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Vector Diff

The document provides an overview of vector differentiation, including formulas for differentiating vector functions and the definitions of vector operators such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It details the rules for differentiating vector operations and presents essential properties of these operators in Cartesian coordinates. The content is aimed at students in the physics department, focusing on the mathematical foundations of vector analysis.

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anishamukherjee2305
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Vector Diff

The document provides an overview of vector differentiation, including formulas for differentiating vector functions and the definitions of vector operators such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It details the rules for differentiating vector operations and presents essential properties of these operators in Cartesian coordinates. The content is aimed at students in the physics department, focusing on the mathematical foundations of vector analysis.

Uploaded by

anishamukherjee2305
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr.

Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION

1. Differentiation of vectors: In Cartesian coordinates, the derivative


of the vector a(u) = axi + ayj + azk is given by

𝑑𝐚 𝑑𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑧


= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
If r(t) = x(t) i+y(t) j+z(t) k, the velocity of the particle is given by the vector

𝑑𝐫 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐯(𝑡) = = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
And the acceleration of the particle is given in by

𝑑𝐯 𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑧
𝐚(𝑡) = = 𝑖+ 2𝑗+ 2𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Differentiation formulas. If A, B and C are differentiable vector


functions of a scalar u, and Φ is a differentiable scalar function of u, then
𝑑 𝑑𝐀 𝑑𝐁
1. ( 𝐀 + 𝐁) = +
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝐁 𝑑𝐀
2. ( 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁) = 𝐀 ∙ + ∙ 𝐁
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝐁 𝑑𝐀
3. ( 𝐀 × 𝐁) = 𝐀 × + × 𝐁
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝐀 𝑑𝛷
4. (𝛷𝐀) = 𝛷 + 𝐀
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝐂 𝑑𝐁 𝑑𝐀
5. (𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 × 𝐂 ) = 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 × +𝐀∙ × 𝐂+ ∙𝐁× 𝐂
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝐂 𝑑𝐁 𝑑𝐀
6. (𝐀 × (𝐁 × 𝐂)) = 𝐀 × (𝐁 × ) + 𝐀 × ( × 𝐂) + × (𝐁 × 𝐂)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

 Partial derivatives of vectors. If A is a vector depending on more than


one scalar variable (x, y, z), then we write A = A(x, y, z). The partial
derivative of A with respect to x, y and z respectively, defined as:

Page 9 Second Class in Department of Physics


VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝜕𝐀 𝐀(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝐀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)


= lim
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝜕𝐀 𝐀(𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝐀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= lim
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦→0 ∆𝑦
𝜕𝐀 𝐀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 𝐀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= lim
𝜕𝑧 ∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧
Higher derivatives can be defined as
𝜕2𝐀 𝜕 𝜕𝐀 𝜕2𝐀 𝜕 𝜕𝐀 𝜕2𝐀 𝜕 𝜕𝐀
= ( ), = ( ), = ( )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2𝐀 𝜕 𝜕𝐀 𝜕2𝐀 𝜕 𝜕𝐀 𝜕2𝐀 𝜕2𝐀
= ( ), = ( ), =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Thus if A and B are functions of x,y,z then,

𝜕 𝜕𝐁 𝜕𝐀
1. (𝐀 ∙ 𝐁) = 𝐀 ∙ + ∙ 𝐁
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝐁 𝜕𝐀
2. (𝐀 × 𝐁) = 𝐀 × + × 𝐁
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐁 𝜕𝐀
3. (𝐀 ∙ 𝐁) = { (𝐀 ∙ 𝐁)} = {𝐀 ∙ + ∙ 𝐁}
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝐁 𝜕𝐀 𝜕𝐁 𝜕𝐀 𝜕𝐁 𝜕2𝐀
=𝐀 ∙ + ∙ + ∙ + ∙𝐁
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

 Differentials of vectors follow rules similar to those of elementary


calculus.

1. If A = Ali + A2j + A3k , then dA = dA1i + dA2j + dA3k

2. d(A . B) = A . dB + dA . B

3. d(A × B) = A × dB + dA × B

4. If A = A(x,y,z), then

𝜕𝐀 𝜕𝐀 𝜕𝐀
𝑑𝐀 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 , ⟹ (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Page 10 Second Class in Department of Physics


VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑑𝐀 𝜕𝐀 𝜕𝐀 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝐀 𝑑𝑧
= +( ) +( ) , ⟹ (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥

2. Vector operators: Central to all these differential operations is the


vector operator 𝛁, and in Cartesian coordinates is defined by

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛁=𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2.1. The Gradient: The gradient of a scalar field φ(x, y, z) is defined by

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ = 𝛁∅ = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Note that 𝛁∅ defines a vector field.

Any scalar field ∅ for which 𝛁∅ = 0 is said to be constant.

2.2.The Divergence: The divergence of a vector field 𝑨(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 +


𝐴𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘 is defined by:

𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧


𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐀 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Note that 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 defines a scalar field. Also that 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 ≠ 𝐀 ∙ 𝛁

Any vector field A for which 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 = 0 is said to be solenoidal.

2.3.The Curl: The curl of a vector field 𝑨(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is defined by

𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑥


𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐀 = 𝛁 × 𝐀 = ( − )𝑖 + ( − )𝑗 + ( − )𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝛁 × 𝐀 = || ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧

Page 11 Second Class in Department of Physics


VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

Note that 𝛁 × 𝐀 defines a vector field. Any vector field A for which
𝛁 × 𝐀 = 0 is said to be irrotational.

2.4.The Laplacian: The Laplacian of a scalar field φ(x, y, z) is defined by

2
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝛁 =𝛁∙𝛁= 2+ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Note that 𝛻 2 defines a scalar field.

 Formulas involving 𝛁. If A and B are differentiable vector functions, and


𝜙 and 𝜓 are differentiable scalar functions of position (x, y, z), then

1. 𝛁(𝜙 + 𝜓) = 𝛁𝜙 + 𝛁ψ

2. 𝛁 ∙ (𝐀 + 𝐁) = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 + 𝛁 ∙ 𝐁

3. 𝛁 × (𝐀 + 𝐁) = 𝛁 × 𝐀 + 𝛁 × 𝐁

4. 𝛁 ∙ (ϕ𝐀) = (𝛁ϕ) ∙ 𝐀 + ϕ(𝛁 ∙ 𝐀)

5. 𝛁(𝜙𝜓) = 𝜙 𝛁𝜓 + 𝜓 𝛁𝜙

6. 𝛁 × (ϕ𝐀) = (𝛁ϕ) × 𝐀 + ϕ(𝛁 × 𝐀)

7. 𝛁 ∙ (𝐀 × 𝐁) = 𝐁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐀) − 𝐀 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐁)

8. 𝛁 × (𝐀 × 𝐁) = (𝐁 ∙ 𝛁)𝐀 − 𝐁(𝛁 ∙ 𝐀) − (𝐀 ∙ 𝛁)𝐁 + 𝐀(𝛁 ∙ 𝐁)

9. 𝛁(𝐀 ∙ 𝐁) = (𝐁 ∙ 𝛁)𝐀 + (𝐀 ∙ 𝛁)𝐁 + 𝐁 × (𝛁 × 𝐀) + 𝐀 × (𝛁 × 𝐁)

10. 𝛁 × (𝛁ϕ) = 0 , 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 = 0

11. 𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐀) = 0 , 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐀 = 0

12. 𝛁 × (𝛁 × 𝐀) = 𝛁(𝛁 ∙ 𝐀) − 𝛁 2 𝐀

13. 𝛁 ∙ (𝛁𝜙 × 𝛁𝜓) = 0

Page 12 Second Class in Department of Physics

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