MORE DRINKING, LESS THINKING: A Phenomenological Study Constituent into

the Concomitant of Unrestrained Alcohol Ingestion of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High

School Students of Francisco Bustamante National High School

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements in the

Practical Research 1 subject for the

Academic Year 2018-2019

By

Aizel Alimbon

Charleen Grace Montesclaros

Ivan Bangkas

Queen Rochelyn Maitum

Raquel Guillermo

January 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“A single hand cannot tie a bundle” says an old adage. Many people have made things

possible for the researchers to complete this work. The researchers would like to express their

eternal appreciation and thanks to everyone who wholeheartedly lend their support, guidance,

advice and most of all their encouragement that led us into the fulfilling of this study. To our

Almighty God for the knowledge, strength and wisdom. His guidance leads us to finish this

quantitative study. To our parents who provided us their financial support, love, values and

advices. To Ma’am Ginalyn G. Delgado, our practical research adviser, for her positive nature,

motivation and for never giving up in helping us with the troubles that hindered us into the

completion of this study. To those teachers who gave their time to finish our task. We would

also like to extend our thanks to the respondents, the cooperative students who actively

participated in our surveys, and the school’s admin for allowing us to conduct surveys. To our

classmates who we shared smiles and moments together despite of all the struggles. Lastly, we

would like to thank God for watching over us and leading us to the right paths. With all our

gratitude, we thank you.

 ABSTRACT

This study is focused on the effects of excessive alcohol consumption towards the

Senior High School Students. The aim of this research was to find a relationship between

alcohol consumption among grades 11 & 12 Senior High School Students of Francisco

Bustamante National High School. Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug

Abuse and Violence Prevention (2008) reports that 25% of college students encountered

numerous academic problems caused by drinking alcohol. Getting lower grades, doing poorly

on exams and paper works such as quizzes and written works, absences and even failing behind

are the consequences. Informants were 75 Senior High School Students, grades 11 & 12

students at Francisco Bustamante National High School. Stratified Random sampling was used

in choosing the participants. This study would help the School Administration, Students,

Teachers and Future Researchers. This would help the school administration to make an action

that will increase awareness of the students that addresses alcohol related problems. The

Students and informants involved in this study would add to their awareness about drinking

alcohol and other alcohol-related issues and how it affects their education and life. This study

could even help the teachers to address some of the problem of their children under their

advisory with regards of excessive alcohol consumption. They would be guided to know and

understand better their students with the help of this study. And the Future Researchers, this

research would give other researchers insights that will serve as basis and guide in their study

related to Alcohol Consumption and its effects to the Academic Performance of Students. It is

important to enable all members of the school community to become aware of the issue of

alcohol among the students because it may not affect some of the students but it may to others

that may lead to serious problems. Members of the school community could help the students

regarding with the said issue.

 DEDICATION

This remarkable qualitative study is dedicated to our Lord Almighty,

Who had given me the spiritual guidance, understanding
Wisdom, and great blessings always,

To my family and friends who have always guided, encouraged and supported me
To my group mates Aizel, Charleen, Ivan, Queen, Raquel for helping
and accompanying me all through the way
To our adviser in practical research 1 Ms. Ginalyn G. Delgado
in supporting us and making this research study successful
- Aizel-

This remarkable quantitative study is dedicated most importantly

to our Lord God,
Who gave me the knowledge and who guided me,
and to my group mates in doing this study.

To my family who supported me and gave me strength especially with the

Financial assistance.

To my friends and loved ones who supported me and helped me a lot

To our practical research 1 teacher Ms. Ginalyn G. Delgado, we thank her

Support. She helped us and taught us how to conduct a good quantitative research.

- Charleen -
 This qualitative study is dedicated to Lord God,
Who guided me and my team and gave us knowledge,
Wisdom, and courage to fulfill this study.

To my team, who gave their full effort and helping me

I am really honour to be part of a great team,

And to our teacher in practical research 1 Ms. Ginalyn G. Delgado for teaching
And guiding us all through the way.

- Ivan -
I would like to thank my parents and my friends for supporting me for

Making this research into a reality by supporting on the expenses and cheering me up.

To our practical research Ms. Ginalyn G. Delgado thank you for your help and guidance through our whole
thesis making, this would not be possible without your guidance and teaching.

- Queen -

I’d like to take this opportunity to thank God for giving me such knowledge about our research.

To our research teacher, Ms, Ginalyn G. Delgado, I would like to thank her for guiding us in

This research.

To my family who is always there to support me financially

To my team thank you for helping me to fulfill my duties.

- Raquel -
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Alcohol is widely used in our society. Most individuals drink alcohol in ways that do

not increase risk for alcohol use problems and may also derive a health benefit. For others, use

of alcohol will increase their risk for alcohol problems. Defining precisely who is at risk for

alcohol problems and assessing the risks versus the benefits of alcohol use are important to

designing effective interventions to reduce alcohol problems and providing accurate public

health information. (NIAAA: Understanding the impact of alcohol on human health and well-

being)

Alcohol consumption is associated with a wide range of adverse health and social

consequences, both acute (e.g., traffic deaths, other injuries) and chronic (e.g., alcohol

dependence, liver damage, stroke, cancers of the mouth and esophagus). The scope and variety

of these problems are attributable to differences in the amount, duration, and patterns of alcohol

consumption; differences in genetic vulnerability to particular alcohol-related consequences;

and differences in economic, social, and other environmental factors. (NIH Health Disparities

Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2009-2013)

Despite a growing literature in this area, no study has convincingly answered the

question of whether alcohol consumption inhibits high school students’ learning. Alcohol

consumption could be an important determinant of how much a high school student learns

without having a strong impact on his or her decision to stay in school or attend college. This

question is fundamental and timely, given recent research showing that underage drinkers are

susceptible to the immediate consequences of alcohol use, including blackouts, hangovers, and
alcohol poisoning, and are at elevated risk of neurodegeneration (particularly in regions of the

brain responsible for learning and memory), impairments in functional brain activity, and

neurocognitive defects (Zeigler et al., 2004).

A common and comprehensive measure of high school students’ learning is Grade

Point Average (GPA). GPA is an important outcome because it is a key determinant of college

admissions decisions and of job quality for those who do not attend college. Only a few studies

have explored the association between alcohol use and GPA. Wolaver (2002) and Williams,

Powell, and Wechsler (2003) have studied this association among college students, while

DeSimone and Wolaver (2005) have investigated the effects of underage drinking on GPA

during high school. The latter study found a negative association between high school drinking

and grades, although it is not clear whether the effects are causal or the result of unobserved

heterogeneity.

Alcohol problems, both those of individuals and those that affect society at large,

continue to impose staggering social and economic burdens. In addition to negatively affecting

health, a wide range of social ills including domestic violence, child abuse, fires and other

accidents, and other crimes against individuals such as rape, robbery, and assault have all been

linked to alcohol misuse. An estimated 20 to 40 percent of patients in large urban hospitals are

there because of illnesses that have been caused or made worse by their drinking. This means

that out of every 100 patients in such hospitals, almost half may be there because of their

alcohol use. In spite of the severity of the alcohol-related problems, many people do not yet

understand that alcohol problems can yield to scientifically-based medical and psychosocial

intervention in the same way as other health conditions are responsive to prevention and

treatment. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

 Alcohol is one of the commonly used drug substances worldwide. It is classified as a

depressant. Throughout these past centuries, many studies show that alcohol impairs and slows

both physical and psychosocial activity. Blackouts, hangovers, sickness in the form of

vomiting, and headaches are just some of the immediate effects of alcohol and young age

drinkers are prone to these effects. Alcohol can cause damage to brain cells which results to

neurodegeneration or the loss of structure of brain cells that are responsible in learning and

memory (Zeigler et al., 2004). High-intensity drinking by student can result to negative effects

on their academic performance. This is because alcohol can cause daytime sleepiness and affect

daytime alertness (Roehrs T. and Roth T. 2001). Daytime sleepiness impairs the memory and

how information is process and stored.

Alcohol consumption is widespread among preteens and teens. According to one

national survey, one in four eighth graders reports drinking alcohol within the past month and

18% of eighth graders have gotten drunk at least once in the past year (Make a Difference: Talk

to Your Child about Alcohol, Rockville, MD, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and

Alcoholism, 2000).

A recent survey from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service’s National

Household Survey on Drug Use and Health reported that about 28% of young people between

the ages of 12 and 20 said that they had had a drink in the last month, more than 18% of young

people in that age group said that they were binge drinkers (meaning that they had five or more

drinks in one sitting), and 6% said that they were heavy drinkers (Who’s Using Alcohol. Family

Guide, Keeping Youth Mentally Healthy & Drug Free. U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services. 2007).

While many people may think that drinking is less serious than drug use, that is not the

case. Alcohol is a depressant, which means that it slows body functions, including heartbeat,
breathing, and thinking. Drinking alcoholic beverages can have other effects on the body, such

as those listed below (Alcohol and the Brain. Neuroscience for Kids. Eric H. Chudler. 1996-

2007; The Cool Spot).

In Baguio, Philippines, a cross-sectional survey was conducted by Furiscal et al. (2008)

to evaluate the alcohol drinking behavior among high school students. The survey shows 30.8%

percent of 280 3rd year and 4th year high school students of in Baguio, aged 15-16 years old,

were drinkers and the percentage of male who drink are 47.1% and 18.2% for females. The

authors also concluded that family influence, intention to drink and the affordability of

alcoholic products are factors that lead students to consume alcohol. The study evidently show

that a lot of young people already involved in drinking alcohol despite that the legal age of

drinking is 21.

Academic Performance of students generally refers to how good they accomplishing

their school works, studies and tasks. (Onyebuchukwu et al., 2015) There are numbers of ways

in measuring the students’ performance. One can measure Academic Performance through

students’ grades, projects, performance in their class and other part paper works from their

specialized subject.

In accordance with the prior research, the researchers hypothesized that drinking has a

negatively effect on class attendance and time spent studying. The researchers also expected

that there’s a relationship between high-intensity drinking and grade point average of the

student.

Understanding the relationship of alcohol consumption and its effect to the academic

performance of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School Students is pertinent in many ways. This

study is a big help because it will give a phenomenological finding and understanding on the
population of Senior High School Students of Francisco Bustamante National High School

who drink alcohol and its effect on their learning, academic performance and the impact of

these on their Senior High School admission.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The proposed research will determine the profile of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School

Students who consume alcoholic drinks like Liquors, Wines, and Vodka etc. The research also

aims to determine the effect/s and factor/s of excessive alcohol consumption of Grades 11 &

12 Senior High School Students and the reasons behind why the students of Francisco

Bustamante National High School drink alcohol. This phenomenological study would serve as

reference for future researchers and would enlighten the readers on how drinking Liquors,

Wines, and Vodka, etc and excessive alcohol consumption could possibly affect the students.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is/are the profile of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School Students who consume

alcoholic drinks like Liquors, Wines, and Vodka etc.? In terms of: Age & Gender

2. What is/are the effect/s & factor/s of excessive alcohol drinking of Grades 11 & 12 Senior

High School Students?

3. What is/are the problems of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School Students who drinks

Liquors, Wines, and Vodka etc.?

THEORETICAL LENS

Albert Bandura (1977) formulated the Social Learning Theory emphasizing that people

learn through observing and imitating others’ behavior, attitudes and outcomes of those

behaviors. Bandura further explained that “most human behavior is learned observationally

through modelling: from observing from observing others, one forms an idea of how new

behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for

action”. Social Learning theory focuses on learning through social modeling. In other words,

environmental influences help determine how our behavior learned. Social learning occurs

many ways. It can occur through direct reinforcement, observation, environmental or through

cognition.

Alcohol consumption among Senior High Students can be explained through Social

Learning Theory. Environment change radically when entering College. Deviant actions such

as drinking, smoking and drug use are seen. These practices can be learned through observation

others and peer influences. Students tend to imitate these actions especially drinking in order

to fit or participate on their social context.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

School Administration. This would help them to make an action that will increase awareness

of the students that addresses alcohol related problems.

Students. The result of this study would add to their awareness about drinking alcohol and

other alcohol-related issues and how it affects their education and life.
Teachers. This study would help the teachers to address some of the problem of their children

under their advisory with regards of excessive alcohol consumption. They would be guided to

know and understand better their students with the help of this study.

Future Researchers. The findings of this research would give other researchers insights that

will serve as basis and guide in their study related to Alcohol Consumption and its effects to

the Academic Performance of Students.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Academic Performance – refers to the students’ academic grades, performance in their class

and results from their tests and exams.

Excessive alcohol consumption – refers to the too much alcohol intake by the Senior High

Students.

GPA – Grade Point Average. This refers to the average grade of the participant in the first

quarterly grading period.

Current use - drinking at least once in the past 30 days.

Binge use - is defined as five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least one day in the

past 30.

Heavy use - is defined as five or more drinks one each of five or more days on the past 30

days.

REM – Rapid Eye Movement.

BAL – Blood Alcohol Level.

LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is focused on determining the profile of Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School

Students who excessively consume alcohol and the effect of it on their academic performance.

The researchers aim to conduct the study only within the vicinity of Francisco Bustamante

National High School located at Tibungco, Davao City. The researchers also aim to determine

the effects of concomitant of unrestrained alcohol ingestion of grades 11 & 12 senior high

school students of Francisco Bustamante National High School. The data gathering procedure

will be responded by 75 randomly selected students under grades 11 & 12 senior high school

department using stratified random sampling. The target completion date of this research will

only be until January 2019.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

Chapter 1: of this study introduced the Background of the study, Purpose of

the study, Research Questions, Theoretical Lens, Significance of the study, Definition

of Terms, Limitations and Delimitations of the study.

Chapter 2: of this study presents a review of written works, especially those

considered of superior or lasting artistic merit and relevant research associated with

the problem addressed in this devotion of time and attention to acquiring knowledge

on an academic subject, especially by means of books.

Chapter 3: presents the system of methods used in a particular area of study or

activity. And a series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner used for data

collection and analysis. This chapter includes the Research Design, Research Informants,

Data Collection, Data Analysis, Role of the Researcher, Trustworthiness of the Study, and

Ethical Considerations.
Chapter 4: of this study you will find the data we gathered from our Informants.

Chapter 5: of this study you will find our discussions and our conclusions.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Alcohol Consumption among students is a burning issue that society has been facing

today. Aside from tobacco, alcohol is also one of the most commonly used illegal psychoactive

substance. Psychoactive drugs can affect individual’s moods, the way he/she behave and think.

Since alcohol is also considered as a depressant, the central nervous system activity of the

person who intake alcohol slows down which could result in lowering the person’s alertness

and it also affect the breathing and heart rate. Though it is evidently had negative effect on the

health of a person, alcohol-related harm still depends on the volume of alcohol consume and

as well as on the patterns of drinking of the drinkers (WHO, 2014).

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with health-risks. Binge drinking or

drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time causes intoxication therefore

impairing the functioning of the brain. Physical coordination, consciousness, cognition,

perception and behavior are also affected. Numerous health-related risks such as sickness in

form of vomiting, coma, and fatal injuries are caused by drinking large volume of alcohol.

(National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 2010). Moreover, according

to World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), repeated drinking of heavy alcohol is also

associates with serious health conditions such as cancer, liver disease and cardiovascular

diseases and to more than 200 diseases.

Fulton T. Crews, Ph.D. (2008) conducted a study about Alcohol-Related

Neurodegeneration and Recovery with the help of animal experiments that aims to found out

the effect of alcohol in the brain cell. The said study was aid through animal experiments. The

experiment established that alcohol can result neurodegeneration or the loss of structure or
function of multiple brain region which cause by the damage of the brain cells or neuron

resulted by alcohol drinking.

A drink as defined by National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2012) is a

can or a bottle of beer, a glass of wine or a wine cooler. Consumption of alcohol beverages

(beer, wine, whisky and brandy) has three levels. The first level is the Current or the Past

month use. Drinking at least once in the past 30 days belongs to this level. Binge use is defined

as five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least one day in the past 30 days. Heavy use

is defined as five or more drinks one each of five or more days on the past 30 days.

The NSDUH also shows the results of the 2011 survey of alcohol use among persons

aged 12 or older. The percentage of current American drinkers aged 12 or older were 51.8%.

This percentage is estimated to equivalent to about 133.4 million current drinkers. Moreover,

the result also shows that 22.6% or nearly a quarter of persons aged 12 or older has been

reported being binge drinkers. This percentage translates to about 58.3 million people. On the

other hand, 6.2% of American population aged 12 or older were heavy drinker. Equivalent to

15.9 million people.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2011)

conducted a national survey identifying the statistics reports about college drinkers. Result

shows that in 2011, 60.8% of full time college students were current drinkers, the percentage

of binge drinkers were 39.1 and 13.6% were heavy drinkers. Results varies for those college

students who enrolled in a part time student program, the percentage of current drinkers were,

35.4% were binge drinkers and 10.5% were heavy drinkers. As to the relation between

different variable, whether full time college students and part time students has significant

relation or none, has not been determine in the study.

 On the study of Lorant et al. (2013), the researchers found out that college environment

factors contribute to the students’ consumption of alcohol. The more they are exposed on

college environment, the greater the chance they will involve in heavy, frequent, and abusive

drinking. The researcher even explained that these college environmental factors are can be

defined by social involvement, such as partying.

Based on the understanding of the researchers, the related literature becomes relevant

to the study because it speaks how social contributes on the behavior of the students.

Environment change radically upon entering senior high or college. Deviant actions such as

drinking alcohol, smoking and drug use are seen. These practices can be learned through

observation and peer influences. Students tend to imitate these actions especially drinking

alcohol in order to fit on their new environment or participate in social context.

The latter study could relate in Social Learning Theory conducted by Albert Bandura

(1977) proposing that people learned through observing other’s behavior and imitating their

actions. Environmental influences help determining how our behavior learned.

Academic Performance according to Onyebuchukwu et al. (2015), refers to the quality

of students' learning and performance. It is about how good the students in making their

school's tasks, projects, quizzes and studies. In school and universities, it is generally known

that academic performance is evaluated through the students' individual grading, written

exams, and scores in quizzes, oral recitation and performance tasks. The Grade Point Average

(GPA) of the students is the most common means in measuring the quality of the students'

performances. This related literature is relevant to the researchers of this study because this

will serve as the basis of the researchers on how they will measure the academic performance

of the students and how too much intake of alcohol affects it.
 According to the study conducted by Balsa et al. (2011), using Grade Point Average

(GPA) as their means of measuring the Academic Performance of the students. They concluded

that high intensity drinking has results in slightly decrease in GPA of males. However, the

result also shows that high intensity drinking of females caused into more serious academic

difficulty. The study states that the effects of alcohol consumption on the GPA of the students

varies between men and women. Though male are more likely to drink alcohol compare to

female, the latter are more susceptible to the negative alcohol on their academic performance.

Furthermore, female drinkers are more vulnerable than males in terms of the alcohol

health-related effects. For instance, Wang PhD et al. (2014) suggested that females are more

prone and may face greater health-risk compare to male in terms of alcohol-related disease

such as alcoholic liver disease and females are more susceptible to brain volume shrinkage.

Despite the large population of male drinkers worldwide, female especially heavy drinkers

have higher mortality. Since women had a lower total body water content, therefore the alcohol

intake is diluted less. Moreover, women also differs from men in terms of alcohol

dehydrogranase activity, it is lower compared to the men. Alcohol intake by women are being

absorbed into the blood circulation because the first stage of alcohol metabolism is slowdown

in women and this could result to higher blood alcohol level which is about 30% higher

compare to men,

According to the Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014 of World Health

Organization, about 16% of the 15 years or older drinkers are involved in high intensity

drinking.

In Baguio, Philippines, a cross-sectional survey was conducted by Furisca et al. (2008)

to evaluate the alcohol drinking behavior among high school students. The survey shows 30.8%

of 280 3rd year and 4th year high school students in Baguio, aged 15-16 years old, were
drinkers and the percentage of male who drink are 47.1% and 18.2% for females. The authors

also concluded that family influence, intention to drink and the affordability of alcoholic

products are factors that lead students to consume alcohol. The study also evidently show that

drinking is also a trend for underage.

Alcohol consumption does not only affect the GPA of the student but alcohol also affect

the students’ attendance and alcohol could also be the factor of not completing school works

in timely manner (Powers, 2014). This research show that alcohol abuse among students relates

to the decreased of their academic performance. Furthermore, to testify the hypothesis they

formulated, they conduct a survey in order to determine the correlation between alcohol

consumption in college students and GPA. Blood alcohol level (BAL) determines the amount

of alcohol intake by the person. Through measuring students’ blood alcohol level (BAL), the

results supports the formulated hypothesis, they concluded that the higher blood alcohol level

of the students, the lower the GPA of the students.

One of the most common consequences of alcohol abuse is the difficulty in doing

academic responsibilities. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse

and Violence Prevention (2008) reports that 25% of college students encountered numerous

academic problems caused by drinking alcohol. Getting lower grades, doing poorly on exams

and paper works such as quizzes and written works, absences and even failing behind are the

consequences. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA,

2010) survey, about 21.6% of students which equivalent to 14,000 students who drank reported

to had fallen behind in their schoolwork and the percentage of those who missed class because

of alcohol use is 29.5%. A survey was conducted 53 colleges in all over United States and

result shows that 21.8% of students reported performing poorly on a test or assignments and
on the other hand, about 30.7% reported that in past 12 months, they had missed a classes due

to alcohol use.

Enough sleep help a person to enhance their learning process, mood stability and good

memory (Al-Zahrani et al. 2016). Sleep deprivation among students could result to

psychological dysfunction that adversely affect their academic performance. Heavy drinking

alcohol before school days can lead to irregular sleep patterns of the students which could result

to daytime sleepiness. Although alcohol may seem to help a drinker to sleep as it helps induce

sleep, but overall it is more disruptive to sleep. Alcohol does allow healthy people to fall asleep

quicker but it reduces Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. REM as defined by the National

Sleep Foundation (2010) is the stage where 25% of the person’s sleep cycle is made. The brain

and the body are energized and REM sleep is responsible for the process of storing memories,

learning and balancing mood. Disturbances in REM sleep may cause daytime sleepiness and

deprived concentration. When a person are deprive of REM sleep, they would find it hard to

remember what they did or were taught before going to sleep because REM sleep stimulates

part of the brain which is responsible for learning. Migraine is also one of health effects of

REM sleep deprivation. Therefore, the more a person drinks before bed, the more pronounced

these effects. Students who are involve in heavy drinking are more likely to experience the said

effects and may find it hard to cope with class.

A study was conducted by Singleton and Wolfston (2009) determining sleeping

patterns and daytime sleepiness and impaired daytime alertness which cause by high drinking

correlates to the low academic achievement of the students. The results concluded that students

who drink alcohol regularly have interrupted sleep cycles. Under of the said consequence are

going to bed late, waking up late, impairment of daytime alertness and experiencing in

increased of daytime sleepiness, all factors are said to have a significant relationship with
decreased academic performance. Daytime alertness of students during class is vital in their

learning and performance. It is evident that students who sustain apt level of alertness are more

likely to have energy to pay attention on class and engage fully in class activities such as doing

performance tasks, writing a report and solving mathematical problems.

Number of recent studies have sought to identify factors that causes students to

excessively drink alcohol. Most common factor is simply coping with stress in school.

According to DeHart et al. (2009), although it is a stereotype that students drink just to have

fun but according to the research they conducted, excessive alcohol consumption is associated

with stress and anxiety of the students. They use alcohol as coping mechanism to deal with

stress. The higher the stress level perceived by the students, the more they drink excessively.

As students undergo adolescents, they become more susceptible to stressful life events

and in order to control their negative emotions caused by problems, they became engaged in

drinking alcohol with a belief that it can help them to forget troubles, problems and reduce

stressful events. However, this would also lead the drinker to consume alcohol excessively.

(Bentea, 2014). Based on the understanding of the researchers, alcohol is only giving a person

a temporary solution and a temporarily escape from their problem, stress and anxiety or a way

to avoid the troubles.

Socialization factors also influencing alcohol consumption among students. Family

socialization practices such as parents tolerating the behavior of their children with regards to

alcohol consumption, imitating parents that drink, conveying beliefs about alcohol can

influence the students or teenagers’ behaviors of alcohol use. Parent-child relationship is linked

to drinking among teenagers. Lack of parenting and a broken family increase the alcoholic

behavior of the children which results to heavy alcohol use. (Poonruksa, 2011). Families in

which children have an amiable relationship with their parents, parents can control or prevent
their children from involving in problem behaviors such as doing deviant actions like drinking

alcohol. Thus, the attachment relationship goes hand in hand with parenting Parents who

adequately control and supervise their adolescents may prevent them from starting to drink

early in life. When children are also highly attached to their parents, the attachment relationship

might strengthen the impact of control on adolescents’ alcohol use. Because of this, it is

assumed that the expected association between parental control and an early development of

drinking will be moderated by parental attachment (Coll et al. 2008).

Other socialization factor which contributing to students drinking are peer

relationships. In order to fit in the environment, socialize with other and promote a friendship

formation, some of them could start drinking. Drinking alcohol give a students a sense of

belonging and gain approval and acceptance by peers. Alcohol is not restricted among peer

groups which tempt students to drink alcohol. To further reviewed, students are motivated by

the belief that to fit in the environment or in order to feel the sense of belonging in a peer group

(Bentea, 2014).

Many people enjoy a drink without any problems, but binge drinking or drinking

heavily over longer periods of time can have very serious consequences. Alcohol misuse not

only harms the individual, but damages relationships, education and society in general in terms

of violence and crime, accidents and drink driving.

It is essential that research into a better treatments methods and more significance, into

method of prevention be continued. Only in this way can progress be made in dealing with

vices. It is significant to learn more about why people drinking, what effect of drinking to the

health of a person, the most effective ways to prevent youth from starting and how to help the

adult to stop and to avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages that drinking caused.
 Chapter III

Methodology

As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the

dissertation. In more details, the researchers gathered the necessary data and information that

was used in the entire study. This chapter describes the Research Design, Research Informants,

Data Collection, Data Analysis, Role of the Researcher, Trustworthiness of the Study, and

Ethical Considerations

RESEARCH DESIGN

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how Unrestrained Alcohol

Ingestion affects the Grades 11 & 12 Senior High School Students of Francisco Bustamante

National High School. Current literature is void of describing the interactivity between these

two important entities within the educational environment. The involved student voice was at

the core of this investigation as their lived experiences shed light on this phenomenon. A

qualitative strategy was chosen to help navigate the investigatory effort. A declaration

regarding how an investigator views knowledge strategically motivates the research and guides

every aspect of the study from question to conclusion.

RESEARCH INFORMANTS

The respondents of this study are the Senior High School students, particularly the

Grades 11 and 12 Senior High School students of Francisco Bustamante National High School.
DATA SOURCES

For the purpose of the study both primary and secondary data are used. The primary

data was collected from the Senior High School Students of Franciscso Bustamante National

High School. The secondary data was collected from records of previous researchers which

deals with the study of alcohol consumption and its effects towards the academic performance

of students. In-depth and unstructured interviews are used to collect information towards the

informants. The primary and secondary data have been collected to cover every aspect of the

study. The primary data are related to behaviour and response of Senior High School Students

towards drinking liquors. The secondary data shows that there is a significant relationship

between the effects of excessive alcohol consumption and its effect to the academic

performance of the students. These data used in combination as per need of the study.

DATA COLLECTION

For the purposes of this research, in depth interviews were used. In depth interviews

are personal and unstructured interviews, whose aim is to identify participant’s emotions,

feelings, and opinions regarding a particular research subject. The main advantage of personal

interviews is that they involve personal and direct contact between interviewers and

interviewees, as well as eliminate non-response rates, but interviewers need to have developed

the necessary skills to successfully carry an interview. What is more, unstructured interviews

offer flexibility in terms of the flow of the interview, thereby leaving room for the generation

of conclusions that were not initially meant to be derived regarding a research subject.

However, there is the risk that the interview may deviate from the pre-specified research aims

and objectives.
 As far as data collection tools were concerned, the conduction of the research involved

the use of semi-structured questionnaire, which was used as an interview guide for the

researcher. Some certain questions were prepared, so as for the researcher to guide the

interview towards the satisfaction of research objectives, but additional questions were made

encountered during the interviews.

Some sample questions that were included in the semi-structured questionnaire were

the following:

QUESTION 1: What do you feel when you drink alcohol?

QUESTION 2: What do you think are the effects of drinking alcohol?

QUESTION 3: Does it affect family in some aspects?

QUESTION 4: Do you have so much many that you spent most of the time drinking?

QUESTION 5: Have you done something bad while you were under the effect of

alcohol?

QUESTION 6: How oftentimes do you drink?

QUESTION 7: When was the first time you started drinking?

QUESTION 8: What was the most embarrassing moment you encountered while you

were under the effect of alcohol?

QUESTION 9: Have you engaged in some sexual activities while you are under the

effect of alcohol?

QUESTION 10: Have you been involved into some accidents while you are under the

effect of alcohol?

QUESTION 11: How well do you behave whenever you drink alcohol?
DATA ANALYSIS

Discourse analysis was used to analyze the data which was gathered from personal

interviews. Discourse analysis is a method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and all types

of written text. Discourse analysis is gradually becoming more established in alcohol

consumption. Using rigorous methods and techniques, discourse analysis can offer a

sophisticated insight into the complex world of alcohol consumption. Discourse analysis is the

study of social life, understood through analysis of language in its widest sense (including face-

to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images, symbols and documents). It offers ways of

investigating meaning, whether in conversation or in culture. Discourse analytic studies

encompass a broad range of theories, topics and analytic approaches for explaining language

in use. However, human error is highly involved in discourse analysis, since there is the risk

for researchers to misinterpret the data gathered, thereby generating false and unreliable

conclusions (Krippendorff & Bock, 2008).

ROLE OF THE RESEARCH

The role of the researchers in this phenomenological study is to access the thoughts and

feelings of study Informants which is not an easy task, as it involves asking people to talk about

things that may be very personal to them. Sometimes the experiences being explored are fresh

in the participant’s mind, whereas on other occasions reliving past experiences may be difficult.

However, the data are being collected, a primary responsibility of the researcher is to safeguard

Informants and their data. Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to

Informants and must be approved by a relevant research ethics review board before the research

begins. The phenomenological study can also contribute as references which can be useful in

the near future. In order to gather the needed data, the researchers would conduct an in-depth
interview to the corresponding Informants which is the grades 11 & 12 Senior High School

Students of FBNHS.

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE STUDY

Potter (1996) argues that interviews are valuable tools for collecting data in qualitative

research. A one-on-one interview method allows the researcher to interact with the participants

and to observe non-verbal cues during the interview process. In this study an unstructured

interview method was used to allow for an open, in-depth discussion of the research topic.

Denzin and Lincoln (2005) argue that unstructured interviews allow the researcher to

understand the complexity of the situation without imposing any prior categorization.

Through choosing interviews as a method of data collection the researcher hoped to

gain a deeper understanding of the participants‟ constructions through dialogue and through

the language they use in constructing the different discourses. The interview method allows the

researcher to seek clarity and probe for deeper understanding. As a result, the reporting and

analysis of data is reflective of the views of the participants. The researchers themselves was

in a dual-career marriage at the time of the research and therefore able to share their own

experiences with the participants, thus placing themselves as equal to the participants. In this

way the researcher was able to build trust and rapport with the participants and the trust in the

interaction or relationship made it somewhat easier for the participants to share their own

experiences without fear of being judged (Stanley, 1990). Potter (1996) argues that interviews

are valuable tools for collecting data in qualitative research. A one-on-one interview method

allows the researcher to interact with the participants and to observe non-verbal cues during

the interview process. In this study an unstructured interview method was used to allow for an

open, in-depth discussion of the research topic. Denzin and Lincoln (2005) argue that
unstructured interviews allow the researcher to understand the complexity of the situation

without imposing any prior categorization.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Given the importance of ethics in conducting research and the challenges around

conducting research, universities go to great lengths to protect the dignity and safety of research

Informants. This research honoured the ethical standards set by the generic research ethics. In

so doing, the Informants were informed about all the steps that were to be taken in this research.

The Informants were more important than the study, and therefore always respected. The

Informants were informed that the study was completely voluntary, and would not affect their

studies, in any way. Confidentiality was provided, as the subjects’ identifying information was

not sought. Honesty and transparency will always be observed in any type of communication

in relation to the research