The Laws An Example

The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop

Circuit

Bernd Schröder

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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.

 C C C CC

CC CC CC
 X

X

X
u
XX


∑ vloop = 0
XXX
O  

XXX


 C C C CC
CC CC CC

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The sum of the currents into and
out of a node is zero.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The sum of the currents into and
out of a node is zero.
HH 

j
HHH 
*

H 
u
HH 
-


HH
H
-
∑ iin = ∑ iout
 H H
H
  jH
H
*
 HH
 H
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The sum of the currents into and
out of a node is zero.

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The sum of the currents into and
out of a node is zero.
2.1 It’s conservation of mass. If the sum was not zero, charges
would either be created or destroyed at the node. (There is
no storage in conductors.)

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The sum of the voltages in a
closed loop is zero.
1.1 It’s conservation of energy. If the sum was not zero, we
could indefinitely accelerate a charge by sending it around.
1.2 Careful with signs.
1.3 In loops with a source, we can also say that the sum of the
voltages on the elements is equal to the external voltage.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The sum of the currents into and
out of a node is zero.
2.1 It’s conservation of mass. If the sum was not zero, charges
would either be created or destroyed at the node. (There is
no storage in conductors.)
3. Council’s Law (honorable mention). Never become part of
the circuit.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
B B B B B s
B B B B B




PP

PP
E(t) C R2 
PP
 
PP


qs

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
B B B B B s
B B B B B node




PP

PP
E(t) C R2 
PP
 
PP


qs

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) C R2 
PP
 
PP


qs

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) C R2 
PP
 
PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3

E(t) =

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3

E(t) = R1 i1

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?



PP

PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3
1
Z
E(t) = R1 i1 + i3 dt
C

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?


U 
PP
loop 2 
PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3
1
Z
E(t) = R1 i1 + i3 dt
C

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?


U 
PP
loop 2 
PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3
1
Z
E(t) = R1 i1 + i3 dt
C
R2 i2

logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?


U 
PP
loop 2 
PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3
1
Z
E(t) = R1 i1 + i3 dt
C
1
Z
R2 i2 − i3 dt
C
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit
The Laws An Example

R1
i1 i2
B B B B B - s-
B B B B B node
i3 ?


U 
PP
loop 2 
PP
E(t) U C R2 
 loop 1 PP

PP


qs i1 = i2 + i3
1
Z
E(t) = R1 i1 + i3 dt
C
1
Z
R2 i2 − i3 dt = 0
C
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Governing Equations of a Multi Loop Circuit