Astm d4812
Astm d4812
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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5.2.9 To overcome the friction caused by the rubbing of the 5.7 The value of this impact test method lies mainly in the
striking nose (or other part of the pendulum) over the face of areas of quality control and materials specification. The fact
the bent specimen. that a material shows twice the energy absorption of another
5.3 For relatively brittle materials for which fracture propa- under these conditions of test does not indicate that this same
gation energy is small in comparison with the fracture initiation relationship will exist under another set of test conditions. The
energy, the indicated impact energy absorbed is, for all ranking of materials may even be changed under different
practical purposes, the sum of items given in 5.2.1 and 5.2.3. testing conditions.
The toss correction (5.2.3) may represent a very large fraction 5.8 Before proceeding with this test method, reference
of the total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and should be made to the specification of the material being tested.
brittle materials. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or
5.4 For materials for which the fracture propagation energy testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the
(5.2.2) may be large compared to the fracture initiation energy material specification shall take precedence over those men-
(5.2.1), factors (5.2.2, 5.2.5, and 5.2.9) can become quite tioned in this test method except in cases where to do so would
significant, even when the specimen is accurately machined conflict with the purpose for conducting testing. If there are no
and positioned and the machine is in good condition with material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
adequate capacity (Note 3). Bending (5.2.4) and indentation
losses (5.2.8) may be appreciable when testing soft materials. 6. Apparatus
6.1 Impact Machine, consisting of a massive base on which
NOTE 3—Although the frame and base of the machine should be
sufficiently rigid and massive to handle the energies of tough specimens
is mounted a vise for holding the specimen and to which is
without motion or excessive vibration, the pendulum arm cannot be made connected, through a rigid frame and antifriction bearings, one
very massive because the greater part of its mass must be concentrated of a number of pendulum-type hammers (or one basic hammer
near its center of percussion at the striking nose. Locating the striking nose to which extra weights may be attached) having an initial
precisely at the center of percussion reduces vibration of the pendulum energy suitable for use with the particular specimen to be
arm when used with brittle specimens. However, some losses due to tested, plus a pendulum holding and releasing mechanism and
pendulum-arm vibration, the amount varying with the design of the a pointer and dial mechanism for indicating the excess energy
pendulum, will occur with tough specimens even when the striking nose
is properly positioned.
remaining in the pendulum after breaking the specimen. A jig
for positioning the specimen in the vise and graphs or tables to
5.5 In a well-designed machine of sufficient rigidity and aid in the calculation of the correction for friction and windage
mass the losses due to the items given in 5.2.6 and 5.2.7 should should be included. See Fig. 1 for one type of machine that
be very small. Vibrational losses (5.2.6) can be quite large may be used. The type of machine that is depicted can also be
when specimens of tough materials are tested in machines of used for the testing of notched specimens using Test Methods
insufficient mass which are not securely fastened to a heavy D 256. Detailed requirements are given in 6.2-6.5. See Appen-
base. dix X1 for general methods for checking and calibrating the
5.6 This test method requires that the type of failure for each
specimen be recorded as one of the three coded categories
defined as follows:
5.6.1 C (Complete Break)—A break in which the specimen
is separated into two or more pieces.
5.6.2 P (Partial Break)—An incomplete break that has
fractured at least 90 % of the depth of the specimen.
5.6.3 NB (Non-Break)—An incomplete break where the
fracture extends less than 90 % of the depth of the specimen.
5.6.3.1 For tough materials the pendulum may not have the
energy necessary to completely break the extreme outermost
fibers and toss the broken piece or pieces. Results obtained
from “non-break” specimens shall be considered a departure
from standard and shall be reported as “NB” only and a
numerical value shall not be reported. Impact values cannot be
directly compared for any two materials that experience
different types of failure as defined by this code.
5.6.4 Averages reported must likewise be derived from
specimens contained within a single failure category. This
letter code will be included with the reported impact identify-
ing the types of failure associated with the reported value. If
more than one type of failure is observed for a sample material,
then the report will indicate the average impact value for each
type of failure, followed by the percent of the specimens failing
in that manner and identified by the letter code. FIG. 1 Cantilever Beam Impact Test Equipment
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machine. Additional instructions for adjusting a particular 6.2.4.1 A range of pendulums having energies from 2.710 to
machine should be supplied by the manufacturer. 21.680 J (2 to 16 ft-lbf) has been found to be sufficient for use
6.2 Pendulum, consisting of a single or multimembered arm with most plastic specimens and may be used with most
with a bearing on one end and a head, containing the striking machines. A series of pendulums such that each has twice the
nose, on the other. Although a large proportion of the mass of energy of the next lighter one will be found convenient. Each
the pendulum should be concentrated in the head, the arm must pendulum shall have an energy within 60.5 % of its nominal
be sufficiently rigid to maintain the proper clearances and capacity.
geometric relationships between the machine parts and the 6.2.5 When the pendulum is free-hanging, the striking
specimen and to minimize vibrational losses which are always surface shall come within 0.5 % of scale of touching the front
included in the measured impact value. face of a standard specimen. During an actual swing this
6.2.1 Striking Nose (of the Pendulum), of hardened steel and element shall make initial contact with the specimen on a line
cylindrical surface having a radius of curvature of 0.80 6 0.20 22.00 6 0.05 mm (0.866 6 0.002 in.) above the top surface of
mm (0.031 6 0.008 in.) with its axis horizontal and perpen- the vise.
dicular to the plane of swing of the pendulum. 6.2.6 Means shall be provided for determining energy re-
6.2.1.1 The line of contact of the striking nose shall be maining in the pendulum after breaking the specimen. This
located at the center of percussion of the pendulum within may consist of a pointer and dial mechanism or it may consist
62.54 mm (0.100 in.) (Note 4). Those portions of the pendu- of an electronic determination provided with a digital display.
lum adjacent to the cylindrical striking edge shall be recessed The device will indicate the height of rise of the pendulum
or inclined at a suitable angle so that there will be no chance for beyond the point of impact in terms of energy removed from
other than this cylindrical surface coming into contact with the the specific pendulum. The indicated remaining energy must be
specimen during the break. corrected for friction and pendulum windage. Instructions for
6.2.2 Pendulum Holding and Releasing Mechanism, in a making these corrections are included in 9.3 and Appendix X2.
position such that the vertical height of fall of the striking nose 6.3 Vise, for clamping the specimen rigidly in position so
shall be 610 6 2 mm (24.0 6 0.1 in.); this will produce a that the long axis of the specimen is vertical and at right angles
velocity of the striking nose at the moment of impact of to the top plane of the vise. The top edges of the jaws of the
approximately 3.46 m (11.35 ft)/s. The mechanism shall be so vise shall have a radius of 0.25 6 0.12 mm (0.0106 0.005 in.)
constructed and operated that it will release the pendulum (see Fig. 2).
without imparting acceleration or vibration to it. NOTE 5—It is especially important that the correct radius be maintained
6.2.3 The effective length of the pendulum shall be between on the moveable vise jaw. Any sharp edge, nick, or burr on this jaw will
0.325 and 0.406 m (12.8 and 16.0 in.) so that the above create a “notch” or stress concentration point when the jaw is clamped
required elevation of the striking nose may be obtained by against the test specimen. This stress concentration point has lowered
raising the pendulum to an angle between 60 and 30° above the values of some materials to less than 50 % of the value obtained when the
jaw has the correct radius.
horizontal.
6.3.1 It is very important that exactly 31.75 6 0.25 mm
NOTE 4—The distance from the axis of support to the center of
(1.25 6 0.010 in.) of the specimen project above the top
percussion may be determined experimentally from the period of small
amplitude oscillations of the pendulum, as follows: surface of the vise (see 9.5).
L 5 ~g/4p2!p2 (1)
where:
L = distance from the axis of support to the center of percussion, m
(ft),
g = local gravitational acceleration (known to an accuracy of one part
in one thousand), m/s2 (ft/s2),
p = 3.1416 (4p2 = 39.4786), and
p = period, s, of a single complete swing (to and fro) determined from
at least 50 consecutive and uninterrupted swings (known to one
part in two thousands). The angle of swing shall be less than 5°
each side of center.
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NOTE 6—Some plastics are sensitive to clamping pressure. For this 7. Test Specimens
reason, cooperating laboratories should agree upon some means of
standardizing the clamping force, such as with a torque wrench on the
7.1 Unless specifically noted, test specimens shall have the
screw of the specimen vise or by use of standardized pneumatic or following dimensions:
hydraulic cylinders with specified supply pressure. If the faces of the vise 7.1.1 Depth—12.70 6 0.15 mm (0.500 6 0.006 in.),
or specimen are not flat and parallel, a greater sensitivity to clamping 7.1.2 Length—63.50 mm (2.500 in.), max, 60.30 mm (2.375
pressure may be evident. See the calibration procedure in Appendix X1 for in.), min, and
adjustment and correction instructions for faulty instruments. 7.1.3 Preferred Width—3.17 6 0.13 mm (0.125 6 0.005
6.4 The vise, pendulum, and frame shall be sufficiently rigid in.).
to ensure correct alignment of the hammer and specimen, both NOTE 7—For clarification purposes, width is the dimension of the test
at the moment of impact and during the propagation of the specimen face struck by the pendulum hammer.
fracture, and to minimize energy losses due to vibration. The
7.1.4 The tolerance for test specimen depth was chosen on
base shall be sufficiently massive that the impact will not cause
the basis of molding considerations. (Caution—
it to move. The machine shall be so designed, constructed, and
Interlaboratory testing has indicated that this tolerance range
maintained that energy losses due to pendulum air drag
appears to be suitable for most, but not all, materials. For a few
(windage), friction in the pendulum bearings, and friction and
materials, the impact strength may be found to vary with the
inertia in the excess energy-indicating mechanism, are held to
specimen depth at the extremes of the above tolerance range.
a minimum.
Users of the test method should check each material type; if
6.5 A check of the calibration of an impact machine is
such a dependency is found, a tolerance of 60.05 mm (60.002
difficult to make under dynamic conditions. The basic param-
in.) is required.)
eters are normally checked under static conditions; if the
7.1.5 Longitudinal edge faces must be parallel within 0.025
machine passes the static tests, then it is assumed to be
mm (0.001 in.). Thinner specimens should be avoided since
accurate. The calibration procedure in Appendix X1 shall be
they usually twist in the clamping vise. Test specimens greater
used to establish the accuracy of the equipment. However, for
than 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) in width should be avoided.
some machine designs it might be necessary to change the
7.2 Molded test specimens should be injection molded to
recommended method of obtaining the required calibration
the depth and width stated above (Note 8). If longer bars are
measurements. Other methods of performing the required
molded, test specimens cut from the gate end of the bar shall
checks may be substituted provided that they can be shown to
not be used. Comparisons between injection-molded and
result in an equivalent accuracy. Appendix X1 also describes a
injection-molded machined test specimens or molded-to-length
dynamic test for checking certain features of the machine and
and cut-to-length test specimens should be avoided unless
specimen.
representing a variation being studied.
6.6 A Simple Jig (see Fig. 3), to facilitate proper position-
ing of the test specimen may be constructed from brass or NOTE 8—The type of mold and molding machine used and the flow
aluminum bar stock of 3.2 by 25-mm (1⁄8 by 1-in.) cross section behavior in the mold cavity will influence the results obtained. Cooper-
ating laboratories should agree on standard molds and upon a standard
and having a length of 76 mm (3 in.). From one end of the
molding procedure for the material under investigation.
metal bar, carefully machine a narrow groove of 0.8-mm
(1⁄32-in.) depth across the 25-mm (1-in.) face of the bar at a 7.3 For sheet materials, the specimens shall be cut from the
distance of 31.75 6 0.25 mm (1.250 6 0.010 in.) from the sheet in both the lengthwise and crosswise directions, unless
selected end. the sheets are known to be isotropic. The test specimen width
6.7 Micrometers, suitable micrometers with a resolution of shall be the thickness of the sheet.
0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or better shall be used to measure the 7.4 Test specimens prepared by other means may also be
thickness of the test specimen. The micrometer shall conform used. Results from two sets of data may not be comparable if
to the applicable provisions of Test Methods D 5947. different means of test specimen preparation are used. A
statement about test specimen preparation shall be part of the
report (see 10.1.2).
7.5 The practice of cementing, bolting, clamping, or other-
wise combining thinner specimens to form a composite test
specimen should be avoided since test results may be seriously
affected by interface effects.
7.6 Each test specimen shall be free of twist, deformation,
nicks, scratches, pits, and sink marks. Any test specimen
showing observable or measurable departure from one or more
of these requirements shall be rejected.
8. Conditioning
8.1 Specimen Conditioning:
8.1.1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6
3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h
FIG. 3 Sketch of Positioning Jig prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618,
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unless otherwise specified by contract or relevant material calculation of the machine correction before determining the breaking
specification, or unless it has been shown that conditioning is energy of the specimen (see 9.7). The A and B values also provide an
not necessary. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be indication of the condition of the machine.
61°C (61.8°F) and 62 % relative humidity. 9.3.4 If excess friction is indicated, the machine shall be
8.1.2 Materials known to be sensitive to moisture absorp- adjusted before starting a test. If the machine is equipped with
tion should not be conditioned as stated above. Other condi- a digital energy indicating system, follow the manufacturer’s
tioning procedures appropriate for the material (for example, instructions to correct for windage and friction.
“dry as molded”) should be used and stated in the report. 9.4 Check the specimens for conformity with the require-
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora- ments of Section 7. Measure the thickness and width of each
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % specimen in the middle with a micrometer caliper to the nearest
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the contract or 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) and record, along with its identifying
relevant material specification. In cases of disagreement, the markings.
tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 62° relative humidity. 9.5 Position the specimen precisely and rigidly but not too
tightly clamped in the vise (see Note 6). The end of the test
9. Procedure specimen can be matched against the groove of the positioning
9.1 At least five and preferably ten or more individual jig when the jig is held vertically on the top surface of the vise
determinations of impact value must be made on each sample (see Fig. 4). After clamping the specimen in the vise, remove
group. Each group shall consist of specimens of one nominal the jig.
thickness only. In the case of specimens cut from sheets that 9.6 Release the pendulum and note and record the excess
are suspected of being anisotropic, prepare and test specimens energy remaining in the pendulum after breaking the specimen,
from each principal direction (lengthwise and crosswise to the together with a description of the appearance of the broken
direction of anisotropy). specimen (see failure categories in 5.6).
9.2 Estimate the breaking energy for the specimen and 9.7 Subtract the windage and friction correction from the
select a pendulum of suitable energy. Use the lightest standard indicated breaking energy of the specimen, unless determined
pendulum that is expected to break each specimen in the group automatically by the indicating system (that is, digital display
with a loss of not more than 85 % of its energy (Note 10). or computer). If a mechanical dial and pointer is employed, use
Check the machine with the proper pendulum in place for the A and B factors and the appropriate tables or the graph
conformity with the requirements of Section 6 before starting described in Annexes A1 and A2 to determine the correction.
the tests (see Appendix X1).
NOTE 9—Ideally an impact test would be conducted at a constant test
velocity. In a pendulum-type test the velocity decreases as the fracture
progresses. For specimens that have an impact energy approaching the
capacity of the pendulum, there is insufficient energy to complete the
break and toss. By avoiding the higher 15 % scale energy readings, the
velocity of the pendulum will not be reduced below 1.33 m/s (4.4 ft/s). On
the other hand, the use of too heavy a pendulum would reduce the
sensitivity of the reading.
9.3 If the machine is equipped with a mechanical pointer
and dial, perform the following operations before testing the
specimens:
9.3.1 With the excess-energy-indicating pointer in its nor-
mal starting position, but without a specimen in the vise,
release the pendulum from its normal starting position and note
the position the pointer attains after the swing as one reading of
Factor A.
9.3.2 Without resetting the pointer or electronic indicator,
raise the pendulum and release it again. The pointer should
move up the scale an additional amount. Repeat this procedure
until a swing causes no additional movement of the pointer and
note the final reading as one reading of Factor B (see Note 10).
9.3.3 Repeat the operations in 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 several times
and calculate and record the average A and B readings.
NOTE 10—Factor B is an indication of the energy lost by the pendulum
to friction in the pendulum bearings and to windage. The difference A − B
is an indication of the energy lost to friction and inertia in the excess
energy indicating mechanism. The actual corrections, however, will be
smaller than these factors, since in an actual test the energy absorbed by
the specimen prevents the pendulum from making a full swing. Therefore, FIG. 4 Diagram Showing Clamped Test Specimen and Positioning
the indicated breaking energy of the specimen must be included in the Jig Before Removal
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For those digital systems that do not automatically compensate 10.1.10 Date of testing, and
for windage and friction, follow the manufacturer’s procedure 10.1.11 Test method number and revision date.
for performing this correction.
9.7.1 If the proper hammer was used, calculate the impact 11. Precision and Bias 5
strength as follows:
11.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin conducted in 1985,
impact resistance 5 ~corrected reading!/B (2) involving six materials tested by ten laboratories. For each
where: material, all the samples were injection molded by the material
corrected reading = net indicator value, J (ft-lbf), and supplier. Samples of polymethylmethacrylate were molded to
B = test specimen width, m (in.) (see Note length. Samples of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate,
7). and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) were molded as
9.8 Calculate the average impact strength of the group of longer bars and cut to length by the supplier. Samples of nylon
specimens. However, only values of specimens having the and acetal materials were molded as longer bars and sealed in
same nominal depth, width, and type of break may be moisture-proof pouches. Test specimens of these two materials
averaged. Do not include values obtained from specimens that were prepared immediately before testing by the individual
did not break in the manner specified in 5.6. Also calculate the laboratories. Each test result was the average of five individual
standard deviation of the group of values. determinations. Each laboratory obtained one test result for
each material.
10. Report
NOTE 11—Caution: The following explanations of Ir and IR (11.2-
10.1 Report the following information: 11.2.3) are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the
10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ- approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1 should not
ing type and manufacturer’s code number, be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as those data
10.1.2 A statement giving the specific details of the test are specific to the round robin and may not be representative of other lots,
specimen preparation (that is, cut from the center of a universal conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method should
apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to
bar, machined from plaques, etc.), the testing conditions used,
their laboratory and materials or between specific laboratories. The
and for sheet materials, the direction of testing with respect to principles of 11.2 and 11.2.3 would then be valid for such data.
anisotropy, if any,
10.1.3 The capacity of the pendulum, J (ft-lbf or in.-lbf), 11.2 Concept of Ir and IR—If Sr and SR have been calculated
10.1.4 The measured width and thickness of each test from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were
specimen, mm (in.), and the average, averages from testing five specimens:
10.1.5 The total number of specimens tested per sample of 11.2.1 Repeatability, Ir (Comparing two test results for the
material (that is, five, ten, or more), same material, obtained by the same operator using the same
10.1.6 The number of those specimens that resulted in equipment on the same day)—The two test results should be
failures conforming to each of the categories described in 5.6, judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the Ir value
10.1.7 The average impact resistance in joules per metre of for that material.
specimen width (or ft-lbf/in. of specimen width) of the speci- 11.2.2 Reproducibility, IR (Comparing two test results for
mens of 10.1.6 for each failure category except nonbreak, the same material, obtained by different operators using
10.1.8 The standard deviation of the values of the impact different equipment on different days)—The two test results
resistances of the specimens of 10.1.6, should be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the
10.1.9 The percent of specimens failing in each category IR value for that material.
suffixed by the corresponding letter codes from 5.6,
5
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-
1147.
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11.2.3 Any judgment made in accordance with 11.2.1 and 12. Keywords
11.2.2 would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of
12.1 cantilever beam; impact resistance; plastic molding;
being correct.
unnotched
11.3 Bias—Bias is systematic error which contributes to the
difference between a test result and a true (or reference) value.
There are no recognized standards on which to base an estimate
of bias for this test method.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. CALIBRATION OF PENDULUM-TYPE HAMMER IMPACT MACHINES FOR USE WITH PLASTIC SPECIMENS
X1.1 This calibration procedure applies specifically to the correct for errors in the plane of pendulum swing, using care to
Izod impact machine. However, much of this procedure can be preserve solid support for the vise. For errors in the plane
applied to the Charpy impact machine as well. perpendicular to the plane of pendulum swing, machine the
inside face of the clamp-type locating jig for correct alignment
X1.2 Locate the impact machine on a sturdy base. It shall if this type of jig is used. If a blade-type jig is used, use shims
not “walk” on the base and the base shall not vibrate appre- or grind the base of the vise to bring the top surface level.
ciably. Loss of energy from vibrations will give high readings.
It is recommended that the impact tester be bolted to a base X1.9 Insert and clamp the bar described in X1.8 in a
having a mass of at least 23 kg (50 lb) if it is used at capacities vertical position in the center of the vise so that the notch in the
higher than 2.71 J (2 ft·lbf). bar is slightly below the top edge of the vise. Place a thin film
of oil on the striking edge of the pendulum with an oiled tissue
X1.3 Check the level of the machine in both directions in and let the striking edge rest gently against the bar. The striking
the plane of the base with spirit levels mounted in the base, by edge should make contact across the entire width of the bar. If
a machinist’s level if a satisfactory reference surface is only partial contact is made, examine the vise or pendulum for
available, or with a plumb bob. The machine should be level to the cause. If the cause is apparent, make the appropriate
within tan−1 0.001 in the plane of swing and to within tan−1 correction. If no cause is apparent, remove the striker and shim
0.002 in the plane perpendicular to the swing. up or grind its back face to realign the striking edge with the
surface of the bar.
X1.4 With a straightedge and a feeler gage or depth gage,
check the height of the movable vise jaw relative to the fixed X1.10 Check the oil line on the face of the bar for
vise jaw. It must match the height of the fixed vise jaw within horizontal setting of striking edge within tan−1 0.002 with a
0.08 mm (0.003 in.). machinist’s square.
X1.5 Contact the machine manufacturer for a procedure to X1.11 Without taking the bar of X1.9 from the vise of the
ensure the striker radius is in tolerance (0.80 6 0.20 mm), (see machine, scratch a thin line at the top edge of the vise on the
6.2.1). face opposite the striking face of the bar. Remove the bar from
the vise and transfer this line to the striking face, using a
X1.6 Check the transverse location of the center of the machinist’s square. The distance from the striking oil line to
pendulum striking edge which shall be within 0.40 mm (0.016 the top edge of the vise should be 22 6 0.05 mm (0.87 6 0.002
in.) of the center of the vise. Readjust the shaft bearings or in.). Correct with shims or grinding as necessary at the bottom
relocate the vise, or straighten the pendulum shaft as necessary of the vise.
to attain the proper relationship between the two centers.
X1.12 When the pendulum is hanging free in its lowest
X1.7 Check the pendulum arm for straightness within 1.2 position, the energy reading must be within 0.2 % of full scale.
mm (0.05 in.) with a straightedge or by sighting down the
shaft. Allowing the pendulum to slam against the catch X1.13 Insert the bar of X1.8 into the vise and clamp it
sometimes bends the arm, especially when high-capacity tightly in a vertical position. When the striking edge is held in
weights are on the pendulum. contact with the bar, the energy reading must be within 0.2 %
of full scale.
X1.8 Insert vertically and center with a locating jig and
clamp in the vise a notched machined metal bar 12.7 mm X1.14 Swing the pendulum to a horizontal position and
(0.500 in.) square having opposite sides parallel within 0.025 support it by the striking edge in this position with a vertical
mm (0.001 in.) and a length of 60 mm (2.4 in.). Check the bar bar. Allow the other end of this bar to rest at the center of a load
for vertical alignment within tan−1 0.005 in both directions pan on a balanced scale. Subtract the weight of the bar from the
with a small machinist’s level. Shim up the vise if necessary to total weight to find the effective weight of the pendulum. The
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effective pendulum weight should be within 0.4 % of the than this, then the friction in the indicating mechanism is
required weight for that pendulum capacity. If weight must be excessive or the bearings are dirty. To clean the bearings, dip
added or removed, take care to balance the added or removed them in grease solvent and spin-dry in an air jet. Clean the
weight without affecting the center of percussion relative to the bearings until they spin freely, or replace them. Oil very lightly
striking edge. It is not advisable to add weight to the opposite with instrument oil before replacing. A reproducible method of
side of the bearing axis from the striking edge to decrease the starting the pendulum from the proper height must be devised.
effective weight of the pendulum since the distributed mass can
lead to large energy losses from vibration of the pendulum. X1.21 The shaft about which the pendulum rotates shall
have no detectable radial play (less than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.)).
X1.15 Calculate the effective length of the pendulum arm, An end-play of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) is permissible when a 9.8
or the distance to the center of percussion from the axis of N (2.2 lbf) axial force is applied in alternate directions.
rotation, by the procedure in Note 4. The effective length must
be within the tolerance stated in 6.2.1.1. X1.22 The clamping faces of the vise should be parallel in
the horizontal and vertical directions within 0.025 mm (0.001
X1.16 Measure the vertical distance of fall of the pendulum in.). Inserting the machined square metal bar of X2.7 into the
striking edge from its latched height to its lowest point. This vise in a vertical position and clamping until the jaws begin to
distance should be 610 6 2.0 mm (24 6 0.1 in.). This bend may check parallelism. Any freedom between the metal
measurement may be made by blocking up a level on the top bar and the clamping surfaces of the jaws of the vise must not
of the vise and measuring the vertical distance from the striking exceed the specified tolerance.
edge to the bottom of the level (top of vise) and subtracting
22.0 mm (0.9 in.). The vertical falling distance may be adjusted X1.23 The top edges of the fixed and moveable jaws of the
by varying the position of the pendulum latch. vise shall have a radius of 0.25 6 0.12 mm (0.010 6 0.005 in.).
Depending upon whether Method A, C, D, or E is used, a stress
X1.17 Notch a standard specimen on one side, parallel to concentration may be produced as the specimen breaks. Con-
the molding pressure, at 32 mm (1.25 in.) from one end. The sequently, the top edge of the fixed and movable jaw needs to
depth of the plastic material remaining in the specimen under be carefully examined.
the notch shall be 10.2 6 0.05 mm (0.400 6 0.002 in.). Use a
jig to position the specimen correctly in the vise. When the X1.24 If a brittle unfilled or granular filled plastic bar such
specimen is clamped in place, the center of the notch should be as a general-purpose wood-flour-filled phenolic material is
within 0.12 mm (0.005 in.) of being in line with the top of the available, notch and break a set of bars in accordance with
fixed surface of the vise and the specimen should be centered these methods. Examine the surface of the break of each bar in
midway within 0.40 mm (0.016 in.) between the sides of the the vise. If the break is flat and smooth across the top surface
clamping faces. The notched face should be the striking face of of the vise, the condition of the machine is excellent. Consid-
the specimen for the Izod test. Under no circumstances during erable information regarding the condition of an impact ma-
the breaking of the specimen should the top of the specimen chine can be obtained by examining the broken sections of
touch the pendulum except at the striking edge. specimens. No weights should be added to the pendulum for
the above tests.
X1.18 If a clamping-type locating jig is used, examine the
X1.25 The machine should not be used to indicate more
clamping screw in the locating jig. If the thread has a loose fit
than 85 % of the energy capacity of the pendulum. Extra
the specimen may not be correctly positioned and may tend to
weight added to the pendulum will increase available energy of
creep as the screw is tightened. A burred or bent point on the
the machine. This weight must be added so as to maintain the
screw may also have the same effect.
center of percussion within the tolerance stated in 6.2.1.1.
X1.19 If a pointer and dial mechanism is used to indicate Correct effective weight for any range can be calculated as
the energy, the pointer friction should be adjusted so that the follows:
pointer will just maintain its position anywhere on the scale. W 5 Ep/h (X1.1)
The striking pin of the pointer should be securely fastened to
the pointer. Friction washers with glazed surfaces should be where:
replaced with new washers. Friction washers should be on W = effective pendulum weight, N (lbf), (see X1.4),
either side of the pointer collar. A heavy metal washer should Ep = potential or available energy of the machine, J (ft·lbf),
back the last friction washer installed. Pressure on this metal and
h = vertical distance of fall of the pendulum striking edge,
washer is produced by a thin-bent, spring washer and locknuts.
m (ft), (see X1.16).
If the spring washer is placed next to the fiber friction washer
Each 4.5 N (1 lbf) of added effective weight increases the
the pointer will tend to vibrate during impact.
capacity of the machine by 2.7 J (2 ft·lbf).
X1.20 The free-swing reading of the pendulum (without NOTE X1.1—If the pendulum is designed for use with add-on weight, it
specimen) from the latched height should be less than 2.5 % of is recommended that they be obtained through the equipment
pendulum capacity on the first swing. If the reading is higher manufacturer.
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X2. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WINDAGE AND FRICTION CORRECTION CHART
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X3.1 The procedure for the calculation of the windage and L = distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of
friction correction in this appendix is based on the equations pendulum, m (ft),
developed by derivation in Appendix X4. This procedure can hM = maximum height of center of gravity of pendulum
be used as a substitute for the graphical procedure described in at start of test, m (ft), and
Appendix X2 and is applicable to small electronic calculator bmax = maximum angle pendulum will travel with one
and computer analysis. swing of the pendulum.
X3.2 Calculate L, the distance from the axis of support to X3.7 Measure specimen breaking energy, Es, J (ft·lbf).
the center of percussion as indicated in Note 4. (It is assumed
here that the center of percussion is approximately the same as X3.8 Calculate b for specimen measurement Es as:
the center of gravity.) b 5 cos21 $1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 Es/EM!#% (X3.2)
X3.3 Measure the maximum height, hM, of the center of where:
percussion (center of gravity) of the pendulum at the start of b = angle pendulum travels for a given specimen, and
the test as indicated in X1.16. Es = dial reading breaking energy for a specimen, J (ft·lbf).
X3.4 Measure and record the energy correction, EA, for
windage of the pendulum plus friction in the dial, as deter- X3.9 Calculate total correction energy, ETC, as follows:
mined with the first swing of the pendulum with no specimen
ETC 5 ~EA 2 ~EB/2!!~b/bmax! 1 ~EB/2! (X3.3)
in the testing device. This correction must be read on the
energy scale, EM, appropriate for the pendulum used. where:
ETC = total correction energy for the breaking energy, Es,
X3.5 Without resetting the position of the indicator ob-
of a specimen, J (ft·lbf), and
tained in X3.4, measure the energy correction, EB, for pendu- EB = energy correction for windage of the pendulum, J
lum windage after two additional releases of the pendulum (ft·lbf).
with no specimen in the testing device.
X3.10 Calculate the impact resistance using the following
X3.6 Calculate bmax as follows:
formula:
bmax 5 cos21 $1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 EA/EM!#% (X3.1)
Is 5 ~Es 2 ETC!/t (X3.4)
where: where:
EA = energy correction for windage of pendulum plus Is = impact resistance of specimen, J/m (ft·lbf/in.) of width,
friction in dial, J (ft·lbf), and
EM = full-scale reading for pendulum used, J (ft·lbf), t = width of specimen or width of notch, m (in.).
X4.1 From right triangle distances in Fig. X4.1: X4.2 But the potential energy gain of pendulum, Ep, is:
L 2 h 5 L cos b (X4.1) Ep 5 hWpg (X4.2)
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X4.7 Solving Eq X4.6 for b gives the following: X4.11 Combining Eq X4.8 and Eq X4.11 gives the follow-
b 5 cos 21
$1 2 @~hM/L!~1 2 Es/EM!#% (X4.7)
ing:
ETC 5 ~EA 2 ~EB/2!!~b/bmax! 1 ~EB/2! (X4.12)
X4.8 From Fig. X4.2, the total energy correction, E TC, is
given as: X4.12 Nomenclature:
ETC 5 mb 1 b (X4.8)
X4.9 But at the zero point of the pendulum potential energy b = intercept of total correction energy straight line,
EB/2 5 m~0! 1 b (X4.9) EA = energy correction including both pendulum windage
plus dial friction, J,
or EB = energy correction for pendulum windage only, J,
b 5 EB/2 (X4.10) EM = maximum energy of the pendulum (at the start of
test), J,
X4.10 The energy correction, EA, on the first swing of the Ep = potential energy gain of pendulum from the pendu-
pendulum occurs at the maximum pendulum angle, bmax. lum rest position, J,
Substituting in Eq X4.8 gives the following: Es = uncorrected breaking energy specimen, J,
EA 5 mbmax 1 ~EB/2! (X4.11) ETC = total energy correction for a given breaking energy,
Es, J,
g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2,
h = distance center of gravity of pendulum rises verti-
cally from the rest position of the pendulum, m,
hM = maximum height of the center of gravity of the
pendulum, m,
m = slope of total correction energy straight line,
L = distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of pen-
dulum, m,
Wp = weight of pendulum, as determined in X1.14, kg,
and
b = angle of pendulum position from the pendulum rest
FIG. X4.2 Total Energy Correction for Pendulum Windage and position.
Dial Friction as a Function of Pendulum Position
X5.1 Joules per metre cannot be converted directly into 1 ft·lbf/in. = (39.37)(1.356) J/m
kJ/m2. Note that the optional units of kJ/m2 (ft·lbf/in.2) may 1 ft·lfb/in. = 53.4 J/m
1 ft·lbf/in. = 0.0534 kJ/m
also be required; therefore, the cross-sectional area under the
notch must be reported. X5.1.1.2 Example:
X5.1.1 The following examples are approximations: 1 ft·lbf/1550 in.2 = 1.356 J/m2
1 ft·lbf/in.2 = (1550)(1.356) J/m2
X5.1.1.1 Example: 1 ft·lfb/in.2 = 2101 J/m2
1 ft·lbf/39.37 in. = 1.356 J/m 1 ft·lbf/in.2 = 2.1 kJ/m2
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