4.2 Hukum Hooke

CC205 – MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES
3.4 HOOKE’S LAW
When a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the strain. ~ Robert Hooke~
 Mathematically:- Stress α Strain

Stress,
a Where:- a constant
Strain, 
 Hooke state that the deformation directly proportional with burden.
lP
 Hooke's law legal with following terms:
• Axis loading.
• Cross section is uniform.
• The material is homogenous (material characteristics that regular in overall body)
3.5 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG MODULUS)

 In solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a material.
 It is also known as the Young modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus (though the Young's modulus is
actually one of several elastic modulus such as the bulk modulus and the shear modulus) or tensile modulus.
 It is defined as the ratio of stress over strain in the region in which Hooke's Law is obeyed for the material.
 Mathematically:-
Stress,
E
Strain, 
 The SI unit of modulus of elasticity (E) is the pascal; the practical units are megapascals (MPa) or gigapascals (GPa
or kN/mm²).
 Young's modulus, E, also can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the tensile strain.
Where: P = Load or force acting on the body

PL L = Length of the body
E A = Cross sectional area of the body
A L
 = Stress induced in the body
E = Modulus or elasticity for the material of the body
 = Strain
l = Deformation of the body
 Mechanical features determined by doing tensile test on that sample.
 Graph ‘Load vs Elongation' produced and test results shown as in Figure 3.4 below:
Load, P
P
Slope, m =
P L
L y 2  y1
=
x 2  x1
Elongation, 
Figure 3.4 : Load Vs Elongation
DIRECT STRESS 25
PL
Young Modulus, E = Where,
A
A = cross section area
P L L = length of sample
E= x
 A P
= slope of graph, m
E=m x
L 
A
3.6 PRISMATIC AND SECTIONAL BAR

3.6.1 Sectional Bar
 Sometimes a bar is made up of different lengths having different cross-sectional areas as shown in Fig. 3.5
 In such cases, the stresses, strains and hence
P P changes in lengths for each section is worked
A1 A2 A3 out separately as usual.
A D  The total change in length is equal to the
B C
changes of all individual lengths.
L1 L2 L3  It may be noted that each section is subjected
Figure 3.5 to the same external axial pull or push
 We know that the change in length of section 1; and similarly section 2

PL1 PL2
 L1   L2 
A1 E A2 E
 Total deformation of the bar
 L   L1   L 2   L 3  .......... P  L1 L2 L3 
L      ............
E  A1 A2 A3 
PL1 PL2 PL3
L     .............
A1 E A2 E A3 E
3.6.2 Prismatic Bar

 A bar made up of two or more different materials, joined together is called a prismatic or composite bar
 The bars are joined in such a manner, that the system extends or contacts as one unit, equally when subjected to
tension or compression.
 Following two points should always be kept in view, while solving example on composite bars :-
a. Extension or contraction of the bar being equal, the strain, i.e. deformation per unit length
b. The total external load, on the bar is equal to the sum of the loads carried by the different materials
 Consider a composite bar made up of three different materials as shown in Fig. 3.6.
 So;
E2A2 E3A3
E1A1
P 1 2 3
P
P P P
1  2  3 
A1 A2 A3
L1 L2 L3
Figure 3.6
DIRECT STRESS 26
 Total deformation of the bar
PL1 PL2 PL3

 L1   L2   L1 
A1 E1 A2 E2 A3 E3   L   L1   L 2   L 3
 L L L 
 L  P 1  2  3  .........
 E1 A1 E2 A2 E3 A3 
3.7 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIAL
3.7.1. Ductile
 A material is said to be ductile if it is capable of withstanding large strains under load before fracture occurs.
 These large strains are accompanied by a visible change in cross-sectional dimensions and therefore give warning of
impending failure.
 Materials in this category include mild steel, aluminium and some of its alloys, copper and polymers.
3.7.2 Brittle
 A brittle material exhibits little deformation before fracture, the strain normally being below 5%.
 Brittle materials therefore may fail suddenly without visible warning.
 Included in this group are concrete, cast iron, high-strength steel, timber and ceramics.
3.7.3 Elastic
 A material is said to be elastic if deformations disappear completely on removal of the load.
 All known engineering materials are, in addition, linearly elastic within certain limits of stress so that strain, within
these limits, is directly proportional to stress.
3.7.4 Plastic
 A material is perfectly plastic if no strain disappears after the removal of load.
 Ductile materials are elastoplastic and behave in an elastic manner until the elastic limit is reached after which they
behave plastically.
 When the stress is relieved the elastic component of the strain is recovered but the plastic strain remains as a
permanent set. From the graph (Fig. 3.7), that the curve from O to A is a
Stress, σ straight line, which represents that the stress is proportional to
strain
C  Point A – is the elastic limit of the specimen
- When the specimen is stressed beyond this limit,
the strain increases more quickly than the
A D stress
B
 Point B – is called the yield point
- that if the load on the specimen is removed,
then the elongation from A to B will not
disappear. But will remain as permanent set
 Point C – is reached
- the stress, which attains its maximum value, is
O Strain, ε known as ultimate stress
Fig. 3.7. Stress vs strain diagram for tension  Point D – is known as the breaking stress
- The stress is, therefore, reduced until the
specimen breaks away at the stress represented
DIRECT STRESS
by the point D
27

4.2 Hukum Hooke

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4.2 Hukum Hooke

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4.2 Hukum Hooke

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CC205 – MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES

3.4 HOOKE’S LAW

 Mathematically:- Stress α Strain

 Hooke state that the deformation directly proportional with burden.

3.5 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG MODULUS)

Where: P = Load or force acting on the body

3.6 PRISMATIC AND SECTIONAL BAR

 We know that the change in length of section 1; and similarly section 2

3.6.2 Prismatic Bar

 Total deformation of the bar

PL1 PL2 PL3

3.7 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIAL

You might also like