Structural Steel Work

Introduction

• Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction

materials in a variety of shapes.
• Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam
having a profile of a specific cross section.
• Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical
properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated
by standards in most industrialized countries.
Properties of steels
In design:

• Large spans
• With columns of small sections
• Great building heights and high loadbearing
capacity
• Combined with low dead weight of the
structure
• Structural systems in which openings can be easily
provided
• To simplify installation of services
Properties of steels
In Construction:

• Prefabrication and erection of components Shorter

construction time
• Close dimensional tolerances
• Ease in fixing and cladding
• Erection independent of weather conditions Modest
demand on space on the site
• Dry construction
Properties of steels
In Use:
• Greater flexibility
• Limited no. of internal supports
• Adaptability of frame work to change of use
• Increasing effective life of building
• Ease in dismantling or demolition
Demerits of steels

• Paint regularly, high maintenance cost

• Vulnerable to fire
• Variation in depth of welded girders
• Slight variation in member length
• Inaccurate location of holes
Structural steel construction

• Foundation
• Column
• Beam
• Roof
Structural steel construction

• The cross sectional properties of a steel member are

identified by its shape.
• The various names given to the members of different
shapes are Angles ; T-section; I- section; Z-section;
Channel; H-section….and so on .
• Each shape has its particular use in steel structures.
Structural steel construction

Standard structural steel sections or frames

• Angle section
• T-section
• Channel section
• I-section
• Flat
• Plate
• Bars
• Pipes
 1. Angle section
A structural steel member having an
L-shaped cross section.

• Equal and unequal sections

• Used for light framing and bracing
• Stiffen the beam joist, column etc.
• Used as substitute for joist and column.
Joist is a length of timber or steel supporting part of the
structure of a building, typically arranged in parallel series to
support a floor or ceiling.
Stiffen the beam joist

Angle section parallel to each other

(DOUBLE ANGLE)
 2. T-section

• equal leg tees, where the width and

the height have the same measure,
• unequal-flange tees, having the
height being half the width’s measure,
• tee-sections with a much greater
height compared to the width,
generally used in curtain walls.
Curtain wall systems are non-
structural cladding systems for
the external walls of buildings.
They are generally associated
with large, multi-storey buildings.
 3. Channel section
A channel section is defined as the cross-
section taken perpendicular to the main flow
direction

• steel channel is rolled from

steel sheet into C or U
shapes
• consists of a wide "web"
and two "flanges".
• The flanges could be
parallel or tapered.
 Channel section Uses

•Tracks & sliders for machines,

doorways, etc..
•Posts and supports for building
corners, walls & railings.
•Protective edges for walls.
•Decorative elements for
constructions like ceiling
channel system.
•Frames or framing material for
construction, machines.
 4. I - section
An I-beam, also known as H-
beam (for universal column, UC), w-
beam (for "wide flange"), universal
beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ),
or double-T is a beam with an I or H-
shaped cross-section.

• The horizontal elements of

the I are flanges, and the vertical
element is the "web".
• I-beams are usually made
of structural steel and are used in
construction and civil
engineering.
USES
The importance of I-beams in the
construction industry cannot be
overemphasized. These beams have
significant uses in a construction
project because of its ability to handle
different loads. Its main applications
are;

•As the primary framework as in steel

frames, or
•As principal supporting components.

Not suitable for rafter and purlin

5. Flat Steel

• Flat steel products consist of

sheets and plates.
• Can not be rolled.
• These products are used in a
wide range of industries such as
automobile, domestic
appliances, shipbuilding, and
construction as base plates,
gusset plate. Cover plates.
 6. Plate

• Steel Plate, or structural steel is simply steel sheet material

that can be customarily cut and welded to develop a more
elaborate product.
• It is made by compressing multiple steel layers together into
one; forming a plate of steel. ...
• Applications for Steel Plate are based acutely on the
specifics of the project.
• Can be rolled
• Thin plate
 7. Bars

Rebar (short form reinforcing bar), known when massed as

reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh
of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete
under tension.
 8. Pipes

• A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of metal profile

with a hollow cross section.
• Rectangular and square HSS are also commonly called
tube steel or box section
• Hollow tubular pipes
• Used for tubular truss, universal column, beam etc.
CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
• Connections are structural elements
used for joining different members
of a structural steel frame work.

• Steel Structure is an assemblage of

different member such as
“BEAMS,COLUMNS” which are
connected to one other, usually at
member ends fasteners, so that it
shows a single composite unit.
 CONNECTION COMPONENTS

• Bolts • Weld

• Connecting Angles • Connecting Plates

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIONS
• On the Basis of Connecting Medium.

• According to the type of internal forces.

• According to the type of structural

Elements.

• According to the type of members joining.

On the Basis of Connecting Medium

Riveted Connections Bolted Connections

Welded Connections Bolted-Welded Connections

 Riveted Connections
• Used for very long time.
• Made up of:
Round Ductile steel bar called shank. A head at one end
The length of the rivet should sufficient to form the second head.
• Design -very similar to bearing type of bolted connection.

Installation
• Heating of the rivet
• Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.
• Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round
head.
• On Cooling reduces in Length-Clamping Force
 No Uses of Riveting

• The introduction of high strength

structural bolts.
• The labour costs associated with
large riveting crews
• The cost involved in careful inspection
and removal of poorly installed rivets.
• The high level of noise
associated with driving rivets.
 Bolted Connections
• Fastened Together primarily by
Bolts.

Bolts may be loaded in:

 Tension
 Shear
 Both Tension & Shear

Threads of bolts under shear

force:

Excluded - Increased strength

Included- Decreased stregth.
 Types of Bolts

 Bearing type bolts

 High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)

The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes, often
referred to as
1. Black Bolts
• Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common
bolts.
• Least Expensive
• Primarily - Light structures under static load
such as small trusses, purlins etc

2. Turned Bolts
• Similar to unfinished bolts.
• Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
• Primarily - Light structures under static load such
as small trusses, purlins etc
• Expensive – Limited use – Structures
with no Slippage Connections
3. Ribbed Bolts
• Round head similar to Rivets.
• Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
• Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
• Tightly fit into the hole.
• Popular - Economical in Material
& Installation

High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG)

• Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear

• High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the plates to
be bolted together so that contact pressure developed between the plates
being joined
• Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied
• Higher Shear Resistance.
Advantages
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire
3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.
4. Less man power is required in making the connections.

Disadvantages
5. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in
strength get loosened.
6. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non
uniform diameter
 Welded Connections
• whose components are joined together
primarily by welds.

Welding Notations were developed by American Welding

Society (AWS).

Types
• Groove ( More reliable than others)
 Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and others)
 Plug (expensive – poor transmission of tensile forces)
 Slot (expensive - poor transmission of tensile forces)
 Plug and Slot welds – stitch different parts of members
together.
 Positions of the welds

 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Overhead
 Flat
 Advantages
 Economical – Cost of materials and labors.
 Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75- 90%)
 Fabrication of Complex Structures – Easy – like
Circular Steel pipes.
 Provides Rigid Joints – Modern Practice is of Rigid Joints.

Disadvantages
 No provision for expansion or contraction therefore greater
chances of cracking.

 Uneven heating and cooling - member may distort - may result

in additional stresses.

 Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets

 Bolted- Welded Connections

 Most connections are Shop

Welded and Field Bolted types.

 More Cost Effective

 Better Strength &
Ductility characteristics –Fully
welded.
According to the type of internal forces.

 Shear (semi rigid, simple) connections

 Moment (rigid) connections

 Shear (semi rigid, simple) Connections.

 Allows the beam end to rotate without a significant restraint.

 Transfers shear out of beam

 Most Common Types: Double

clip
Shear End Plate
Fin Plate
 Moment (rigid) Connections

 Designed to resist both Moment and Shear.

 Often referred - rigid or fully restrained connections
• Provide full continuity between the connected members
• Designed to carry the full factored moments.

 Principal Reason - buildings has to resist the effect of lateral

forces such as wind and earthquake.
Bolted splice Moment Connection

Field Bolted Moment Connection

 According to the type of Structural Elements.

 Single plate angle Connections

 Double web angle connections
 Top and seated angle connections
 Seated beam connections
 Single plate angle Connections
Two Step Process
• A plate is welded to secondary section (beam)
• An Angle is welded to Primary Section (column or Beam)
• Single shear plate welded to secondary beam and
bolted to Primary beam or column.
 Double web angle connections

• Two angles welded or bolted to the web of a secondary beam.

• After erection the angles are bolted or site welded to the
primary member (beam or column).
 Top and seated angle connections
• Generally used in case of moment connections.
• Two angles are provided at top and bottom of the beam to
resist moment.
• Generally used for lesser moments where heavy loads are not
acting
 Seated beam connections
• Generally used in case of shear connections.
• A seating angle - at bottom of secondary beam - welded to
the primary member.
• Seating angle resists vertical shear coming from the
beam.
 According to the type of Member Joining.

• Beam to beam connections

• Column to column connections (column
splices)
• Beam to Column Connections
• Column Base Plate Connections
 Beam to beam connections
Two Types
• Primary Beam to Secondary Beam Connection

• Beam Splice
 Column to column connections

• Connects column to column.

• Column splice comes under this
category.
• Used to connect column sections of
different sizes.
• Splices - designed for both
moment and shear unless
intended to utilize the splices
as internal hinges.
 Beam to Column Connections

Connects Beam to column.

• Very Common

• A wide range of different types are used

 Fin Plates
 End Plates
 Web or Flange
 Cleats
 Hunched Connections
Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts
through the web.

End plate connections

• single plate welded to the end of the beams
• Bolted to the column flange or web - two or bolts pair.

Fin plate connections

• Single Plate welded to the Column.
• Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts
through the web.
 Column Base Plate Connections
• Steel plates placed at the bottom of Columns.
• Function - to transmit column loads to the concrete pedestal.
• The design of a column base plate: determining the size of
the plate. determining the thickness of the plate
• A layer of grout should be placed between the base plate
and its support for the purpose of leveling.
• Anchor bolts should be
provided to stabilize the
column during erection or to
prevent uplift.
 Grillage Foundation
• A Grillage foundation is a special type of isolated footing,
generally provided for heavily loaded steel stanchions.

• It is a type of shallow foundation.

• It is used in the location where safe bearing capacity of soil is very

poor .

• Its name define its function and structure as it is made up of steel

beams, structurally known as rolled steel joist.

• It may also be provided for masonry walls.

 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• The depth of foundation is limited from 1m to 1.5m
, as its a type of shallow foundation. However it should
not be less then 90 cm.
• Steel beams are provide in two or
more tiers, the top tier
of grillage beam is laid at right
angles to the bottom tier.
• The beam of each tier are held
in position by 20 mm
diameter spacer bars with
25 mm diameter pipe
separators.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• The grillage beam are then embedded in concrete , a minimum
gap of 8cm is kept between beams so the concrete can be easily
poured and properly compacted.

• After levelling the base and pouring the concrete its should be
checked that compaction is done properly and formed an
impervious layer of thickness not less than 15 cm. This protect
steel joist from groundwater, which can cause corrosion.

• Then the first layer of beams are laid over concrete bed at a
distance of 100mm to 300mm, with the help of pipeseparators.

• The upper surface of all the steel beams should lies in one
horizontal plane.
 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• Rich cement grout is poured all around the lower flanges of
the beam so that they are secured to the concrete bed.

• Concrete is poured between and around the beams of first of first

tier.

• The second tier of beam is then placed at the right angle to the
first tiers and over the top flanges of the beams of the first tier.

• They are properly spaced with the help of pipe

separators
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

• Concrete is then poured between and around the steel

beams.

• The steel stanchions is then connected to the upper tier with

the help of a base plate, side angles, and a gusset plate.

• These connecting elements are also embedded in the concrete so

that joint become rigid.
 PRECAUTION TO BE TAKEN

• The depth of footing should not be less than 90cm.

• The distance between the flanges should not exceed 30cm so
that filled concrete acts monolithically with the beams.
• The concrete filling should not carry any load ; its simply
keeps the beams in the position.
• A minimum gap of 10cm is kept on the outer side of the
external beam, as well as the upper flanges of top tier.
• The depth of concrete below lower tier should be atlest
15cm.
PLAN OF STEEL GRILLAGE
ELEVATION AND
SECTION
VIEW OF ELEMENTS OF FOOTING
STEEL ROOFS
 Use of trusses in buildings
• Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where there
is a requirement for very long spans, such as in airport terminals,
aircraft hangers, sports stadium roofs, auditoriums and other leisure
buildings.

• Trusses are also used to carry

heavy loads and are sometimes
used as transfer structures.

• The trusses are widely used to

serve two main functions:
 To carry the roof load
 To provide horizontal stability.
2

Robin Hood Airport,

Doncaster
WHY STEEL ROOF?
• There are numerous advantages to using steel trusses instead of
traditional wood trusses but the main
reasons are simplicity and strength.
• Some prefer to use the metal roof truss because the building of a
structure is all about precision and metal has a more precise
measurement than wood.

• Theses trusses are extremely simple to install.

• You never have to worry about them rotting or deteriorating from the
weather.
• You also get more usable space inside your building.
• Wood trusses are less expensive truss per truss but they require you
to install wood headers, the posts have to be closer together and you
have more trusses to install.
• You generally have to protect the wood from the weather.
WHY STEEL
ROOF?
• Prefabricated steel trusses offer a
high-strength, light-weight roof
system that can be installed quickly.

• In residential construction, wood

trusses still dominate the industry,
where additional strength is needed,
or where greater free spans are
required Steel roofs are preferred.
Advantages of Metal Roof Truss Structures
1. Even though they are considered to be more expensive, metal roof
trusses can span further than wood.
2. Metal roof trusses can be manufactured to exact standards.
3. They are much more lightweight and this allows for larger
shipments. This reduces the time it takes
to get to the project site.
4. Metal roof trusses are fire resistant.
5. They are compatible with almost all types of roofing systems.
6. No insect infestations can occur.
7. Chemical treatments are not necessary to maintain the trusses.

8. Metal roof trusses are recyclable and therefore environmentally

friendly.
Disadvantages of Metal Roof Truss Structures
1. Skilled labor is required to install metal roof trusses.

2. They are not energy efficient since they allow more heat to escape
from the structure.

3. Metal roof trusses allow sound to be more easily transmitted.

4. Temperature fluctuations allow them to move more.

5. When the metal is cut, drilled, scratched or welded, rust can

become a problem.

6. The workers have a higher risk of electrocution when installing the

metal roof trusses.
Different types of Wooden and Steel Roof Trusses:

• King Post Truss

• Queen Post Truss
• Howe Truss
• Pratt Truss
• Fan Truss
• North Light Roof Truss
• Quadrangular Roof Truss

King Post Truss

• King Post Truss is a wooden truss.
• It can also be built of combination
of wood and steel.
• It can be used for spans upto 8m.
 Queen Post Truss
• Queen Post Truss is also a
wooden tru
• It can be used for spans upto
10m.
Howe Truss
• It is made of combination of wood and steel.
•The vertical members or tension members are made of steel.
• It can be used for spans from 6-30m.
 Pratt Truss

• Pratt Truss is made of steel.

•Vertical members are tension
and diagonal members are
compression.
• These are very economical form
of roof trusses.
• It can be used for spans from 6-
10m.

Fan Truss

•I
t
•It can be used for spans from
10-15m.
i
NORTHLIGHT ROOF TRUSS

INTRODUCTION:
NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES ARE TRADITIONALLY USED FOR SHORT SPANS IN INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP-TYPE
BUILDINGS. THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM NATURAL LIGHTING BY THE USE R
OF GLAZING ON THE STEEPE PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO REDUCE THE
SOLAR GAIN.

USES –
*IT IS USED IN WAREHOUSE, INDUSTRIES, FACTORIES, ETC.
*NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES ARE TRADITIONALLY USED FOR SHORT SPANS IN INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP-
TYPE BUILDINGS.
*THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM NATURAL LIGHTING BY THE USE OF
GLAZING ON THE
STEEPER PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO REDUCE THE SOLAR GAIN.
North Light Roof Truss
•When the floor span exceeds 15m, it is generally more
economical to change from a simple truss arrangement to
one employing wide span which support trusses at right
angles.
•In order to light up the space satisfactorily, roof lighting has
to replace or supplement, side lighting provision must also
be made for ventilation form the roof.
•One of the oldest and economical methods of covering
large areas is the North Light.
•This roof consists of a series of trusses fixed to girders. The
short vertical side of the truss is glazed so that when the roof
is used in the Northern Hemisphere, the glazed portion
faces North for the best light.
• It can be used for spans from 20-30m.
• Used for industrial buildings, drawing rooms etc.
Quadrangular roof Trusses
Quadrangular Roof Truss (for large spans)
•These trusses are used for large spans such as railway sheds and Auditoriums.
TUBULAR STEEL TRUSS:-

Tubular Steel Truss are used for large span constructions such as factories, industry worksheds, shopping
malls, huge exhibition centre, multiplexes etc. They are generally used for spans as large as 25-30m.

• ADVANTAGES OF TUBULAR STEEL R

• 30% to 40% less surface area
equivalent rolled steel shape. T
of maintenance, cost of painting
coatings reduce considerably.
• The moisture and dirt do not co
external surface of the tubes. T
possibility of corrosion also red
•The ends of tubes are sealed.
the interior surface is not subje
• corrosion. The interior surface d
protective treatment.
•They have more torsional resis
section of the equal weight.
Typical Steel Connections
Steel Connections
Many configurations are used for force transfer in connections. The configuration depends
upon the type of connecting elements, nature and magnitude of the forces (and moments),
available equipment, fabrication and erection considerations, cost, etc.

Rivets
Bolts

Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi 15

 Gusset plate connections

• Gusset plates are usually either made

from cold rolled or galvanized steel based
upon their use.
• Gusset plates are used for various structures.
Gusset plates are used to connect beams and
columns together or to connect truss members.
They can be either the only way of connecting
the beam and columns or they can be used with
bolts and welds.
Galvanized Steel Sheets (Plain and Corrugated)
• Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are steel sheets which are
basically coated with zinc and include a range of hot
dip galvanized and electro-galvanized steel sheets.

• Corrugated galvanised iron or steel is a building

material composed of sheets of hot-dip galvanised
mild steel, cold-rolled to produce a linear corrugated
pattern in them.
• The corrugations increase the bending strength of
the sheet in the direction perpendicular to the
corrugations, but not parallel to them. Normally each
sheet is manufactured longer in its strong direction.
Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheets
FIXING ACCESSORIES
J-Bolt
J-bolt, also called hook bolt, is a bolt in the form of letter “J” used to fix roof-sheathing or wall
sheathing to purlins and other structural members.
INSTALLATION OF CORROGATED SHEETS