ENERGY

Energy
 Energy is the capacity of a system to do work.
 Without energy our body & society would be unable
to perform.
 For example, the heating value of a fuel is used to
measure energy.
 Importance of energy in our lives

 Our human body would be unable to perform respiratory, circulatory,

or digestive functions without energy .
 Plants would be unable to complete the chlorophyll process of
converting the light from the sun rays into chemical energy.
 Motors would be unable to perform without the use of a source of
electric energy.
Importance of energy in our lives.

 Energy plays an integral part in the progress of

human kind.
 Since the beginning of mankind, we have made use
of wood, water, and fossil fuels as a means of
heating and making machines work.
Importance of energy in our
lives.

 Energy plays a key role in all facets of our lives. It

plays an integral part of who we are and what we
do.
 A society cannot maintain economic growth and
subsist without energy.
 Societies are dependent on energy production and
use. Without energy we cannot enjoy the advances
of a technological society.
Importance of energy in our
lives.

 Everything we consume makes usage of energy in

the production and manufacturing process.
 Energy is needed to run machinery, to produce
work or make more energy.
 History of energy

 Since the beginning of history, people have looked

for ways of making work easier.
 At first they domesticated animals in order to
perform hard labor.
 With simple inventions such as the wheel, the lever,
and the ramp, they made it possible to move their
civilizations forward and accomplish great projects.
 They also made use of wood and coal to heat up
their homes, in addition to water to mill wood and
ground grain.
History of energy

 From the eighteenth century onwards, coal was the

most important energy source, it can be said that our
industrial civilization has been built on coal.
 Oil production started early twentieth century and with
the introduction of the internal combustion engine as
used in cars, trucks, airplanes but also in stationary
applications, its use has rapidly grown. By 1966 oil
production exceeded coal .
What is energy?

 Energy is the potential for performing work.

 It is measured in the unit: J (joule).
 Energy flow rate is measured by the
Unit W(watt), which is the flow of 1 J per 1 s
(J/s).
 An accepted energy unit is the Wh (watt-
hour), i.e. the energy that would flow if the
rate of 1W were maintained for 1 h.
 As there are 3600 s in an hour, 1Wh = 3600
J or 1kWh = 3600 kJ = 3.6 MJ.
Some obsolete energy units still in use

 barrel (of oil) ( brl ) (6 × 109 J) (6 GJ)

1667(kWh)
 tonne oil equivalent (TOE) 4.1868 × 1010 J
41.868 GJ 11630(kWh)
 British thermal unit (Btu ) 1.055 kJ
0.293(kWh)
 Forms of Energy

 Energy comes in many different forms. Based on the

1st law of thermodynamic that states that energy
cannot be destroyed, but only transformed, many
of the forms of energy can be transformed to other
types of energy. The most important forms are:

 Mechanical energy :Mechanical energy can

take two main forms.
I. Kinetic energy
II. Potential energy
 Kinetic energy is possessed by a body in
motion and it is proportionate to the mass
of the body (M) and to the square of its
velocity (v):
 Ek = ½ Mv 2
 Potential energy (or positional energy) is
possessed by a body which would be free
to fall over a vertical distance (height, h),
i.e.height relative to a reference level
 Ep = M* g *h
where g is the gravitational
acceleration, 9.81m/s2
 (kg × m/s2 × m = kg.m 2/s2 = J)
 An example of such potential energy in everyday
use is water in an elevated dam, e.g. with a level
difference of 100m 1m3(1kL)of water would have
the potential energy
 Ep = 1000 × 9.81 × 100 = 981 000 J = 981 kJ
 if this 1m 3 water flowed in 1 s, it would have a power
of 981kW.
 Chemical Energy :is stored in a substance that
is released through a chemical reaction.
Examples, fuels (coal , petrol, diesel,LPG
etc.)Burning is a chemical reaction. During
burning process, chemical reaction releases
heat and light energy. Food is also chemical
energy.
 Heat Energy: burning releases heat energy. It is
measured in calories.
 1calories amount of heat energy needed to raise
temperature of 1gof water by 1⁰C.
 1 calorie= 4.2J
 Sound Energy: it helps to hear. It is
produced through vibrations
 Light Energy: light energy helps us see.
Source of light are sun, bulb, led light
candle etc.
 Electrical Energy:
Source of Energy

The sources of energy are divided into

two groups:
 Renewable
 Nonrenewable.
Renewable sources of Energy

 These sources constitutes:

▪ Energy from sun
▪ Energy from wind
▪ Flowing water
▪ Ocean waves
▪ Earth
▪ wood
Nonrenewable sources of
Energy

 Also called as exhaustible source of energy.

Sources of energy

1. Wind energy
2. Solar Energy
3. Wave Energy
4. Tidal Energy
5. Geothermal Energy
6. Biomass Energy
7. Energy from wastes
8. Hydropower Energy
9. Fossil fuels(Oil, Natural gas, Coal)
10. Nuclear Energy
1. Wind energy

 What actually is wind?

 What makes the air flow?
 Why is the flow different at different
places?
Day Time Night Time
 During day time Air flows from sea to land
 During Night time Air flows from land to sea
 Mankind has been making use of wind
power for centuries. One of the first known
uses was to propel sailing ships.
 Wind energy is used to make ELECTRICITY
 Wind turbine is a device that
converts kinetic energy from the wind into
electrical power.
 Denmark is known as country of winds.
 25% of electricity is generated by windmills.
 In terms of total output Germany leads the
world.
 More than 20,000 wind turbines are used
around the world for generating
electricity. The optimum size of wind
turbines appears to be around 300 to 500
kilowatts
Limitation of windmills

 Windmill can be setup at only specific

places.
 If the winds constantly remain over 8-10
mph.
 The windmill setup is very expensive.
 The blades are exposed to environmental
factors like sun, storm, rain etc. hence
needed higher maintenance, increasing
further cost.
2.Solar energy

 Visible Light Energy

 Infrared Heat Energy
 Small amount of Ultraviolet Radiations
 Solar Energy is the most inexhaustible,
cleanest and free source of energy.
 The atmosphere of earth receives around
1.4KJ/m 2
 Only 40%(0.64 KJ/m2) of this reaches on
the earth surfaces.
Advantages of Solar Energy

 It is free of cost
 It causes no pollution.
 It is renewable source of energy.
 Ways to harness Solar Energy

 Indirect Method Does not utilize use of direct sunlight

 Direct Method direct use of sunlight to produce energy
 Solar cookers
 Solar cells
 Indirect Method Does not utilize use of direct sunlight
a. Solar Energy Chemical Energy By converting to Biomass.
 b. Using Wind Energy
Water Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy
Wave Energy.
 Direct Method direct use of sunlight to produce energy
▪ Solar cookers
▪ Solar cells
 3. Wave Energy

Wave Energy can satisfy world’s 40% need.

 3. Wave Energy

 Wave energy was recognized 800 years ago but work

started for this technology was only in mid 17 th.
 Various devices are developed for extracting energy.
Several countries including the U.K have significant
potential for using wave energy.
 For this energy, cyclone with very forceful air is utilized.
Advantages of waves

 Advantages of waves:
 Non polluting and continuous source of energy.
 It will remain long period of time.

 Disadvantages of waves:
 Current technology cannot utilize wave energy
efficiently.
 The equipment for utilizing wave energy would
be expensive as they have to withstand severe
weather condition.
 4.Tidal Energy

 The rise and fall of the water level is known as tide.

 Tides are caused twice a day.
 Tides are the waves caused due to the gravitational
pull of the moon and also sun(though its pull is very
low).
 The rise is called high tide and fall is called low tide.
 The tidal energy forms a large source of energy and
can be harnessed in some of the coastal areas of the
world.
 Tidal dams are built near shores for this purpose.
• During high tide, the water flows into the dam and during low tide,
water flows out which result in turning the turbine.

High Tide Low Tide

 The largest tidal power station is at La Rance, in Britanny and has
capacity of 240MW.
 The advantage is that Tides are predictable and they happen twice
a day.
 The disadvantage is that there are very few specific sites for tidal
energy utilization.
 5. Geothermal Energy

 Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the

earth itself, usually from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust. So, this
energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
 There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot
dry rocks .
 Advantage:
 The steam is made naturally hence no source is
required to produce steam. Steam from high-
temperature geothermal fluids can be used to
drive turbines and generate electrical power.
 Lower temperature fluids provide hot water for
space-heating purpose, heat for greenhouses
and industrial uses, and hot or warm springs at
resort spas.

 Disadvantage:
 Geothermal hotspots are very few, so
Geothermal power plants are limited.
6.Biomass Energy

 Biomass describes all solid material of animal or vegetable origin from

which energy may be extracted.
 Plant products (such as corn husks, branches, or peanut shells),
waste paper, and cow dung are examples of biomass fuels.
 Biomass can be heated, burned, fermented, or treated chemically to
release energy.
Cow-dung
 Biomass( Cow-dung) is not an effective source of
energy.
 It has low efficiency.
 It produces a lot of smoke while burning.
 Cow-dung and farm waste can be utilized as a
good source of energy by converting Biomass to
Biogas.
6. Biomass Energy

Categories of biomass materials:

There are five basic categories of material:
1. Virgin wood, from forestry, arboricultural activities or from wood
processing
2. Energy crops: high yield crops grown specifically for energy
applications
3. Agricultural residues: residues from agriculture harvesting or
processing.
4. Food waste: from food and drink manufacture, preparation and
processing, and post-consumer waste.
5. Industrial waste: and co-products from manufacturing and
industrial processes.
 7. Energy from wastes

 Wastes are generally generated from domestic, commercial and

industrial sectors which may be paper, food wastes, sewage etc. this
wastes is seen as a problem which may be solved by land filling.
 Land filling may be useful in generation of energy in the form of
methane gas.
8. Hydropower

 The energy due to motion of substance is known as

KINETIC ENERGY.
 The kinetic energy of water will be converted into
Electrical Energy.
 Major requirement in this case is flowing water.
 8. Hydropower

 Energy in water can be harnessed and used.

 Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to produce
electricity.
 Hydropower is one of the main suppliers of electricity in the world
which produces about 20% of the world's electricity.
 Drawback of Hydro-power plant
 A lot of area gets submerged in the reservoir resulting in
displacement of people and flora and fauna also
submerged.
 9.Fossil fuel

 Fossil fuels were formed over millions and millions of years by the
action of heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil
on the remains (or "fossils") of dead plants and animals.
 Fossil fuel

 Different types of fossil fuels were formed depending on what

combination of animal and plant debris was present, how long the
material was buried, and what conditions of temperature and
pressure existed when they were decomposing.
 For example, oil and natural gas were created from organisms that
lived in the water and were buried under ocean or river sediments.
Fossil fuel

 Long after the great prehistoric seas and rivers

vanished, heat, pressure and bacteria combined to
compress and "cook" the organic material under
layers of silt.
 In most areas, thick liquid called oil formed first, but
in deeper, hot regions underground, the cooking
process continued until natural gas was formed.
Fossil fuel

 Coal formed from the dead remains of trees, ferns and other plants
that lived 300 to 400 million years ago.
 In some areas, coal was formed from swamps covered by seawater.
 The seawater contained a large amount of sulfur, and as the seas
dried up, the sulfur was left behind in the coal.
 Coal is a rock that burns as it releases energy.
 It is mostly made of the chemical element carbon.
 Coal is extracted by heavy equipment from large mines.
 Heat from the burning coal is used to generate steam that used to
spin one or more turbines which generates electricity.
 So, coal is the largest source of fuel for electricity production, and
also the largest source of environmental harm.
Fossil fuel

 Oil is used primarily for transportation fuels, for power production,

heat and as a feedstock for chemicals.
 Crude oil is extracted from oilfields located on land or offshore in the
ocean.
 Crude oil is then converted to more refined products in large oil
refineries.
 Oil is burned to heat a boiler that produces steam. Once steam is
produced it spins a turbine that generates electricity.
 Petroleum (oil) is formed from the decay of plants and animals that
lived millions of years ago.
 This process consumed most of the oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus,
and sulfur and left behind deposits high in hydrogen and carbon.
 As the layers of sediment increased, so did the pressure and
temperature, creating fossil fuels.
 Higher temperatures produced lighter petroleum, while lower
temperatures produced thicker asphalt-type materials.
Fossil fuel

 Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, used mostly for
space and water heating in buildings and running industrial
processes and also is used in turbines to produce electricity.
 Natural Gas is made up mostly of methane.
 Methane, a combination of hydrogen and carbon, is formed when
plants and animals (organic matter) are trapped beneath the
sedimentary layers of the earth.
 Millions of years ago these organisms died and were buried along
with mud and sand, usually on the floors of lakes, oceans and river
beds. The organic matter was slowly broken down by bacteria.
 10. Nuclear Energy

 The principle of producing electricity by heat is the same in nuclear

power production as in coal or oil based energy production.
 In a nuclear power plant the heat needed for producing electricity is
generated in a nuclear reactor by the fission of atomic nuclei.
 This energy is "trapped" inside each atom. Atoms can be split apart.
Doing so releases tremendous energy. This process is called nuclear
fission. This energy makes heat, which can be used to make steam
and turn the turbines to generate electricity.
 The problem with nuclear power plants is the production of
radioactive waste material, which must be taken care of and
disposed. However, nuclear power plants are non-polluting sources,
unlike other fossil-fired power plants.