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    Mid Term

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    Waqas Anjum
    Here are some potential research gaps identified in the literature: 1. Further optimization of mix designs using coconut shells and plastic waste to maximize strength properties for different applications. Different aggregate ratios and cement contents could be tested. 2. Evaluation of long-term durability properties like permeability, corrosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of mixes containing these waste materials. Durability is important for real-world performance. 3. Life cycle assessment comparing environmental impacts of traditional concrete to mixes containing waste aggregates. Quantifying impacts like carbon emissions and waste reduction would provide more compelling data. 4. Evaluation of other mechanical properties beyond compressive strength, like tensile and flexural strength. Different properties are important for various structural elements.

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    Mid Term

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    Waqas Anjum
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    Here are some potential research gaps identified in the literature: 1. Further optimization of mix designs using coconut shells and plastic waste to maximize strength properties for different applications. Different aggregate ratios and cement contents could be tested. 2. Evaluation of long-term durability properties like permeability, corrosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of mixes containing these waste materials. Durability is important for real-world performance. 3. Life cycle assessment comparing environmental impacts of traditional concrete to mixes containing waste aggregates. Quantifying impacts like carbon emissions and waste reduction would provide more compelling data. 4. Evaluation of other mechanical properties beyond compressive strength, like tensile and flexural strength. Different properties are important for various structural elements.

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    Here are some potential research gaps identified in the literature: 1. Further optimization of mix designs using coconut shells and plastic waste to maximize strength properties for different applications. Different aggregate ratios and cement contents could be tested. 2. Evaluation of long-term durability properties like permeability, corrosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of mixes containing these waste materials. Durability is important for real-world performance. 3. Life cycle assessment comparing environmental impacts of traditional concrete to mixes containing waste aggregates. Quantifying impacts like carbon emissions and waste reduction would provide more compelling data. 4. Evaluation of other mechanical properties beyond compressive strength, like tensile and flexural strength. Different properties are important for various structural elements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    52 views6 pages

    Mid Term

    Uploaded by

    Waqas Anjum
    Here are some potential research gaps identified in the literature: 1. Further optimization of mix designs using coconut shells and plastic waste to maximize strength properties for different applications. Different aggregate ratios and cement contents could be tested. 2. Evaluation of long-term durability properties like permeability, corrosion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of mixes containing these waste materials. Durability is important for real-world performance. 3. Life cycle assessment comparing environmental impacts of traditional concrete to mixes containing waste aggregates. Quantifying impacts like carbon emissions and waste reduction would provide more compelling data. 4. Evaluation of other mechanical properties beyond compressive strength, like tensile and flexural strength. Different properties are important for various structural elements.

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    of 6

    Concrete Structures 1

    Question No 1 (a)

    Strength

    Curing

    Shrinkage
    Concrete Structures

    Weathering

    Environment

    Materials

    Mixing

    Ratio

    Recycling

    Cracking
    Concrete Structures 2

    Question Regarding My Topic

    Question No 1: How to increase Strength of concrete?

    Question No 2: Methods involve in curing of concrete?

    Question No 3: How to reduce shrinkage in concrete?

    Question No 4: Weathering effects on concrete structures?

    Question No 5: How to reduce carbon foot-prints in Concrete Mix?

    Question No 6: Which materials or admixtures are used to improve concrete


    compressive strength?

    Question No 7: Methods involve in mixing of concrete?

    Question No 8: Material Ratio for High Strength Concrete?

    Question No 9: How to utilize Waste materials in Concrete mix?

    Question No 10: How to reduce cracking in concrete structures?

    Question No 1 (b, c)

    Research question: How can we use waste material such as coconut shell and waste plastic to make
    green concrete?

    Question No 1 (d)

    Thesis Title: Usage of coconut shell and plastic waste products in concrete mixture.
    Concrete Structures 3

    Question No 2
    Literature Review: Concrete is used world-wide as a building material twice as much as all
    other building materials combined (Eco-Smart Concrete, 2014). Therefore, it is no surprise that
    concrete is typically the desired material for construction in Pakistan, both for housing and for
    school buildings. The transition in Pakistan to construction using mortared concrete masonry
    units (CMUs) from the traditional use of mud and wood has resulted in longer-lasting, more
    durable buildings (Ekolu 2006). In developing countries, building materials are frequently the
    largest expense of housing construction, often making up 70% of total costs (Erguden 2001).
    According to a study sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association and the
    Expanded Shale, Clay & Slate Institute, “as weight increases, production decreases” due to the
    strain it puts on laborers (Lochonic 2003). One approach for reducing the weight of concrete
    blocks is to use lightweight concrete. Lightweight concrete is defined as weighing less than
    105 pounds per cubic foot (ASTM C90 2012). This characteristic is typically achieved due to
    the nature of the aggregate used in lightweight concrete mixes. Lightweight concrete can be
    made using all lightweight aggregate or a combination of light and normal weight aggregate.
    The weight requirement set forth by ASTM is considerably less for lightweight concrete when
    compared to normal weight concrete, which is defined as being more than 125 pounds per cubic
    foot (Lochonic 2003). In addition to the weight and material benefits of lightweight concrete,
    studies have shown that it also has better thermal insulation and noise absorbing properties than
    normal weight concrete (Gunasekaran 2011).

    Interestingly, the use of lightweight aggregate concrete has a long history. For example, it was
    used in the construction of the Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome 3 over 2000 years ago
    (Berntsson and Satish 2003). Lightweight aggregate can be categorized into three categories:
    naturally occurring, manufactured, and naturally occurring then processed (Shafigh et al.
    2010). Initially, the lightweight aggregate used typically fell into the ‘naturally occurring’
    category and included volcanic materials like pumice and scoria, but as the availability of these
    materials became more limited, ‘naturally occurring and processed’ aggregate such as shale,
    slate, and clay began to be used as aggregate (Berntsson and Satish 2003). As demand
    continued to increase, new technologies were developed to discover and apply manufactured
    materials as lightweight aggregate. This has included materials such as fly ash, colliery waste,
    and blast furnace slag (Shafigh et al. 2010). Due to its promising qualities, the use of
    lightweight concrete and various forms of lightweight aggregate have only increased
    worldwide over time. There are several readily available materials that potentially could be
    Concrete Structures 4

    used as lightweight aggregates. For example, coconut shells and Polyethylene terephthalate
    (PET) water bottles are abundant; both decompose slowly. Coconut is used daily by most
    inhabitants in their cooking, but there is currently little use for the shells. In many tropical
    countries, coconut shells are among the most common agricultural solid wastes (Gunasekaran
    et al. 2011). This not only adds to the accumulation on the ground of solid wastes, but can also
    serve as breeding grounds for mosquitos that spread diseases like malaria and dengue fever
    after it rains. Currently, coconut shells are used as a raw material for activated carbon
    production, and for decoration but little else (Olanipetun et al. 2006). With 93 countries
    producing coconuts, an overabundance of waste is created every year with nowhere for the
    slow-to-degrade material to go. It has been found that coconut shells can be used in concrete
    as lightweight aggregate and can thereby aid in producing the strengths required even for
    structural concrete (Olanipetun et al. 2006). According to a study performed by Kaur and Kaur
    (2010), after 28 days, plain concrete mixed with coconut shell aggregate showed high enough
    strength to meet the required values. It has also been found that, due to the smooth surface on
    one side of coconut shells, the workability of coconut shell aggregate concrete increases
    (Gunasekaran et al. 2012). Although studies have indicated a decrease in strength with an
    increased percentage of coconut shell as aggregate, strengths have been seen to continue to
    increase even after 365 days. This indicates that the coconut shells do not deteriorate when in
    the concrete matrix (Gunasekaran et al. 2012), and that mixes could be designed to meet the
    required strengths in various applications.

    Another material that could potentially be used as lightweight aggregate is plastic waste, which
    accumulates as a solid waste. As of 2001, the amount of plastic consumed around the world
    increased to 100 million tons, with PET plastic making up the 2nd largest fraction of the total
    plastics waste stream (Siddique et al. 2008). Even in the U.S., of all plastic waste, only seven
    percent is being recycled (EPA 2003). This waste is extremely harmful to the environment as
    well as human beings. For example, harmful chemicals can be released from the waste, like
    metal antimony, which can leach into water sources. The inhalation of antimony on a long-
    term basis could potentially lead to inflammation of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and chronic
    emphysema (EPA 2013). Studies have been performed on all types of plastic for use as fillers
    in materials like concrete, and it has been found that the chemical composition of the plastic is
    not generally significant in compatibility (Siddique et al. 2008).
    Concrete Structures 5

    The use of coconut shells and waste plastic, as lightweight aggregate in lightweight concrete
    has the potential to be beneficial environmentally, financially, and physically for the people of
    Pakistan.

    LIGHT-WEIGHT PLASTIC WASTE


    AGGREGATE COCONUT SHELL
    1: Siddique et al. 2008
    1: Lochonic 2003 1: Gunasekaran et al. 2011
    2: Fanger 1982
    2: ASTM C90 2012 2: Olanipetun et al. 2006
    3: Gunasekaran 2011 3: Charles and Baukal 2004
    3: Kaur and Kaur 2010
    4: Berntsson and Satish 2003 4: Eriosi 2013
    4: Gunasekaran et al. 2012
    5: Shafigh et al. 2010
    Concrete Structures 6

    Question No 3
    Research Gaps
    1. It is recommended that any future work on the beneficial re-use of waste materials as
    lightweight coarse aggregate should continue with the same materials used in this study,
    as these are some of the most widely available materials in Pakistan.
    2. The researchers should Find the curing method that will produce the highest strength
    for these mixes and then adapting the method for use in Pakistan.
    3. There are several research questions with respect to these materials that are worth
    pursuing further.
    4. The researchers should think about new ideas that can be incorporated in the area of
    poor people so that it will one of the ways which can make clean and beautiful Pakistan.

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