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BasicMath Vectors

Vectors can be represented by their components in different coordinate systems and direction cosines. Tensors generalize vectors and represent linear transformations. The gradient operator calculates partial derivatives of scalar fields, while the Jacobian calculates partial derivatives of vector fields. Higher order derivatives are given by the Hessian matrix and Laplacian. Divergence and curl operators describe how vector fields change in space, with applications in fluid mechanics. In continuum mechanics, the Jacobian deformation gradient tensor describes how lengths and angles change under deformation.

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Koral Toptop
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132 views

BasicMath Vectors

Vectors can be represented by their components in different coordinate systems and direction cosines. Tensors generalize vectors and represent linear transformations. The gradient operator calculates partial derivatives of scalar fields, while the Jacobian calculates partial derivatives of vector fields. Higher order derivatives are given by the Hessian matrix and Laplacian. Divergence and curl operators describe how vector fields change in space, with applications in fluid mechanics. In continuum mechanics, the Jacobian deformation gradient tensor describes how lengths and angles change under deformation.

Uploaded by

Koral Toptop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vectors

Notations
𝑓 is a 3D vectors having components 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 is x, y and z axis. It can shown with following notations:

𝑓 = 〈𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤〉
𝑓 = 𝑢𝐢 + 𝑣𝐣 + 𝑤𝐤

Direction Cosines

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the angles between x,y, and z-axis and the vector 𝑓. It can state that 𝑢 = 𝑓 ∙ 𝑖 = |𝑓| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
and same for other components. This gives:

𝑓 = cos 𝛼 𝐢 + cos 𝛽 𝐣 + cos 𝛾 𝐤


These 3 cosines are called direction cosines.

Scalar multiplication: 𝑐𝑓 = 〈𝑐𝑢, 𝑐𝑣, 𝑐𝑤〉


Sum of two vectors: 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 〈𝑢1 + 𝑢2 , 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 , 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 〉
Dot Product 𝑓1 ∙ 𝑓2 = (𝑢1 𝑢2 + 𝑣1 𝑣2 + 𝑤1 𝑤2 )
: İf the angle between them is known 𝑓1 ∙ 𝑓2 = |𝑓1 ||𝑓2 | cos 𝜃
Angle between two vectors 𝑢1 𝑢2 + 𝑣1 𝑣2 + 𝑤1 𝑤2
cos 𝜃 =
|𝑓1 ||𝑓2 |
Cross product

TENSORS
Gradient Operator:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∇𝑓 = [ , ,…, ]
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛
Jacobian
Similar to the gradient operator, but jacobian gradient operator is for vector-valued functions, where there are
more than one componnet of the tensor.
Hessian

The gradient is the first order derivative of a multivariate function. To find the
second order derivative of a multivariate function, the hessian matrix is used:

Laplacian (Laplace operator)


The trace of the Hessian matrix is known as the Laplacian operator denoted by ∇2

𝜕 2 𝑓1 𝜕 2 𝑓2 𝜕 2 𝑓𝑛
∆ = ∇ ∙ ∇ = ∇2 = + + ⋯ +
𝜕𝑥1 2 𝜕𝑥2 2 𝜕𝑥𝑛 2

Curl of a vector field:

The divergence can be defined in terms of the following cross product.

𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 {𝒇} = 𝛁 × 𝒇
about a physical interpretation of the curl. Suppose that 𝒇 is the velocity field of a flowing
fluid. Then 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 {𝒇} represents the tendency of particles at the point x,y,z to rotate about the axis
that points in the direction of 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 {𝒇} If 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍 {𝒇} then the fluid is called irrotational.

Divergence of a vector field

The divergence can be defined in terms of the following dot product.

𝑫𝒊𝒗 {𝒇} = 𝛁 ∙ 𝒇
We also have a physical interpretation of the divergence. If we again think of 𝒇 as the velocity field
of a flowing fluid then 𝑫𝒊𝒗 {𝒇} represents the net rate of change of the mass of the fluid flowing
from the point (x,y,z) per unit volume. This can also be thought of as the tendency of a fluid to
diverge from a point. If 𝑫𝒊𝒗 {𝒇} = 𝟎 then the fluid is called incompressible.

İnvariants
Invariants of tensors are coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the tensor A

In ContinuumMechanics
Jacobian Deformation Gradient:
The jacobian deformation gradient 𝐽(𝑓) or ∇𝑓 (where 𝑓 is deformed vector), is the derivative of each component of
the deformed 𝑓 vector with respect to each component of the reference 𝑥 vector.

𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1


𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
𝐽 𝑓𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑓𝑖,𝑗 =
𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓3
[𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥3 ]
Jacobian matrix is used to separate rigid body translations and rotations from deformations, which are the source
of stresses. Displacement tensor u of any point is:

𝑢 =𝑓−𝑥

Then, deformed vector f is

𝑓 =𝑢+𝑥

And

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝐽= + = +𝐼
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

So, if there is no deformation u=0, 𝐹 = 𝐼 and its rigid body motion.

J is the jacobian of the deformation gradient which physically is the measure of the volume change
produced by a deformation.

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