Astronomy

Define the following:

The Solar System:______________________________________ Forces Revision Booklet
The Milky Way:________________________________________
A Galaxy: ____________________________________________
The Universe:_________________________________________
Why do planets orbit the Sun? ______________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
How do the orbits of comets differ to the orbits of planets? ___________
__________________________________________________
Name: Class:
Forces can change three things. Write these below:
Which two things does the gravitational force between two objects depend
1.
on? ________________________________________________
2.
Write the equation that links orbial speed, orbital radius, and time.
3.
Forces are vectors and are measured in newtons. One newton is defined as:
The force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s2.
Calculate the speed of a satellite orbiting the Earth (radius 6400 km) at a
Complete the table showing what different types of forces can do.
height of 300 km. The satellite orbits once every 2 hours. ____________
Magnetic
__________________________________________________
Electrostatic
__________________________________________________ Opposes the motion of two surfaces sliding past each other.

__________________________________________________ Upthrust
Air Resistance/Drag
__________________________________________________
Graphs of Motion Turning Effect of Forces & Stability
Distance against Time The turning effect of a force is called its ______. The size of the turning
d
40 effect depends on two things; the _____ and the ________ from the pivot.

Distance (m)
v t 30
20
Velocity = 10 Write the equation above and use it to calculate the moments of the following:
0
A 300 N weight acting at 2 m from a pivot. ________________________
0 5 10 15 20 25
Calculate the velocity shown A bike pedal 20 cm from the pivot being pushed with 50 N of force. ________
Time (s)

by the graph. Use the principle of moments to balance the two see-saws below.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ 500 N 400 N 600 N yN

v-u Velocity against Time 2m xm x= 2m 3m y=

15 Stability
a t
Velocity (m/s)

10 Define centre of gravity:

Acceleration = 5

0 Outline a method of finding the centre of gravity of a 2D piece of card. Explain

Calculate the acceleration 0 5 10 15 how your method works.
Time (s) ____________________________________________________
between 0 - 5 s
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Calculate the total distance travelled in 10 seconds. __________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Momentum Forces & Shape
p
Write below the equation that links momentum, mass and velocity. Each team has 8 players in a scrum.
Each red player pushes with 300 N,
each white player pushes with 320N.
m v What is the total force exerted by the
red team? __________________
Which of the following has more momentum; a 5 000 kg truck moving at 1 m/s,
What is the total force exerted by the white team? __________________
or a 2 kg meteorite moving at 3 000 m/s? _______________________ What is the resultant force? _________________________________
Which team will win? ______________________________________
___________________________________________________
Friction resists the motion of two surfaces sliding
Define the term “conservation of momentum:” ____________________
against each other. Draw an arrow to show the direction
___________________________________________________
friction is acting on the mouse. Are the forces balanced
A toy train, mass 1 kg, is travelling at 3 m/s when it collides with a second train or unbalanced? Explain your answer.
of equal mass. They stick together due to magnetic catches. How fast do they
____________________________________________________
move away from the point of collision?__________________________
12 12
A 10 B 10
___________________________________________________ 8 8

Force (N)
Force (N)
6 6
___________________________________________________ 4 4

2 2

Force is defined as the rate of change of momentum. Write the 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
0 100 200 300 400
equation that shows this relationship. Extension (cm) Extension (cm)

The two graphs show two different materials. Which material obeys Hooke’s
law for the full 10 N range? _________________________________
Frank Lampard takes a penalty and the ball hits the back of the net at 20 m/s.
Which material is the stiffest? _______________________________
The ball has a mass of 0.5 kg and is in contact with the boot for 0.1 seconds.
Calculate the force applied to the ball. ____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________ Name a material that does not obey Hooke’s law: ____________________
___________________________________________________ A material that returns to its original shape when a load is removed is said to
be: _________. If stretched beyond the ________ _____ the sample will
___________________________________________________
deform permanently.
 Explain the term “acceleration due to gravity.”
Forces & Movement ____________________________________________________
Write below the equation that links force, mass and acceleration. ____________________________________________________
F Assuming air resistance is negligible, how fast would ball be travelling as it hits
m a the floor after free-falling from rest for 5 seconds?
____________________________________________________
An equal force is applied to the two masses below. Which will have the ____________________________________________________
greatest acceleration? Explain your answer.
Masses ____________________________ Calculate the weight of a 65 kg man on Earth.
____________________________________________________
5 kg 10 kg ____________________________
The gravitational field strength on the moon is a sixth of the Earth’s. How much
___________________________________________________ would he weigh on the Moon?
___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
Terminal Velocity
A BMW Z4 accelerates to 27 m/s ( ≈ 60 mph) in 5.2 s, while a Bugatti
In reality air resistance does affect the acceleration of an object in free-fall.
Veyron does it in 2.4 s. Calculate the acceleration of each.
Complete the sentences using the words below.
___________________________________________________
As an object first starts to fall there is zero _____. The only force acting on
___________________________________________________ the object is _______, causing the object to ________ downwards. As the
The Bugatti has a mass of 1 888 kg, the BMW has a mass of 1 500 kg. object starts to move the drag force starts to _______. The drag force acts
Calculate the force needed for maximum acceleration. ______ against the movement. Resultant Force = Weight - Drag Force. As the
___________________________________________________ object moves _______ the drag force continues to increase, ________ the
___________________________________________________ resultant force downwards, until the weight force and the drag force are
_______. When the forces are balanced the resultant force is _____ and
Complete the following:
there is no ________. The object has reached __________ _________.
Thinking distance is _____________________________________ Words: zero terminal velocity equal upwards acceleration
___________________________________________________ weight drag faster accelerate increase reducing
Breaking distance is _____________________________________ Complete the diagrams showing the acceleration leading to terminal velocity
___________________________________________________
Stopping distance is _____________________________________
Two factors that affect stopping distance are _____________________
___________________________________________________