6 x Vz2

848.256 N/m2
Height of eaves = h= 6 m 0.848 kN/m2
Rise of Truss = r = 1.5 m
Span of Truss = w = 12 m 29
Numerical Problems
Example 1:
Solution:

Total Pressure = Pt = ( Cpe - Cpi ) x Pz

For normal permeability, Internal Pressure Coefficient = Cpi +/- 0.2

External Pressure Coefficient = Cpe

Referring to IS 875(part3):1987 (rev.2015)

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Numerical Problems
Example 1:
Solution:
Parameters Roof Slope (degree) Wind Angle = 0o Wind Angle = 90o
EF GH EG FH
Surfaces (Windward) (Leeward) (Windward) (Leeward)
Cpe 10 -1.200 -0.4 -0.800 -0.6
20 -0.4 -0.4 -0.700 -0.6
Therefore, Cpe 14 -0.88 -0.40 -0.76 -0.60
Taking Cpi (-ve) -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
Cpe-Cpi -0.68 -0.20 -0.56 -0.40
Pz in kN/m2 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Pt in kN/m2 -0.577 -0.170 -0.475 -0.339

Taking Cpi (+ve) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Cpe-Cpi -1.080 -0.600 -0.960 -0.800
Pz in kN/m2 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.848
Pt in kN/m2 -0.916 -0.509 -0.814 -0.679

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Numerical Problems
Example 2:
Calculate the wind force for the design of a sloped roof truss
located at Nawalparasi, which has a span of 12 m and pitch of 1/4.
The height of the eaves is 6m above the ground level and the
permeability is normal. Take probability/risk factor k1=1.0,
terrain/height factor k2=0.8 and topography factor k3=1. Assume
basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/s. Consider the length of the building
is 16m and there are 4 purlins on each side of the truss slope.

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Numerical Problems
Example 2:
Calculate the wind force for the design of a sloped roof truss
located at Nawalparasi, which has a span of 12 m and pitch of 1/4.
The height of the eaves is 6m above the ground level and the
permeability is normal. Take probability/risk factor k1=1.0,
terrain/height factor k2=0.8 and topography factor k3=1. Assume
basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/s. Consider the length of the building
is 16m and there are 4 purlins on each side of the truss slope.

Solution:

Pitch 1 in 4
i.e. rise 1m
length 4m
slope 14.04degree

total rise 1.5m

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Numerical Problems
Example 2:

Location of building = Nawalparasi

Plan area = A= 12m x 16m
Height of eaves = h= 6 m
Rise of Truss = r= 1.5 m
Length of structure = l= 16 m
Span of Truss = w= 12 m
Sloping Length of each side of
roof truss = ls = √ ( r2+(w/ 2 )2)
= 6.18 m
Truss spacing = S= 16 m
Roof Angle = α= 14.04 º

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Numerical Problems
Example 2:

Basic wind Speed = Vb = 47 m/s

Risk coefficient = K1 1
Terrain/height/structure size
factor = K2 0.8
Topography factor = K3 1

Design wind Speed = Vz = K1*K2* K3*Vb

37.6 m/s

Design wind Presure = Pz = 0.6 x Vz2

848.256 N/m2
0.848 kN/m2

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 Numerical Problems
Example 2: Wind Angle = Wind Angle =
Parameters Roof Slope (degree) 0o 90o
EF GH EG FH
(Wind (Leewa (Windwa (Leew
Surfaces ward) rd) rd) ard)
Cpe 10 -1.200 -0.4 -0.800 -0.6
20 -0.4 -0.4 -0.700 -0.6
Therefore, Cpe 14 -0.88 -0.40 -0.76 -0.60
F= (Cpe - Cpi ) x A x Pd Taking Cpi (-ve) -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
Cpe-Cpi -0.680 -0.200 -0.560 -0.400
Pz in KN/m2 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Pt in KN/m2 -0.577 -0.170 -0.475 -0.339
Zone E F G H
Effective Area Ae 24.74 24.74 24.74 24.74
Wind force (kN ) Wind Angle = 0o -14.27 -14.27 -4.20 -4.20
Wind Angle = 90o -11.75 -8.39 -11.75 -8.39
Number of Panels
(number of purlin-1) 3 3 3 3
W.L. acting on internal
purlin joints Wind Angle = 0o -4.757 -4.757 -1.399 -1.399
Wind Angle = 90o -3.917 1.765 8.400 6.000
W.L. acting on joint of
ridge & shoe Wind Angle = 0o -2.378 -2.378 -0.699 -0.699
Wind Angle = 90o -1.959 0.882 4.200 363.000
Numerical Problems
Example 2:

Taking Cpi (+ve) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Cpe-Cpi -1.080 -0.600 -0.960 -0.800
Pz in KN/m2 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.848
Pt in KN/m2 -0.916 -0.509 -0.814 -0.679
Zone E F G H
Effective Area Ae 24.74 24.74 24.74 24.74
Wind force (kN ) Wind Angle = 0o -22.66 -22.66 -12.59 -12.59
Wind Angle = 90o -20.15 -16.79 -20.15 -16.79
Number of Panels
(number of purlin-1) 3 3 3 3
W.L. acting on internal
purlin joints Wind Angle = 0o -7.554 -7.554 -4.197 -4.197
Wind Angle = 90o -6.715 2.222 4.800 4.000
W.L. acting on joints of
ridge & shoe Wind Angle = 0o -3.777 -3.777 -2.098 -2.098
Wind Angle = 90o -3.358 1.111 2.400 2.000

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