03 Crude Units
03 Crude Units
03 Crude Units
Chapter 4
2
Crude Distillation Technologies
Provider Features
Foster Wheeler Complex of atmospheric & vacuum distilation for
Shell Global Solutions initial separation of crude oil. May include preflash
TECHNIP column.
Uhde GmbH Vaccum distillation
3
Individual Refinery Sizes — 10 Largest & 10 Smallest
Atmospheric Atmospheric
Crude Distillation Crude Distillation
CORPORATION State Site
Capacity (barrels Capacity (barrels
per stream day) per calendar day)
4
Typical Crude Tower Cut Points
Light Naphtha
80 to 90 180 to 220
(LSR Gasoline)
Distillate
330 to 380 420 to 520
(Kerosene)
AGO
420 to 520 650
(Atm Gas Oil)
LVGO
650 800
(Light Vac Gas Oil)
HVGO
800 950 to 1100
(Heavy Vac Gas Oil)
Vacuum Resid 950 to 1100
6
Typical Overall Efficiencies
Typical Typical No. of Drickamer &
Typical No. of
Column Service Overall Theoretical Viscosity Maxwell Bradford in
Actual Trays
Efficiency Trays Ludwig
Simple Absorber/Stripper 20 – 30 20 – 30 Molal Ave
Ave Viscosity of
Steam Side Stripper 5 – 7 2 cP
liquid on plates
Viscosity of Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 4th ed.
Feed
Reboiled Side Stripper 7 – 10 3 – 4 Carl Branan, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2005
Reboiled Absorber 20 – 40 40 – 50 0.05 … 98
0.10 104 79
Deethanizer 25 – 35 65 – 75
0.15 86 70
Depropanizer 35 – 40 70 – 80
0.20 76 60
Debutanizer 38 – 45 85 – 90
0.30 63 50
Alky DeiC4 (reflux) 75 – 90 85 – 90 0.40 56 42
Alky DeiC4 (no reflux) 55 – 70 55 – 65 0.50 50 36
Naphtha Splitter 25 – 35 70 – 75 0.60 46 31
C2 Splitter 110 – 130 95 – 100 0.70 43 27
C3 Splitter 200 – 250 95 – 100 0.80 40 23
C4 Splitter 70 – 80 85 – 90 0.90 38 19
Amine Contactor 20 – 24 4 – 5 1.00 36 17 Engineering Data Book, 12th ed.
Amine Stripper 20 – 24 45 ‐ 55 9 – 12 1.50 30 7 Gas Processors Association, 2004
Crude Distillation 35 – 50 50 – 60 20 – 30 1.70 28 5
Stripping Zone 5 – 7 30 2
st
Flash Zone – 1 draw 3 – 7 30 1 – 2
st nd
1 Draw – 2 Draw 7 – 10 45 – 50 3 – 5
2nd Draw – 3rd Draw 7 – 10 50 – 55 3 – 5
Top Draw – Reflux 10 – 12 60 – 70 6 – 8
Vacuum Column (G.O. Operation)
Stripping 2 – 4 1
Flash Zone – HGO Draw 2 – 3 1 – 2
HGO Section 3 – 5 2
LGO Section 3 – 5 2
FCC Main Fractionator 24 – 35 50 – 60 13 – 17
Quench Zone 5 – 7 2
Quench – HGO Draw 3 – 5 2 – 3
HGO – LCGO 6 – 8 3 – 5
LCGO – Top 7 – 10 5 – 7
Refinery Process Modeling
Gerald Kaes, Athens Printing Company., 2000, pg. 32
7
Topics
• Crude Stills
Historically the oldest refining process
Only the first step in crude oil processing
• Purpose
To recover light materials
Fractionate into sharp light fractions
• Configuration — May be as many as three columns in series
Crude Stabilizer/Preflash Column
• Reduce traffic in the Atmospheric Column
Atmospheric Column
Vacuum Column
• Reduced pressure to keep temperatures below 650°F
• Product Yield Curves
8
Typical Configuration
Atmospheric Column w/o Preflash
Refining Overview – Petroleum Processes & Products,
by Freeman Self, Ed Ekholm, & Keith Bowers, AIChE CD‐ROM, 2000
10
Crude Electrostatic Desalting
Drawings from:
Refining Overview – Petroleum Processes & Products,
by Freeman Self, Ed Ekholm, & Keith Bowers, AIChE CD‐ROM, 2000
11
Feed Preheat Train & Desalter
• Feed Preheat Train • Desalter
Initial heat exchange with streams from Temperature must be carefully selected —
within the tower care taken not to let the water vaporize
• Heat recovery important to distillation • Lighter crudes (> 40°API) @ 250°F
economics!
• Heavier crudes (< 30°API) @ 300°F
- First absorb part of the overhead
condensation load All crudes contain salts (NaCl, MgCl, …)
- Exchange with one or more of the • Salt present in the emulsified water
liquid sides streams, beginning • Treated in the field with heat & chemicals
with the top (coldest) side stream. to break oil water emulsions.
Final heating in a direct fired heater Salt can cause damage to equipment
• Inlet typically 550°F • Scale in heat exchangers can drastically
reduce heat transfer
• Heated no higher than 750°F
• HCl formation can lead to corrosion
- Minimize thermal cracking
• Metals can poison refinery catalysts
Remove salts & dissolved metals & dirt
• Oil mixed with fresh wash water &
demulsifiers.
• Mixed & heated followed by settling
Separation in electrostatic settling drum
Wash water up to 10% of crude charge
• ~ 90% of the water can be recovered
Effluent water treated for benzene
12
Atmospheric Distillation Summary
• Column Configuration
Condenser … Side draws
• Partial condenser if no Stabilizer Side strippers
Column.
• “Clean up” side products
• Total condenser if Stabilizer Column
to remove light ends. Stripping steam
… but no reboiler. • Reduce hydrocarbon partial
pressure
• Feed preheat exchanger train
• Condensed & removed as a second
• All of the heat to drive the column liquid phase.
comes from the hot feed.
- Conditions set so it doesn’t
- As much as 50% of the incoming condense within the column – can
crude may be flashed. lead to foaming
Pumparounds - Must be treated as sour water
• Move cooling down column.
• Liquid returned above draw tray
13
Atmospheric Distillation Summary
• Wash Zone • Side Draws & Strippers
Couple trays between flash zone & “Cut point” related to final boiling
gas oil draw. point of draw stream
Reflux to wash resins & other heavy Side strippers remove light
materials that may contaminate the component “tail” & return to main
products. column
• Condenser Steam strippers traditional
Typically 0.5 to 20 psig. Reboiled strippers reduce steam
usage &
Balancing act associated sour water
Low pressures reduce compression • Trays & Pressure Profile
on overhead system
Typically 32 trays in tower
High pressures decrease vaporization
but increase 0.1 to 0.2 psi per tray
flash zone temperatures & furnace
duty; affects yields Condenser & accumulator
• Pumparounds 3 to 10 psi across condenser
Reduces overhead condenser load & Liquid static head in accumulator
achieves more uniform tower Typically 6 to 16 psi across entire
loadings column.
Provides liquid reflux below liquid
draws
14
Vacuum Distillation
Drawings from:
Refining Overview – Petroleum Processes & Products,
by Freeman Self, Ed Ekholm, & Keith Bowers, AIChE CD‐ROM, 2000
15
Vacuum Distillation Summary
• Column Configuration • Feed
Vacuum conditions to keep operating Atmospheric residuum
temperatures low
Large diameter column All vapor comes from the heated feed
Very low density gasses Under vacuum (0.4 psi)
Condenser for water vapor Separate higher boiling materials at lower
Liquid reflux from pumparounds temperatures
No reboiler Minimize thermal cracking
Stripping steam may be used • Products
Needed for deep cuts (1100°F)
May have multiple gas oils
• Usually recombined downstream to
FCCU via hydrotreating
Vacuum resid
• Blended — asphalt, heavy fuel oil
• Further processing — thermal, solvent
• Choice depends on products & types of
crude
16
Vacuum Distillation Summary
• Dry System • Steam Ejectors & Vacuum Pumps
1050°F+ cut temperature & no stripping Vacuum maintained on tower overhead
steam
Steam systems considered more reliable
Smaller tower diameters
Waste steam is sour & must be treated
Reduced sour water production
Combinations systems — Last steam stage
Pressure profile replaced with a vacuum pump
Flash zone: 20‐25 mmHg abs & 750 to
770°F.
Top of tower: 10 mmHg abs
• Deep Cut System
1100°F+ cut temperature & stripping
steam
Steam reduces hydrocarbon partial
pressures
Pressure profile
• Flash zone: 30 mmHg abs
• HC partial pressure 10‐15 mmHg abs
• Top of tower: 15 mmHg abs
17
Crude Tower Products
Crude
TBP Yield
°F wt% Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Gas Oil Residue
140 4.00 24.80
176 6.50 40.30 1000
TBP [°F]
500 Naphtha
536 38.98 99.88 39.77 0.62
572 42.34 56.05 1.31
400 Gasoline
608 45.67 70.54 2.63
644 48.98 82.47 4.84
300
680 52.16 90.99 8.04
716 55.18 95.66 12.35
200
752 58.15 97.99 17.40
788 61.12 99.13 22.90
100
824 63.99 99.62 28.43
860 66.74 99.84 33.91
0
896 69.37 99.95 39.03 0 20 40 60 80 100
932 71.77 43.81 Yield [wt%]
100.00 16.13 7.01 8.21 18.43 50.22
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Scale to Fraction of Crude Charge
Crude
TBP Yield
°F wt% Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Gas Oil Residue
140 4.00 4
176 6.50 6.5 1000
TBP [°F]
500 35.57 31.23 35.53 49.93
500
536 38.98 31.34 38.68 50.09
572 42.34 41.68 50.44
400
608 45.67 44.35 51.1
644 48.98 46.55 52.21 Crude
300
680 52.16 48.12 53.82 Gasoline
716 55.18 48.98 55.98 Naphtha
200
752 58.15 49.41 58.52 Kerosene
788 61.12 49.62 61.28 Gas Oil
100
824 63.99 49.71 64.06 Residue
860 66.74 49.75 66.81 0
896 69.37 49.77 69.38 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
932 71.77 71.78 Yield [wt%]
100.00 16.13 23.14 31.35 49.78 100
Increment 16.13 7.01 8.21 18.43 50.22
20
Distribution [wt% over 10°C Increment]
0
5
10
15
20
25
12
2
15
8
19
4
23
0
26
6
30
2
33
8
37
Crude Tower Products
4
41
0
44
6
48
2
51
8
55
4
59
TBP [°F]
0
62
6
66
2
69
8
73
4
77
0
80
6
84
2
87
8
Gas Oil
Residue
Naphtha
Gasoline
Kerosene
91
4
95
0
21
Summary
• Refinery capacity based on charge to crude distillation complex
Increase capacity with Pre‐flash column
• Complex column configurations
No reboilers, heat from feed furnaces
• Reuse heat via heat exchange between feed & internal column streams
Side draws, pumparounds, side strippers
• Pumparounds required to ensure liquid reflux within the column
Stripping steam
3‐phase condensers
• Condensed water will have hydrocarbons & dissolved acid gases
• Vacuum column to increase the effective cut points
Vacuum columns large diameter to keep vapor velocities low
Vacuum gas oils recombined – only separated for operating considerations
• Pressure drops are important, especially in the vacuum column
• Steam stripping aids in separation without cracking
• Metals are undesirable. Can remove some metals via desalters.
22