Answers: Working With Unfamiliar Problems: Part 1

Answers
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1

( )n
4
b The perimeter increases indefinitely as 3x → ∞ as
1 x6 + 6x5 y + 15x4 y2 + 20x3 y3 + 15x2 y4 + 6xy5 + y6 3
2 99 n → ∞. The area approaches a finite value as area change
√ ( )n
3 i x = 15 ii x = 450 iii x = 6 3 2 3 4
x × → 0 as n → ∞.
1 4 4 9
4 , $56
8 2 77 cm, 181 cm
5 24 cm √
3 2k(2 3 - 3)
6 a i 11.8 seconds ii 6.5 seconds 4 22°
1 1 1 1
b , , 5 y=3
4 2 4 4
7 XY = 5.6 cm 6 x = 0.9, y = 3.3
8 35 √
7 16 10 cm
9 72 8 20 students; 6 with 100%, 7 with 75%, 7 with 76%,
10 Charlie 23 years, Bob 68 years mean = 82.85%.
D 1
11 9 9 units
2 8
1 10 a 11
12 b = 1
3 b 28
13 k = 11 c 20
14 V = 27 cm3 , TSA = 54 cm2 3
d
2
15 4 cm < third side < 20 cm. Its length is between the 11 640
addition and subtraction of the other two sides. 12 P to R : 145°, 1606 m; R to S : 295°, 789 m; S to Q : 51°,
16 785 1542 m; Q to P : 270°, 1400 m
17 n + 1 1 1
13 y = x2 - x + 1 or y = (x - 4)2 - 1
18 10 8 8
19 3 : 5 y
x=4
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2
( )5
4 1 (4, 1)
1 a i P = 3 × 45 × x5 or P = 3x ;
3 3 x
O 1.2 6.8
x
P = 3 × 4n × n (4, −1)
3
√ √ ( )2 y = −3
3 2 3 x
ii A = x +3× +
4 4 3
√ ( )2 √ ( )2
3 x 2 3 x
3×4× +3×4 ×
4 32 4 33
√ ( )
3 x 2
Area change = 3 × 4n-1 ×
4 3n
774
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-316-62367-1 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Victorian Curriculum Year 10 & 10A Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14 a 9 a 5x + 23 b 10a + 26 c 21y + 3 d 15m + 6
Hours 1st and 6th 2nd and 5th 3rd and 4th
Answers
e 10 f 11t - 1 g 3x2 + 15x h 15z - 7
% change i -11d3 j 9q4 - 9q3
from 6.7% 18.3% 25%
10 a 3(x - 3) b 4(x - 2)
equation
c 10(y + 2) d 6(y + 5)
% change e x(x + 7) f 2a(a + 4)
from ‘rule 8.3% 16.7% 25%
g 5x(x - 1) h 9y(y - 7)
of thumb’
i xy(1 - y) j x2 y(1 - 4y)
The percentage change per hour for the ‘rule of thumb’ is k 8a2 (b + 5) l ab(7a + 1)
1.6 points higher for the 1st and 6th hours, 1.6 points lower m -5t(t + 1) n -6mn(1 + 3n)
in the 2nd and 5th hours and the same in the middle two o -y(y + 8z)
hours. Overall, this is quite an accurate ‘rule of thumb’. 11 a -32 b 7 c 61 d 12
b The proportion of tide height change 1 13 7
e - f g - h 1
1[ ] 2 5 5
= cos(30t1 ) - cos(30t2 )
√ 2 12 a 2x2 + 6x b x2 - 5x
1+ 5 x2
13 a P = 4x - 4, A = - 2x - 4
15 , 1.618034
2
b P = 4x + 2, A = 3x - 1
c P = 4x + 14, A = 7x + 12
Chapter 1 14 a (-2)(-2) = 4, negative signs cancel
b a2 > 0 Â - a2 < 0 c (-2)3 = (-2)(-2)(-2) = -8
Exercise 1A 15 a True b False, 1 - 2 ¢ 2 - 1 c True
1 2
d False, ¢ e True
1 C 2 1
2 D f False, 3 - (2 - 1) ¢ (3 - 2) - 1 g True
3 a 7 b 1 c -4 d -9 e
1 h False, 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ¢ (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2
2
x+y y
1 2 7 16 a or x +
f - g h - 2 2
5 7 3
b It could refer to either of the above, depending on
4 a yes
5 a 9
b yes
b -8
c no
c -8 d -9 interpretation. 1A
6 a 10a b 15d c 0 d 5xy c ‘Half (
of the sum
) of a and b’(or ‘a plus
) b all divided by 2’.
π π 2
e 4ab f 9t g 9b h -st2 17 a P= 4+ x + 2, A = 1 + x +x
2 4
i -3m2 n j -0.7a2 b k 2gh + 5 l 12xy - 3y ( ) ( )
m 3a + 7b n 8jk - 7j o ab2 + 10a2 b π π 2
b P= 6+ x - 6, A = 3 - x - 3x
p 2mn - m2 nq 5st - s2 t r 3x3 y4 + 2xy2 2 4
( )
π 2
7 a 12ab b 25ab c -6ad d -10hm c P = 2πx, A = 1 + x
2
e 30ht f 30bl g 12s2 t h -21b2 d5
i 8a2 b4 j 24p3 q k -18h5 i5 l 63m2 pr mx Exercise 1B
a ab
n 3ab o - p - q 2b 5 3
3 4 1 a 1 b c 2 d
y a 6 4
r -3x s - t - 2 3 7t b2 c
2 2 2 a b c - d -
3 7a 4xy 8x2 a
8 a 5x + 5 b 2x + 8 c 3x - 15
a 1
d -20 - 5b e -2y + 6 f -7a - 7c 3 a 5x b 4x c d e 5x f -2x
4 3a
g 6m + 18 h 4m - 12n + 20 1 4 3x 6b
g -9b h -2y i - j - k - l
i -2p + 6q + 4 j 2x2 + 10x k 6a2 - 24a 2p 9st y 7
l -12x2 + 16xy m 15y2 + 3yz - 24y 4 a x+2 b a-5 c 3x - 9 d 1 - 3y
n 36g - 18g2 - 45gh o -8ab + 14a2 - 20a e 1 + 6b f 1 - 3x g 3-t h x-4
p 14y2 - 14y3 - 28y q -6a3 + 3a2 + 3a 1 + 2a
i x+2 j 3 - 2x k a-1 l
r -5t4 - 6t3 - 2t s 6m4 - 2m3 + 10m2 3
t x4 - x u 3s4 - 6st
775
x-1 x+4 9x + 23 7x + 11
5 a b c -4 6 a b
2x 5x 20 12
Answers
4 5a 3x + 1 4x + 9
d e 5 f c d
9 2 4 9
1 8x - 1 8x + 3
g 2 h 15 i - e f
2 6 10
18 7x + 2 5x - 1
6 a 3 b 3 c g h
5 24 5
3 4 1 x+1
d e f i
4 3 25 14
5 2 1
g - h i - x+5 6x + 5
3 5 3 7 a b
6 12
7 a x+1 b 2 c 4
-2x + 38 3x - 23
4 x+3 c d
8 a 3x b c 15 14
3a 5
14x - 8 18x - 9 6x - 3
4 4 2b2 e f =
d e f 21 6 2
x 7x b-1
x + 14 -14x - 7
10 3x g h
9 a b 30 15
x-3 1-x
-3x + 10
3(x + 2) 10x i
c d 4
2 3
7x + 22 7x - 13
x-1 35x2 8 a b
e f (x + 1)(x + 4) (x - 7)(x + 2)
2x (2 - x)(x - 1)
10 a x-1 b 3(x + 2) c 2(x - 3) 3x - 1 x - 18
c d
4 -5 (x - 3)(x + 5) (x + 3)(x - 4)
d e f 4(x - 1)
x+2 1-x -21 14x - 26
e f
11 Factorise and cancel to 1. (2x - 1)(x - 4) (x - 5)(3x - 4)
12 a 1 - x = -(x - 1) 41 - 7x 3x + 17
g h
-7 -12 7 (2x - 1)(x + 7) (x - 3)(3x + 4)
b i ii iii
3 x 2 14 - 17x
i
x+2 1 (3x - 2)(1 - x)
13 a b x c
2 3 9 a i a2 ii x2
3
d e 4(a + 1) 2a - 3 a2 + a - 4 3x + 14
2(x + 2) b i ii iii
a2 a2 4x2
1 x-y (y + 2)
f g h x-2
(a + 1)(a - 3) xy x 10 The 2 in the second numerator needs to be subtracted, .
6
11 a -(3 - 2x) = -3 + 2x (-1 × -2x = 2x)
Exercise 1C 2 2x x+3
b i ii iii
1 a 2x - 4 b -x - 6 c -6x + 12 x-1 3-x 7-x
5 17 5 17 5a + 2
2 a b c d
6 15 14 6 12 a -1 b
a2
3 a 12 b 6 c 14 d 2x 3x + 5 3x - x2
c d
3a + 14 4a + 3 3 - 15b (x + 1)2 (x - 2)2
4 a b c 21x - 9x2 yz - xz - xy
21 8 10 e f
4x + 6 1 - 6a 2a 14(x - 3)2 xyz
d e f
15 9 15 13 a 2 b 1
3x 11b
g h
20 14
2a + 15 3a + 8
5 a b Exercise 1D
3a 4a
7a - 27 16 - 3b 1 a no b no c yes d yes
c d
9a 4b 2 a true b false c false
4b - 21 27 - 14y 3 a false b true c true
e f
14b 18y 4 a 5 b 8 c -3 d 4
-12 - 2x -27 - 2x 5 11 1 11
g h e f g - h -
3x 6x 2 4 3 6
776
3 9 4 Exercise 1E
i -4 j k - l -
2 2 3
Answers
11 1 a 3, 6, 10 (Answers may vary.)
m -2 n 7 o -2 p
9 b -4, -3, -2 (Answers may vary.)
23 5 c 5, 6, 7 (Answers may vary.)
5 a 1 b 9 c d -
2 6
d -8.5, -8.4, -8.3 (Answers may vary.)
9 2
e - f g 1 h 2
11 3 2 a B b C c A
i 4 j 7 k -9 l 5 3 11, 12 or 13 rabbits
m 19 n 23 o 1 4 a xÅ1 b x<7 c xÄ4 d x > -9
6 a 10 b 13 c -22 d 4 e -2 < x Ä 1 f 8 < x Ä 11 g -9 < x < -7
e -5 f 6 g 16 h 4 h 1.5 Ä x Ä 2.5 i -1 Ä x < 1
i -9 j 8 k 6 l -7 5 a x<4
m 20 n 15 o -9 p 5
x
7 a x + 3 = 7, x = 4 b x + 8 = 5, x = -3 4
c x - 4 = 5, x = 9 d 15 - x = 22, x = -7 b xÅ5
5
e 2x + 5 = 13, x = 4 f 2(x - 5) = -15, x = - x
2 5
g 3x + 8 = 23, x = 5 h 2x - 5 = x - 3, x = 2 c xÅ4
7
8 a 1 b 0 c -17 d x
2 4
27 28 13 2 d x Ä 10
e f g h
23 5 14 5
94 x
i 10
11 e xÄ2
9 a 1 b 6 c 2 d 25
x
10 17 cm 2
f x>3
11 17 and 18
x
12 24 km
13 a $214 g x>6
3 1E
b $582
x
c i 1 ii 10.5 iii 21 6
14 a 41 L b 90 s = 1 min 30 s h xÄ6
c 250 s = 4 min 10 s x
15 a 6 b 4 c -15 d 20 e 3 6
f 6 g 1 h -26 i x < -18
i -10 x
16 x = 9. Method 2 is better, expanding the brackets is −18
j x > 32
unnecessary, given 2 is a factor of 8.
a 5 x
17 a 5 - a b c
6 a 32
2a + 1 3a + 1 c-b 10
d e f k xÄ
a a a 9
c b x
18 a a = b a= 10
b+1 b+1 9
1 b 3
c a= d a= l x<-
c-b b-1 8
bc
e a = -b f a= x
b-c
−0.375
ab abc
19 a 6a b c 2
a+b b-a 6 a xÅ- b x<2 c x Ä -5 d x Ä -7
5
e x < -8 f xÅ4 g x Å -10 h x < -21
777
5 Exercise 1F
7 a x>6 b xÄ2 c x< d x Å 10
2
Answers
1 11 1 a y = -2x + 5, m = -2, c = 5
e xÄ f x<
16 4 b y = 2x - 3, m = 2, c = -3
5 x c y = x - 7, m = 1, c = -7
8 a 2x + 7 < 12, x < b 4 - Å -2, x Ä 12
2 2 2x 3 2 3
d y = - - ,m = - ,c = -
1 5 5 5 5
c 3(x + 1) Å 2, x Å -
3 21
d x + (x + 2) Ä 24, x Ä 10 since x must be even 2 a i 3 ii 6 iii
2
e (x - 6) + (x - 4) + (x - 2) + x Ä 148, x Ä 40
8
9 a i C < $1.30 ii C > $2.30 b i 2 ii 6 iii
3
b i less than 9 min ii 16 min or more
11 11 14 3 a i b iv c ii
10 a x < -5 b xÅ c xÅ d xÄ
4 29 5 d iii e v f vi
27 1 4 a yes b yes c no
e xÅ f x<
29 2 d no e yes f no
11 a An infinite number of whole numbers (all the ones greater 5 a m = 5, c = -3
than 8). y
b 1, 3 is the only whole number.
12 a x Å
a+3
b x < 2 - 4a y = 5x −3
10
(1, 2)
7 a-7
c x < 1 - or x < if a > 0. x
a a O
Reverse the inequality if a < 0.
−3
13 a -4 Ä x < 5 b -9.5 < x Ä -7 c x = 10
14 a 3 Ä x Ä 9
x
b m = 2, c = 3
3 9
b -7 Ä x Ä 3 y
x
−7 3 (1, 5) y = 2x + 3
c -9 Ä x < -7
3
x
−9 −7 x
O
3
d - ÄxÄ2
2
x
−1.5 2
7 c m = -2, c = -1
e -3 Ä x Ä
3 y
x
−3 7
3 y = −2x −1
f -4 Ä x Ä -2
x
x
−4 −2 −1 O
g 11 Ä x Ä 12 (1, −3)
x
11 12
15
h 1Äx<
4
x
1 15
4
19
15 a x Å 23 b x< c xÄ1
5
778
d m = -1, c = 2 7
h m = - ,c = 6
2
Answers
y y
y = −x + 2 6 y = − 72 x + 6
2 (1, 1)
x x
O O (2, −1)
e m = 1, c = -4 i m = 0.5, c = -0.5
y y
y = 0.5x − 0.5
y=x−4
O (2, 0.5)
x x
O −0.5
(1, −3)
−4
j m = -1, c = 1
3
f m = - ,c = 1 y
2
y
y=1−x
y= − 32 x+1
1 1
x
O
1
O
x 1F
(2,−2)
2
k m = ,c = 3
3
4 y
g m = , c = -2
3 2
y= 3x +3
y (3 , 5)
3
y = 43 x −2 x
O
(3, 2)
x
O
−2
l m = -0.2, c = 0.4
y
y = 0.4 − 0.2x
(0.4)
(1, 0.2)
x
O
779
6 a m = -3, c = 12 1
f m = -1, -c = -
y 3
Answers
y
1
12 y = −x − 3
y = −3x + 12 (1, 9)
x
x O
O − 13 (1, − ) 4
3
5
b m = -5, c = g m = -4, c = -8
2
y y
x
2.5 O
x
O
(1, −2.5) y = −4x − 8
y = −5x + 5 −8
2
(1, −12)
c m = 1, c = -7
y
1 1
h m = - ,c =
2 4
y
x
O
y = x −7
0.25
(1, −6) x
−7 O (2, −0.75)
d m = 1, c = -2
y = − 12 x + 14
y
7 a x = 2, y = -6
y=x−2
y
x
O (1, −1)
2 x
−2
O
y = 3x − 6
−6
4
e m = , c = -3
3 b x = -2, y = 4
y
y
4
y= 3x −3
y = 2x + 4
(3, 1)
x 4
O
−3
−2 x
O
780
c x = -2.5, y = 10 g x = 4, y = 6
Answers
y y
y = − 32 x + 6
y = 4x + 10
10 6
−2.5 x 4 x
O O
h x = 5, y = 2
y
4
d x = , y = -4 y = − 25 x + 2
3
y
2
y = 3x − 4
x
O 5
O x
4
3 i x = -8, y = 6
−4 y
y = 34 x + 6
6
e x = 3.5, y = 7
y
x
−8 O
y = −2x + 7
7 1F
x j x = 5, y = 2.5
O 3.5
y
y = − 12 x + 5
2
f x = 8, y = 4 2.5
y
x
O 5
y = − 12 x + 4
4 7 7
k x = ,y =
3 4
x y
O 8
y = − 34 x + 74
1.75
x
O 7
3
781
12
l x = -6, y = e y
5
Answers
y
y=0
x
2 12 O
2.4 y= 5x + 5
x
−6 O
f y
x=0
8 a y
x
O
y = −4
x
O
g y
(1, 4)
−4
y = 4x
b y
x
O
y=1
1
x
O
h y
y = −3x
c y
x=2 x
O
2
x (1, −3)
O
i y
d y
y = −13x
x
x = − 52 O
(3, −1)
x
−2.5 O
j y
(2, 5)
y = −52 x
x
O
782
3 7
k y 15 a gradient = , y-intercept =
a a
Answers
b gradient = a, y-intercept = -b
a 3
c gradient = - , y-intercept =
x b b
O
(1, −1) d d a
16 a b c -
a b b
121
17 a 12 sq. units b 9 sq. units c sq. units
l y 4
121 32
d sq. units e sq. units
5 3
4
Exercise 1G
x
O
1 a y = 4x - 10 b y = -x + 3 c y = -x - 7
1 11
d y= x+
2 2
2 a 2 b 3 c 0 d -4
9 a C = 2n + 10 e -3 f Undefined
b y 1 5
3 a b 2 c d 3
4 2
35 5
(10, 30) e 0 f 0 g -1 h
30 2
25 C = 2n + 10 i -1 j Undefined
3
k l -
3
20 2 2
15 4 a y=x+3 b y=x-2
10 c y = 3x + 6 d y = -3x + 4
5 e y=4 f y = -7x - 10
x 5 a y = 2x + 4 b y = 4x - 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c i $28 ii 23.5 kg
c y=x-4
e y = -3x - 4
d y = -2x + 12
f y = -3x - 2
1G
10 a V = 90 - 1.5t
6 a y = 3x + 5 b y = -2x + 4
b y 1 3
c y= x- d y = -2x - 2
2 2
90
7 a A = 500t + 15 000
80
b $15 000
70
c 4 years more, i.e 10 years from investment
60
V = 90 − 1.5t d $21 250
50
40
8 a y
30 90
20 80 C = 10t + 20
10 70
x 60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
50
c i 82.5 L ii 60 hours
40
11 a $7 per hour b P = 7t
30
12 a $0.05/km b C = 0.05k c C = 1200 + 0.05k
20
13 a m = 25 b The cyclist started 30 km from home.
10
c (0, 30) x
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14 a y = x + , gradient = 1
2 b C = 10t + 20
b y = 0.5x + 1.5, y-intercept = 1.5 c i $10 per hour ii $20 up-front fee
c y = -3x + 7, gradient = -3
1 1
d y = x - 2, gradient =
2 2
783
9 a i V = 4t ii V = 3t 11 a = -4, 0
Answers
iii V = t + 1 iv V = 1.5t + 2 y
b 1 L, 2 L
c Initially the flask contains b litres and it is losing 1 litre 3 y=3
per minute. (−4, 3)
-5 5 d = √20
10 a m= = -1 b m= = -1
5 -5
c It doesn’t matter in which pair of points is (x1 , y1 ) x
O
and which is (x2 , y2 ).
4 (−2, −1)
11 a -
3
4x 13
b y=- +
3 3 ( ) ( ) ( )
4x 13 1 1 4 4 8
c y=- + 12 a ,2 b - , c ,
3 3 (2 ) ( 3 3) (3 3)
d The results from parts b and c are the same (when 16 3 8
d 2, e - ,1 f 0,
simplified). So it doesn’t matter which point on the line is 5 4 5
√
used in the formula y - y1 = m(x - x1 ). 13 a 2
(x - 7) + y 2
√
1 2 b (x - 7)2 + (x + 3)2
12 a i = 0.02 ii = 0.04
50 50 c i 721 m ii 707 m iii 721 m iv 762 m
b i y = 0.02x + 1.5 ii y = 0.04x + 1.5
d x=2
c The archer needs m to be between 0.02 and 0.04 to hit the
e The distance will be a minimum when the dotted line
target.
joining Sarah to the fence is perpendicular to the fence
(when it has gradient -1). The closest point is (2, 5).
Exercise 1H
( )
√ 9
1 a 4 b 5 c 41 d 3, Progress quiz
√ √ 2
2 a 4 b 4 c 32 = 4 2 1 a 9a2 b + 2ab + 8b b -12x3 y c 13m + 14
d (0, -3) 7-x m+3
2 a 4k b a-4 c d
√ √ 2 3m
3 a d = 20 = 2 5, M = (2, 5)
√ 9a 5
b d = 97, M = (2, 3.5) e f
√ 2 2
c d = 41, M = (-1, 1.5)
√ 6+m 4x - 15 14 - 3a 3m - 13
d d = 37, M = (-1, -1.5) 3 a b c d
√ √ √ √ 8 6x 24 (m - 1)(m - 3)
4 a 29 b 58 c 37 d 65
√ √ √
e 37 f 15 g 101 h 193 3 9
√ 4 a x=5 b k=- c m = 30 d a=-
i 37 2 2
5 a (1, 6.5) b (1.5, 2.5) c (-0.5, 1) d (-1, 4.5) 5 a a>3
e (1, -1.5) f (-3.5, 3) g (-3, -0.5) h (2, 2.5)
i (-7, 10.5) 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 B and C are both 5 units away from (2, 3). b x Å -4
7 a a = 3, b = 5 b a = -4, b = 5
c a = -2, b = 2 d a = 11, b = 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
8 a 3, 7 b -1, 3 c -1, 9 d -6, 0 c m<4
9 a 1478 m b 739 m
10 a (-0.5, 1) b (-0.5, 1) 0 1 2 3 4 5
c These are the same. The order of the points doesn’t d a Å -2
matter since addition is commutative (x1 + x2 …)
(x1 + x2 = x2 + x1 ). −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
d 5 e 5 6 a (-3, 2) is not on the line.
f The order of the points doesn’t matter (x - y)2 = b (-3, 2) is on the line.
(y - x)2 , as (-3)2 = (3)2 .
784
3 4 a parallel b parallel c neither
7 a gradient = - , y-intercept = 1
2
Answers
d neither e perpendicular f perpendicular
y
g parallel h parallel i perpendicular
4 j perpendicular
3 5 a y=x+4 b y = -x - 6
2 2
c y = -4x - 1 d y= x-6
1 3
O x 4 1
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 e y=- x+7 f y=- x+6
5 2
−2 (2, −2) 1 3
g y= x-2 h y=- x+5
−3 4 2
−4 3 7
i y=- x-5 j y = x + 31
4 2
6 a x=6 b x=0
b x-intercept = -3, y-intercept = -2
c y = 11 d y = 8.4
y
e y=3 f y = -3
4 g x=
2
h x=-
4
3 3 11
2 2 5 54
7 a y= x+5 b y=- x+
1 3 7 7
O x 2 16
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 c y= x+ d y = 7x + 20
3 3
−2 3 7 28
8 a y=- x+5 b y= x+
−3 2 5 5
−4 3
c y=- x+1 d y=- x-
1 10
2 7 7
2 5
9 The second line has equation y = - x- . It cuts the
c, d, e y 3 3
5
4
3
cy=3 x-axis at x = - .
2
9
1I
2 10 a 14 b -2 c 5 d
7
1
O x 11 a m b -
a
c -
1
d
b
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 b m a
3x
−2 ey=− 12 a y = 2x + b - 2a b y = mx + b - ma
d x = −2 4
−3 1 a
(4, −3) c y=x+b-a d y=- x+b+
−4 m m
13 a i 1 ii -1 iii 1 iv -1
8 a y = 2x + 3
3 b AB is parallel to CD, BC is parallel to DA, AB and CD are
b y=- x+8
2 perpendicular to BC and DA; i.e. opposite sides are parallel
c x=5
√ √ and adjacent sides are perpendicular.
9 midpoint (4, -1); length = 80 (or 4 5) c rectangle.
10 a = 11 or a = -1 4 3
14 a i ii - iii 0
3 4
Exercise 1I
b Right-angled triangle ( AB is perpendicular to BC ).
3 8
1 a 4 b -7 c - d c 20
4 7 1
1 1 8 9 15 y = - x + 4, x-intercept = 8
2 a - b c - d 2
3 2 7 4
3 a 5 b 4 c y = 5x + 4
785
Exercise 1J e (1, 4) y
Answers
1 a yes b yes c no
d no e no f no (1, 4)
y=x+3
g yes
( ) h no
7 x
2 a ,3 y O
2
y = − 23 x + 14
3
y = 2x − 4
f (1, -4) y
(3.5, 3) y=3
x y = 3x − 7
O
y = 2x − 6
( ) x
O
1
b , -2
2 (1, −4)
y
y = 2x − 3
g No intersection (lines are parallel).
x y
O
y = −2
y = 3x − 3
y = 3x + 9
x
c (2, 4) y O
x=2
y=4
(2, 4)
h No intersection (lines are parallel).
x y
O
y=x
y=x+4
x
d (-1, 0) y O
x = −1
y=0 ( )
x 1 17
O i - ,
(−1, 0) 5 5
y
(−0.2, 3.4)
x
O
y = 3x + 4 y = −2x + 3
786
3 a i Joe’s: $60, Paul’s: $150 g x = 2, y = -1 h x = 2, y = 2
Answers
ii Joe’s: $0.20 per km, Paul’s: $0.10 per km i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 2, y = 1
iii Joe’s: C = 0.2k + 60, Paul’s: C = 0.1k + 150 k x = 2, y = 1 l x = -1, y = 2
iv 900 km 5 a x = 1, y = 1 b x = 4, y = 2
b Joe’s Car Rental c x = 2, y = 1 d x = 4, y = -3
c Paul’s Motor Mart 1 1 1
e x = ,y = 1 f x = - ,y = -
4 a x = 2, y = 7 b x = 2, y = 5 2 2 2
c x = 3, y = 1 d x = 2, y = 1 6 a x = 4, y = -3 b x = 1, y = 1
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 1, y = 1 c x = 3, y = 4 d x = 2, y = 2
g x = 5, y = 1 h x = 10, y = 4 1 1
e x = , y = -1 f x = -3, y =
i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 9, y = 2 2 3
7 799 and 834
5 a x = 2, y = 10 b x = 1, y = -5
8 $0.60
c x = -3, y = 3 d x = 13, y = -2
9 A = $15, C = $11
e x = 3, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
10 Should have been (1) - (2), to eliminate y :
g x = 1, y = 4 h x = 1, y = 3
-(
2y - (-2y)
) = 0.
( The correct
) ( is (1, -1).
solution )
6 a i E = 20t ii E = 15t + 45 1 13 1 2 2
11 a , -1 b , c - ,
b t = 9, E = 180
(a ) 3 3b ( a b )
c i 9 hours ii $180 a+b a-b c c
d , e ,
7 a i V = 62 000 - 5000t ii V = 40 000 - 3000t 2a 2b a+b a+b
b t = 11, V = 7000 12 The two lines are parallel, they have the same gradient.
c i 11 years ii $7000 2 2 2 1
13 a - b -
8 18 years x-1 x+1 2x - 3 x + 2
9 197 600 m2 3 2 3 2
c - d +
10 a no b no c yes d yes e no 3x + 1 2x - 1 3x - 1 x + 2
1 1 1 3
f yes g yes h no e + f -
x+3 x-4 7(2x - 1) 7(4 - x)
3
11 a -4 b c 12
( ) 2 Exercise 1L
12 a
(
k 2k
,
3 3
)
1 a x + y = 16, x - y = 2; 7 and 9 1K
k k b x + y = 30, x - y = 10; 10 and 20
b ,-
2 2 c x + y = 7, 2x + y = 12; 5 and 2
( - k, -2 - k) )
c (-1 d 2x + 3y = 11, 4x - 3y = 13; 4 and 1
-2k - 1 -2k - 4
d , 2 7 cm × 21 cm
3 3
b2 3 Nikki is 16, Travis is 8.
b -b a
13 a x = ,y = b x= ,y = 4 Cam is 33, Lara is 30.
a-b a-b a+b a+b
a -a 5 Bolts cost $0.10, washers cost $0.30.
c x= ,y =
1+b 1+b 6 There were 2500 adults and 2500 children.
b b2 1 (a - b) 7 Thickshakes cost $5, juices cost $3.
d x= ,y = e x= ,y =
b-a b-a a - 2b a - 2b 8 There are 36 ducks and 6 sheep.
c(1 - b) 2c ab a2 b 9 43
f x= ,y = g x= 2 ,y = 2
a(b + 1) b+1 a +b a +b 10 $6.15 (mangoes cost $1.10, apples cost $0.65)
14 Answers will vary. 11 70
12 1 hour and 40 minutes
Exercise 1K 1
13 of an hour
7
1 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
14 200 m
2 a subtract b subtract c add d add
4
e add f add g subtract h subtract 15 L
17
3 a 4x - 6y = 8 b 6x - 9y = 12
c 8x - 12y = 16 d 20x - 30y = 40 210
16 L
19
4 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 2, y = 3
c x = 4, y = 2 d x = 2, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
787
Exercise 1M d y Ä 3x - 5
Answers
1 a no b yes c yes d no e no y
f no g no h yes i yes
2 a B b C c A y ≤ 3x − 5
3 x Å -1, y Ä 4
y x
O 5
3
x≥1
y≤4 −5
(0, 4)
(−1, 0)
x
O e y < -4x + 2
y < − 4x + 2
4 a yÅx+4
2
y
x
O 1
2
4
y≥x+4
x
−4 O
f y Ä 2x + 7
b y < 3x - 6 7
y
y ≤ 2x + 7
x
O
y < 3x − 6 −72
x
O
2
−6 g y < 4x
c y > 2x - 8 y
y > 2x − 8 4
x
x O 1
O 4
y < 4x
−8
788
h y > -3x + 6 l yÅ2
Answers
y y
6
y≥2
2
x x
O 2 O
y > 6 − 3x
i y Ä -x 5 a y
x
O 9
x
O
y ≤ −x
b y
j x>3
x
1M
x>3 O
−3
3
x
O
c y
4
k x < -2
y x
O 2
x < −2
x
−2 O
789
d y h y
Answers
9
x x
O −9 O
−4
−6
e y 6 a yes b no c no d yes
7 a no b yes c no d no
8 a yÄx+3 b y Å -2x + 2
(0, 5) 3
c y<- x-3
2
d y> x-2
2 5
−2.5 9 a y
x
O
2
x
f y O 4
1.5
b y
x
−3 O
(0, 3)
4
x
g y O 1
−5 c y
x
O
−2
2 x
O 3
(0, −2)
790
d y 10 a y
Answers
y≥0
(0, 1)
x
(0, 0) O (2, 0) x≥0
x
O 1 5
y ≤ − 12 x + 1
(0, −3)
b y
e y
y ≥ 2x − 4
(0, 0)
x
O (2, 0) x≥0
4
(0, −4)
2
x y≤0
O 3 4
(6, −2) c y
1
(0, 15)
y≥ 4x +4
f y
(4, 5)
(0, 4)
10 x≥0
x
O
y≤ − 54 x + 15
(5, 5)
2.5 d y
−5 O 10
x
(−2.5, 3)
y > − 25 x + 2 1M
(2, 3)
x<2 (2, 1.2) y<3
g y
x
O
(4, 3)
e y
2
7 x≤0
x y<x+7
−8 O 6
(−5.4, 1.6)
h y x
−7 −3 −2O 2x + 3y ≥ −6
6
2.5 (1, 3)
x
−5 O 2
791
f y Short-answer questions
Answers
3
1 a 5xy + 6x b 12a2 b c x d 3b + 21
2
y ≥ 12 x + 3 e -2m2 + 12m f x+2
(−5.5, 14.5) 2 3
2 a 3x - 1 b c
x+2 4
y ≤ −x + 9 (4, 5)
6 - 7a 5a + 18 7x + 26 11 - x
(−1.43, 2.29) 3 a b c d
14 6a 30 (x + 1)(x - 3)
x 3 1
O 4 a x = -3 b x=- c x= d x=2
y ≥ −3x − 2 4 5
5 a x<1 b x Å -4 c -1 < x Ä 3
2
6 a x>5 b x Å 10 c x > -3 d xÄ
7
11 a y Å 0, y < 2x + 4, y Ä -x + 7 7 a V = 2 - 0.4t b 1.4 L c 5 minutes
1 d Ä 3.5 minutes
b y > - x + 6, y Ä x + 3, x < 8
2 8 a y
81
12 a 1 b 4 c 22 d
20 (3, 0)
x
115 578 O
13 a i ii
6 15 y = 3x − 9
b Answers may vary; e.g. x > 0, x < 3, y > 0, y < 2
Problems and challenges (0, −9)

1 0.75 km
6
2
8 b y
3 a The gradient from (2, 12) to (-2, 0) = the gradient from
(-2, 0) to (-5, -9) = -3.
b The gradient from (a, 2b) to (2a, b) = the gradient from
b
(2a, b) to (-a, 4b) = - . (0, 5)
a
3
4 The gradient of AC is and the gradient of AB is - . So
5 (2.5, 0)
x
5 3 O
△ABC is a right-angled triangle, as AC is perpendicular to y = 5 − 2x
AB. Can also show that side lengths satisfy Pythagoras’
theorem. c y
4840 9680
5 The missiles are travelling at km/h and km/h.
9 9
6 The distance between the two points and (2, 5) is 5 units.
7 The diagonals have equations x = 0 and y = 3. These lines 3 y=3
are perpendicular and intersect at the midpoint (0, 3) of the
diagonals. It is not a square since the angles at the x
O
corners
( are not 90°. ) In particular, AB is not perpendicular to
-1
BC mAB ¢ .
mBC
8 x = 2, y = -3, z = -1
d y
9 24 units2
10 24, 15 years
Multiple-choice questions x
O x=5
1 E 2D 3B 4C 5D
6B 7 C 8A 9C 10D
11 E 12B 13A 14A 15D
16C
792
e y 17 a y
Answers
y = 2x
x
O 4
(1, 2) 3
(0, 0)
x −4
O
b y
f y
y = −5x
8
3
(0, 0) x
x −4 O
O
(1, −5)
g y 18 The point of intersection is (4, 0)

y
y = 4 − –x
4 2
x 2
O 8 x
O 4
6
h y
3x
y = 3 − –– Extended-response questions
8
3
1 a i h = 4t + 25 ii h = 6t + 16
x
O 8 b 16 cm
c Shrub B because its gradient is greater.
d y
1 5 3 15 90 (12, 88)
9 a y= x+3 b y= x+5 c y=- x+ 80
2 2 2 2
d y = 2x - 3 70 (12, 73)
10 a m = -
3 3
b y=- x+
34 60
5 √ 5 √5 50
11 a m = (4,
( 8), d )= 52 = 2 13 40
11 √
b M= , 1 , d = 61 30
(2 ) 20
1 5 √ √
c M= , - , d = 18 = 3 2 10
2 2
x
1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
12 a y = 3x - 2 b y = -1 c y=- x+5
2 e after 4.5 months
d y = 3x - 1
f i 1.24 m ii 26.25 months
13 a a = 7 b b = -8 c c = 0 or 4
iii between 8.75 and 11.25 months
14 a (-3, -1) b (-8, -21)
15 a (-3, -1) b (0, 2)
16 A regular popcorn costs $4 and a small drink costs $2.50.
793
2 a A(0, 0), B(8, 6), C(20, 0) j 121 (vertically opposite to cointerior angle in ∥ lines)
Answers
y k 71 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ∥ lines)
l 60 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ∥ lines)
6 a 50 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
B (8, 6) b 95 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
c 125 (angle sum in a pentagon)
D (14, 3) d 30 (angle sum in a pentagon)
A (0, 0) e 45 (angle sum in a hexagon)
x
O C (20, 0) f 15 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
7 a 108° b 135° c 144°
b 43.4 km 8 a 95 (alternate + cointerior) b 113 (2 × alternate)
c The drink station is at (14, 3). c 85 (alternate + cointerior) d 106 (cointerior)
3 1 e 147, (cointerior, angles in a revolution)
d i y= x ii y = - x + 10 iii y = 0
4 2 f 292, (angles in a revolution, alternate + cointerior)
3 1 9 a 176.4° b 3.6°
e y Å 0, y Ä x, y Ä - x + 10
4 2 10 a 12 b 20 c 48
4 80 11 x = 36, y = 144
f y=- x+
3 3 12 115, equilateral and isocles triangle 60 + 55
S + 360
13 a Expand the brackets. b n=
180
Chapter 2 c I= =
S 180(n - 2)
d E = 180 - I =
360
n n n
14 a ÒBCA = 180° - a° - b° (angles in a triangle)
Exercise 2A b c° = 180° - ÒBCA = a° + b° (angles at a line)
1 triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, 15 a alternate angles (BA ∥ CD)
octagon, nonagon, decagon b ÒABC + ÒBCD = 180° (cointerior), so
2 a false b true c true d true a + b + c = 180.
e false f false g true h false c Angle sum of a triangle is 180°.
i true 16 ÒACB = ÒDCE (vertically opposite), so
3 a a = 110 (angles on a line), b = 70 (vertically opposite) ÒCAB = ÒCBA = ÒCDE = ÒCED (isosceles) since
b a = 140 (angles in a revolution) ÒCAB = ÒCED (alternate) AB ∥ DE.
c a = 19 (complementary) 17 Answers may vary.
d a = 113 (cointerior angles in ∥ lines), b = 67 (alternate 18 a 15 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
angles in ∥ lines), c = 67 (vertically opposite to b) b 315 (angle sum in an octagon)
e a = 81 (isosceles triangle), b = 18 (angles in a triangle) 19 Let M be the midpoint of AC. Then ÒAMB = 60° (△ABM is
f a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 102 (angles at a line) equilateral). ÒBMC = 120° (supplementary).
g a = 106 (cointerior angles in ∥ lines), Therefore, ÒMBC = 30° (△MBC is isosceles).
b = 74 (opposite angles in a parallelogram) So ÒABC = ÒABM + ÒMBC = 60° + 30° = 90°.
h a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 17 (complementary) 20 Let ÒAOB = x and ÒCOD = y. 2x + 2y = 180° (angles at a
i a = 90 (vertically opposite), b = 60 (angles in a triangle) line). So ÒBOD = x + y = 90°.
4 a 72
b 60 Exercise 2B
c 56 1 a SAS b SSS c AAS d SAS
5 a 60 (equilateral triangle) e RHS f RHS
b 60 (exterior angle theorem) 2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 5 e 2
c 110 (isosceles, angles in a triangle) f 2
d 80 (angles in a triangle) 3 a AB = DE (given) S
e 10 (exterior angle theorem)
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given) A
f 20 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
g 109 (angles on a line) BC = EF (given) S
h 28 (diagonals meet at a right angle in a rhombus) Â △ABC Ã △DEF (SAS)
i 23 (angles in a triangle)
794
b ÒFED = ÒCBA = 90° (given) R 7 a BC = DC (given) S
Answers
FD = CA (given) H ÒBCA = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) A
FE = CB (given) S AC = EC (given) S
Â △FED Ã △CBA (RHS) Â △ABC Ã △EDC (SAS)
c AC = DF (given) S b AB = DE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c ÒABC = ÒCDE (corresponding sides in congruent
BC = EF (given) S
triangles).
AB = DE (given) S ÒABC and ÒCDE are alternate angles. Â AB ∥ DE.
Â △ACB Ã △DFE (SSS) d 5 cm
d ÒEDF = ÒBAC (given) A 8 a AB = CD (given) S
ÒDFE = ÒACB (given) A AD = CB (given) S
EF = BC (given) S BD is common; S
Â △EDF Ã △BAC (AAS) Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS)
4 a x = 7.3, y = 5.2 b x = 12, y = 11 b ÒDBC = ÒBDA (corresponding angles in congruent
c a = 2.6, b = 2.4 d x = 16, y = 9 triangles)
5 a AD = CB (given) S c ÒDBC and ÒBDA are alternate angles (and equal).
Â AD ∥ BC.
DC = BA (given) S
9 a CB = CD (given) S
AC is common; S
ÒBCA = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) A
Â △ADC Ã △CBA (AAS)
CA = CE (given) S
b ÒADB = ÒCBD (given) A
Â△BCA Ã △DCE (SAS)
ÒABD = ÒCDB (given) A
ÒBAC = ÒDEC (corresponding angles in congruent
BD is common; S
triangles)
Â △ADB Ã △CBD (AAS)
c ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate, AB ∥ DE) A Â Alternate angles are equal, so AB || DE.
ÒCBA = ÒCDE (alternate, AB ∥ DE) A

b ÒOBC = ÒOBA = 90° (given) R
OA = OC (radii) H
2B
BC = DC (given) S
OB is common; S
Â △BAC Ã △DEC (AAS)
d DA = DC (given) S Â△OAB Ã △OCB (RHS)
ÒADB = ÒCDB (given) A AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
DB is common; S ÂOB bisects AC.

c AB = CD (given) S
Â △ADB Ã △CDB (SAS)
e OA = OC (radii) S AC is common; S
OB = OD (radii) S AD = CB (given) S
AB = CD (given) S Â△ACD Ã △CAB (SSS)
Â △OAB Ã △OCD (SSS) ÒDAC = ÒBCA (corresponding angles in congruent
f ÒADC = ÒABC = 90° (given) R triangles)
AC is common; H ÂAlternate angles are equal, so AD || BC.
DC = BC (given) S d AB = AE (given) S
Â △ADC Ã △ABC(RHS) ÒABC = ÒAED (△ABE is isosceles) A
6 a OA = OC (radii) S ED = BC (given) S
ÒAOB = ÒCOB (given) A Â△ABC Ã △AED (SAS)
OB is common; S AD = AC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
Â △AOB Ã △COB (SAS)

b AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c 10 mm
795
e OD = OC (given) S 4 a ÒBAC = ÒDCA (alternate angles)
Answers
ÒAOD = ÒBOC (vertically opposite) A ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles)
OA = OB (given) S AC is common.
Â△AOD Ã △BOC (SAS) Â △ABC Ã △CDA (AAS)
b As △ABC Ã △CDA, AD = CB, AB = CD
ÒOAD = ÒOBC (corresponding angles in congruent
(corresponding sides).
triangles)
5 a ÒABE = ÒCDE (alternate angles)
f AD = AB (given) S
ÒBAE = ÒDCE (alternate angles)
ÒDAC = ÒBAC (given) A
AB = CD (opposite sides of parallelogram)
AC is common; S
Â △ABE Ã △CDE (AAS)
Â△ADC Ã △ABC (SAS) b AE = CE (corresponding sides), BE = DE
ÒACD = ÒACB (corresponding angles in congruent (corresponding sides).
6 a AB = CB (given)
triangles)
ÒACD = ÒACB are supplementary. AD = CD (given)
ÂÒACD = ÒACB = 90° BD is common.

Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS)
ÂAC ⊥ BD
b ÒABD = ÒADB = ÒCBD = ÒCDB (equal angles in
10 a OA = OB (radii) S
congruent isosceles triangles). Therefore, BD bisects
OM is common; S ÒABC and ÒCDA.
AM = BM (M is midpoint) S 7 a AE = CE (given)
Â△OAM Ã △OBM (SSS) BE = DE (given)
ÒOMA = ÒOMB (corresponding angles in congruent ÒAEB = ÒCED (vertically opposite angles)
triangles) Â△ABE Ã △CDE (SAS)
b ÒABE = ÒCDE (corresponding angles), ÒBAE =
ÒOMA and Ò OMB are supplementary.
ÒDCE (corresponding angles). Therefore, AB ∥ DC
ÂÒOMA = ÒOMB = 90° (alternate angles are equal). ÒADE = ÒCBE
ÂOM ⊥ AB (corresponding angles), ÒDAE = ÒBCE (corresponding
b OA = OB (radii of same circle) S angles). Therefore, AD ∥ BC (alternate angles are equal).
CA = CB (radii of same circle) S 8 a AD = CB (given)
OC is common; S ÒDAC = ÒBCA (alternate angles)
Â△OAC Ã OBC (SSS) AC is common.
ÒAOC = ÒBOC (corresponding angles in congruent Â △ABC Ã △CDA (SAS)

b ÒBAC = ÒDCA (corresponding angles), therefore
triangles)
AB ∥ DC (alternate angles are equal).
c ÒCAB = ÒCBA = x (△ABC is isosceles) 9 a △ABE Ã △CBE Ã △ADE Ã △CDE (SAS)
x b ÒABE = ÒCDE (corresponding angles), ÒBAE =
ÒEAB = ÒDBA =
2 ÒDCE (corresponding angles), therefore AB ∥ CD.
Â△AFB is isosceles, so AF = BF. ÒADE = ÒCBE (corresponding angles), ÒDAE =
ÒBCE (corresponding angles), therefore AD ∥ CB.
Exercise 2C Also, AB = AD = CB = CD (corresponding sides).
Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.
1 a rectangle b parallelogram c square d rhombus
2 a rectangle, square b rectangle, square
10 a D C
c parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square
E
d rhombus, square e rhombus, square
3 a A trapezium does not have both pairs of opposite sides
parallel. A B
ÒCAB = ÒACD and ÒCAD = ÒACB (alternate
b A kite does not have two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
angles).
796
So ÒECB = ÒECD since △ABC and △ADC are isosce- AB DE 3
4 a ABCDE ||| FGHIJ b = c
FG IJ 2
Answers
les.
3 4
DC = BC (given) d cm e cm
2 3
EC is common. EF GH 4
Â △CDE Ã △CBE (SAS) 5 a ABCD ||| EFGH b = c
AB CD 3
So ÒCED = ÒCEB = 90°. d 12 m e 10.5 m
b From part a, ÒECD = ÒECB. 6 a 1.2 b 12.5 c 4.8 d 3.75
11 D C e 11.5 f 14.5
7 1.7 m
8 a 1.6 b 62.5 cm
9 a 2 b 1 c 1.875 d 4.3
A B 10 a BC b △ABC ||| △EDC c 1
As ABCD is a parallelogram, ÒBDC = ÒDBA (alternate d 4.5
angles) and ÒDBC = ÒBDA (alternate angles). 11 a true b true c false d false
BD is common. e false f false g false h false
So △CBD Ã △ADB (AAS). i true j true
So ÒBAD = ÒDCB = 90°. 12 Yes, the missing angle in the first triangle is 20° and the
Similarly, ÒADC = Ò180° - ÒBAD (cointerior angles) missing angle in the second triangle is 75°, so all three
= 90° and similarly for ÒABC. angles are equal.
12 D C 3
13 a
2
E b i 4 ii 9
c i 8 ii 27
d Cube
A B Length Area Volume
First, prove △AED Ã △BEC (SAS). Small 2 4 8
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are Large 3 9 27
equal and △CED Ã △BEA (SAS). 3 9 27
Scale factor (fraction)
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
equal.
2 4
e Scale factor for area = (scale factor for length)2 ;
8
2D
So ÒADC = ÒDCB = ÒCBA = ÒBAC, which sum Scale factor for volume = (scale factor for length)3 .
to 360°. b2 b3
f i ii 3
Therefore, all angles are 90° and ABCD is a rectangle. a2 a
13 G C F 14 Answers will vary
Exercise 2E
D B
1 a E b ÒC c AB
d △ABC ||| △DEF
2 a ÒD (alternate angles)
H A E b ÒA (alternate angles)
First, prove all four corner triangles are congruent (SAS). c ÒECD
So EF = FG = GH = HE, so EFGH is a rhombus. d CA
e △ABC ||| △EDC
Exercise 2D 3 a SAS b AAA c SAS d SSS
4 a ÒABC = ÒDEF = 65°
1 a Yes, both squares have all angles 90° and all sides of equal ÒBAC = ÒEDF = 70°
length. Â △ABC ||| △DEF (AAA).
b 3
DE 2
c 15 cm b = =2
AB 1
8 4 3 EF 6
2 a 2 b c d = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
5 3 2 BC 3
ÒABC = ÒDEF = 120°
3 a A b ÒC c FD
Â △ABC ||| △DEF (SAS).
d △ABC ||| △EFD
797
DF 10 13 a ÒAOD = ÒBOC (common)
c = =2
CA 5
Answers
ÒOAD = ÒOBC (corresponding angles)
DE 8
= = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) ÒODA = ÒOCB (corresponding angles)
CB 4
ÒABC = ÒFED = 90° So △OAD ||| △OBC (AAA).
Â△ABC ||| △FED (RHS). OC 3 OB
= = 3 (ratio of corresponding sides), therefore =
AB 28 OD 1 OA
d = =4 3
DE 7
BC 16 OB = 3OA
= =4
EF 4
b ÒABC = ÒEDC (alternate angles)
AC 32
= = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides) ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate angles)
DF 8
Â△ABC ||| △DEF (SSS). ÒACB = ÒECD (vertically opposite)
3 So △ABC ||| △EDC (AAA).
5 a b 19.5 c 2.2 d a = 4, b = 15
2 CE CD 2 AC + CE 1 + 2 7
e x = 0.16, y = 0.325 f a = 43.2, b = 18 = = , therefore = = .
AC BC 5 AC 5 5
6 a ÒABC = ÒEDC (alternate angles)
ÒBAC = ÒDEC (alternate angles) AE 7 7
= and AE = AC.
But AC + CE = AE, so
ÒACB = ÒECD (vertically opposite angles) AC 5 5
14 a ÒBAD = ÒBCA = 90°
Â△ABC ||| △EDC (AAA).
ÒABD = ÒCBA (common)
b ÒABE = ÒACD (corresponding angles)
So △ABD ||| △CBA (AAA).
ÒAEB = ÒADC (corresponding angles) AB BD
ÒBAE = ÒCAD (common) Therefore, = .
CB AB
Â△ABE ||| △ACD (AAA). AB2 = CB × BD
c ÒDBC = ÒAEC (given) b ÒBAD = ÒACD = 90°
ÒBCD = ÒECA (common) ÒADB = ÒCDA (common)
Â△BCD ||| △ECA (AAA). So △ABD ||| △CAD (AAA).
AD BD
AB 3 Therefore, = .
d = = 0.4 CD AD
CB 7.5
AD2 = CD × BD
EB 2
= = 0.4 (ratio of corresponding sides) c Adding the two equations:
DB 5
ÒABE = ÒCBD (vertically opposite angles) AB2 + AD2 = CB × BD + CD × BD
Â△AEB ||| △CDB (SAS). = BD(CB + CD)
7 a ÒEDC = ÒADB (common)
= BD × BD
ÒCED = ÒBAD = 90°
Â △EDC ||| △ADB (AAA). = BD2
4
b cm Progress quiz
3
8 a ÒACB = ÒDCE (common) 1 a x = 78 (exterior angle of a triangle)
ÒBAC = ÒEDC = 90° b w = 89 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
Â △BAC ||| △EDC (AAA). c x = 120 (interior angle of a regular hexagon)
b 1.25 m d x = 35 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
9 1.90 m e x = 97 (cointerior angles in parallel lines, vertically
10 4.5 m opposite angles equal)
11 a Yes, AAA for both. f w = 47 (angle sum of an isosceles triangle)
b 20 m 2 a AB = QB (given)
c 20 m ÒABC = ÒQBP (vertically opposite)
d Less working required for May’s triangles. ÒCAB = ÒPQB (alternate angles AC ∥ PQ)
12 The missing angle in the smaller triangle is 47°, and the Â △ABC Ã △QBP (AAS)
missing angle in the larger triangle is 91°. Therefore the two b CB = PB corresponding sides of congruent triangles and
triangles are similar (AAA). B is the midpoint of CP.
3 Let ABCD be any rhombus with diagonals intersecting at P.
AB = BC (sides of a rhombus equal)
798
ÒABP = ÒCBP (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior Exercise 2F
Answers
angles through which they cross)
1 a–e
Â △ABP Ã △CBP (SAS)
and ÒAPB = ÒBPC (corresponding angles of congruent tri- chord
angles).
And ÒAPB + ÒBPC = 180° (straight line) centre minor
sector
Â diagonal AC ⊥ diagonal DB.
radius
A B
major sector
P 2 a 55° b 90° c 75° d 140°
3 a 85° each
C b ÒAOB = ÒCOD (chord theorem 1)
D
4 A B c 0.9 cm each
d OE = OF (chord theorem 2)
4 a 1 cm each
b 52° each
c AM = BM and ÒAOM = ÒBOM (chord theorem 3)
D C 5 a ÒDOC = 70° (chord theorem 1)
Let ABCD be any parallelogram with opposite sides parallel. b OE = 7.2 cm (chord theorem 2)
AC is common. c XZ = 4 cm and ÒXOZ = 51° (chord theorem 3)
ÒBAC = ÒACD (alternate angles AB ∥ CD) 6 The perpendicular bisectors of two different chords of a circle
ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles AD ∥ CB) intersect at the centre of the circle.
Â △ABC Ã △CDA (AAS) 7 a 3.5 m b 9m c 90° d 90°
and AB = DC as well as AD = BC (corresponding sides in 8 a 140 b 40 c 19 d 72
congruent triangles). e 30 f 54
5 a △ABE ||| △ACD (all angles equal) 9 6m
√ √
10 3 + 128 mm = 3 + 8 2 mm
2F
b 2.5
c x = 7.5 11 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of the
6 a ÒCAB = ÒFDE (given) circle are corresponding, and therefore equal.
b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so chords are corresponding
AC AB 1
= = sides, and therefore equal.
DF DE 3
△CAB ||| △FDE (SAS) 12 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so the angles formed by the
b ÒBAO = ÒCDO (alternate angles AB ∥ DC) chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore equal.
ÒAOB = ÒDOC (vertically opposite) Since these angles are also supplementary, they must be
Â △ABO ||| △DCO (AAA) 90°.
7 a ÒD is common b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so the angles formed by the
ÒABD = ÒECD (corresponding angles equal since chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore equal.
AB ∥ EC) Since these angles are also supplementary, they must be
△ABD ||| △ECD (AAA) 90°.
b 3 cm 13 A
8 ÒA is common,
as Q and P are both midpoints.
O
AP 1 AQ 1
= and =
AB 2 AC 2 B C
Â △AQP ||| △ACB (SAS)
QP 1 First, prove △OAB Ã △OAC (AAS), which are isosceles.
and = (corresponding sides in the same ratio).
CB 2 So AB = AC, corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
799
14 a AD = BD (radii of same circle) c ÒOBC = x° + y° (△OCB is isosceles)
Answers
AC = BC (radii of same circle) ÒCOB = 180° - 2(x + y)°
CD is common. ÒAOB = 180° - 2x° - (180° - 2(x + y)°)
Â△ACD Ã △BCD (SSS). = 2y°
b AC = BC 15 ÒAOB = 180° - 2x° (△AOB is isosceles)
ÒACE = ÒBCE (corresponding angles in congruent ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles)
triangles) ÒAOB + ÒBOC = 180° (supplementary angles),
CE is common. therefore (180 - 2x) + (180 - 2y) = 180
Â△ACE Ã △BCE (SAS). 360 - 2x - 2y = 180
c Using the converse of chord theorem 3 since
2x + 2y = 180
ÒACE = ÒBCE, CD ⊥ AB.
2(x + y) = 180
Exercise 2G x + y = 90
1 a ÒADC b ÒADC c ÒADC d ÒAFC

Exercise 2H
e ÒAEC f ÒAEC
2 a ÒAOB b ÒACB c 80° d 61° 1 a ÒACD b ÒACD c ÒACD
3 a 180° b 90° c 60° d 7° 2 a ÒABD and ÒACD b 85°
4 a 50 b 40 c 80 d 60 c ÒBAC and ÒBDC d 17°
e 250 f 112.5 g 38 h 120 3 a Supplementary angles sum to 180°. b 117°
i 18 c 109° d Yes, 117° + 109° + 63° + 71° = 360°
5 a 70 b 25 c 10 4 a x = 37 b x = 20 c x = 110 d x = 40
6 a ÒABC = 72°, ÒABD = 22° e x = 22.5 f x = 55
b ÒABC = 70°, ÒABD = 45° 5 a x = 60 b x = 90 c x = 30 d x = 88
c ÒABC = 72°, ÒABD = 35° e x = 72, y = 108 f x = 123
7 a ÒADC = 75°, ÒABC = 75° 6 a 72 b 43 c 69 d 57
b ÒABC = 57.5°, ÒADC = 57.5° e 52 f 48 g 30 h 47
c ÒAOD = 170°, ÒABD = 85° i 108
8 a 100° b 94.5° c 100° d 119° 7 a a = 30, b = 100 b a = 54, b = 90
e 70° f 66° c a = 105, b = 105, c = 75 d a = 55, b = 70
9 a 58° b 53° c 51° d 45° e a = 118, b = 21 f a = 45, b = 35
e 19° f 21° 8 a 80° b 71°
10 a 70° b 90° c ÒCBE + ÒABE = 180° (supplementary angles)
c The angle in a semicircle is 90°. ÒCBE + ÒCDE = 180° (circle theorem 4)
d Theorem 2 is the specific case of theorem 1 when the angle Â ÒCBE + ÒABE = ÒCBE + ÒCDE.
at the centre is 180°. Â ÒABE = ÒCDE
11 a i false ii true iii true iv false 9 a ÒACD = ÒABD = x° and ÒDAC = ÒDBC = y° (circle
b i false ii true iii true iv false theorem 3)
12 a 2x° b 360 - 2x b Using angle sum of △ACD, ÒADC = 180° - (x° + y°).
13 a ÒAOC = 180° - 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) c ÒABC and ÒADC are supplementary.
b ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) 10 a i 80° ii 100° iii 80°
c ÒAOB = 360° - ÒAOC - ÒBOC = 2x° + 2y° b ÒBAF + ÒDCB = 180°, therefore AF ∥ CD (cointerior
d ÒAOB = 2(x° + y°) = 2ÒACB angles are supplementary).
14 a ÒBOC = 180° - 2x° (△BOC is isosceles). 11 a ÒPCB = 90° (circle theorem 2)
ÒAOB = 180° - ÒBOC = 180° - (180° - 2x°) b ÒA = ÒP (circle theorem 3)
a
= 2x° c sin P =
2r
b ÒAOC = 180° - 2x° (△AOC is isosceles)
a a
ÒBOC = 180° - 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) d As ÒA = ÒP, sin A = , therefore 2r = .
2r sin A
Reflex ÒAOB = 360° - ÒAOC - ÒBOC
= 360° - (180° - 2x°) - (180° - 2y°)
= 2x° + 2y° = 2(x + y)° = 2ÒACB.
800
Exercise 2I 32 16 35
6 a b c
√3 √3 2
Answers
1 a Once b 90° c 5 cm 7 a 65 b 77
2 a ÒBAP b ÒBPX c ÒABP d ÒAPY 64 209 81 74
8 a b c d
3 a 180° b 360° 7 10 7 7
153 √
4 a a = 19 b a = 62 c a = 70 e f 65 - 1
20
5 a a = 50 b a = 28 c a = 25 d a = 63
9 a x(x + 5) = 7 × 8, x2 + 5x = 56, x2 + 5x - 56 = 0
6 a 50° b 59°
b x(x + 11) = 10 × 22, x2 + 11x = 220,
7 a a = 73, b = 42, c = 65 b a = 26, b = 83, c = 71
x2 + 11x - 220 = 0
c a = 69, b = 65, c = 46
c x(x + 23) = 312 , x2 + 23x = 961, x2 + 23x - 961 = 0
8 a 5 cm b 11.2 cm
10 For this diagram, the third secant rule states:
9 a a = 115 b a = 163 c a = 33 d a = 28
AP2 = DP × CP and BP2 = DP × CP, so BP = AP.
e a = 26 f a = 26 g a = 36 h a = 26
11 AP × BP = DP × CP
i a = 30
AP × BP = AP × CP since AP = DP.
10 a a = 70 b a = 50 c a = 73 d a = 40
BP = CP
e a = 19 f a = 54
12 a ÒA = ÒD and ÒB = ÒC (circle theorem 3)
11 4 cm
b ÒP is the same for both triangles (vertically opposite), so
12 a OA and OB are radii of the circle.
△ABP ||| △DCP (AAA).
b ÒOAP = ÒOBP = 90°
AP BP
c ÒOAP = ÒOBP = 90° c =
DP CP
OP is common
AP BP
OA = OB d = , cross-multiplying gives AP × CP = BP × DP.
DP CP
Â △OAP Ã △OBP (RHS) 13 a ÒB = ÒC (circle theorem 3)
d AP and BP are corresponding sides in congruent triangles. b △PBD ||| △PCA (AAA)
13 a ÒOPB = 90° - x°, tangent meets radii at right angles
AP CP
b ÒBOP = 2x°, using angle sum in an isocles triangle c = , so AP × BP = DP × CP.
DP BP
c ÒBAP = x°, circle theorem 1
14 a yes
14 ÒBAP = ÒBPY (alternate segment theorem)
ÒBPY = ÒDPX (vertically opposite angles)
b alternate segment theorem
c △BPC ||| △CPA (AAA)
2I
ÒDPX = ÒDCP (alternate segment theorem)
BP CP
ÂÒBAP = ÒDCP, so AB ∥ DC (alternate angles are equal). d = , so CP2 = AP × BP.
CP AP
15 AP = TP and TP = BP, hence AP = BP. √ √
16 a Let ÒACB = x°, therefore ÒABC = 90° - x°. 15 d = (4r1 r2 ) = 2 r1 r2
Construct OP. OP ⊥ PM (tangent). ÒOPC = x° (△OPC
is isosceles). Construct OM.
Problems and challenges
△OAM Ã △OPM (RHS), therefore AM = PM. 1 21 units2
ÒBPM = 180° - 90° - x° = 90° - x°. Therefore, △BPM 2 BD = 5 cm, CE = 19 cm
is isosceles with PM = BM. 3 ÒADE = ÒABE, ÒEFD = ÒBFA, ÒDEB = ÒDAB,
Therefore, AM = BM. ÒDFB = ÒEFA, ÒCDB = ÒCAE, ÒDAE = ÒDBE,
b Answers may vary ÒADB = ÒAEB, ÒABD = ÒAED = ÒCBD = ÒCEA
4 42.5%
5 Check with your teacher.
Exercise 2J 6 a ÒFDE = ÒDFC = ÒABC (alternate and
1 a 3 b 6 c 7 d 8 corresponding angles in parallel lines)
21 5 33 27 ÒFED = ÒEFB = ÒACB (alternate and corresponding
2 a b c d
2 2 7 7 angles in parallel lines)
3 a AP × CP = BP × DP b AP × BP = DP × CP
ÒDFE = ÒBAC (angle sum of a triangle)
c AP × BP = CP2
112 △ABC ||| △FDE (AAA)
4 a 5 b 10 c b i 4:1 ii 16 : 1
15
143 178 161 c 4n-1 : 1
5 a b c
8 9 9
801
Multiple-choice questions 6 a 65 (chord theorem 1)
Answers
b 7 (chord theorem 2)
1 C 2B 3B 4C 5B
c 6 (chord theorem 3)
6A 7 E 8C 9D 10 B
7 a a = 25 b a = 50, b = 40 c a = 70
d b = 54 e a = 115 f a = 30, b = 120
Short-answer questions
8 a x = 26, y = 58, z = 64
1 a 65 b 120 c x = 62, y = 118 b a = 65, b = 130, c = 50, d = 8
d 46 c t = 63
2 a 148 b 112 40
9 a 5 b 6 c
3 a AB = DE (given) 3
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given) Extended-response questions

ÒBAC = ÒEDF (given)
1 a ÒBAC = ÒBDE = 90°
Â △ABC Ã △DEF (AAS). ÒB is common.
b AB = AD (given) Â△ABC ||| △DBE (AAA).
ÒBAC = ÒDAC (given) b 1.2 km
AC 3
AC is common. c i =
DE 2
Â △ABC Ã △ADC (SAS). AB 3
Â = (ratio of corresponding sides in similar
c AB = CD (given) DB 2
triangles)
AD = CB (given) x+1 3
=
BD is common. x 2
Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS). Â 2(x + 1) = 3x

4 a AB = CD (given) ii 2
ÒBAC = ÒDCA (alternate angles) d 44.4%
AC is common. 2 a i 106.26° ii 73.74°
Â△ABC Ã △CDA (SAS). b 12 cm
b ÒBCA = ÒDAC (alternate angles), therefore AD ∥ BC c 25 cm
(alternate angles are equal). d 70 cm
DE 10.5
5 a = = 1.5
AB 7
Chapter 3
EF 14.7
= = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides)
BC 9.8
ÒABC = ÒDEF (given)
Exercise 3A
Â △ABC ||| △DEF (SAS) 1 a irrational b root c non recurring
d rational
x = 19.5
2 a 4 b 9 c 25 d 4
b ÒEAB = ÒDAC (common)
e 16 f 16 g 36 h 36
ÒEBA = ÒDCA (corresponding with EB ∥ DC) 3 a irrational b rational c rational d rational
Â △ABE ||| △ACD (AAA) e rational f irrational g irrational h irrational
x = 6.25 −1.24 0.18 √5 2√3
c ÒBAC = ÒEDC (given) −2 −1 0 2 3 4
ÒACB = ÒDCE (vertically opposite) −√2 2
1 57 π
5
Â △ABC ||| △DEC (AAA) 4 a yes b yes c no d no e no
f yes g yes h no
x = 8.82 √ √ √ √
5 a 2 3 b 3 5 c 2 6 d 4 3
d ÒABD = ÒDBC (given) √ √ √ √
e 5 3 f 10 5 g 7 2 h 3 10
√ √ √ √
ÒDAB = ÒCDB = 35° (angle sum of triangle) i 8 2 j 6 10 k 9 2 l 4 5
√ √ √ √
Â △ABD ||| △DBC (AAA) 6 a 6 2 b 6 5 c 16 3 d 6 7
√ √ √ √
e√21 2 f √
20 5 g √5 h √7
100
x= 6 6 5 11
7 i j k l
2 4 5 6
802
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √ 2 17
m 3 11 n 2 2 o 2 2 p 6 a 3+5 2 b 3 6 + 7 11 c 4 5-7 2
√ √ √
√ √ √7
Answers
d -2 2 + 5 e 4 3 f 0
3 3 √ 2 3 3 3 √ √ √ √
q r 4 6 s t g -3 2 - 3 10 h -2 5 + 3 15
√2 √ √3 √2 √ √ √ √
7 a 2 b 5 2 c 4 3 d 5
7 a
2 2
b
2 3
c
3 2
d
11 √ √ √ √
3 7 5 5 e 7 2 f 12 3 g 8 11 h 3 2
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
10 21 13 14 i 5 6 j 5 k 32 2 l 20 2
e f g h √ √ √ √
8 a 13 2 b 9 6 c 2 5- 7
√3 12
√ √
4
√
5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
5 3 3 d 5 5+6 7 e 6-3 2 f 2 3 + 11 5 - 5 2
i j k √5 l √14 √ √ √ √
3 2 2 2 19 g 9 3 + 2 2 h 11 - 9 3 i 9 + 18 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
8 a 12 b 32 c 50 d 27 j -9 2 + 15 5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
e 45 f 108 g 128 h 700 5 3 7 5 2 7
√ √ √ √ 9 a b c d
i 810 j 125 k 245 l 363 √6 12√ 30√ 6 √
√ √ √ √
9 a 15 3 b 13 7 c 19 5 d 31 3 - 2 13 3 13 5 -7 3
√ √ √ e f g h
10 a 4 2m b 2 30 cm c 4 15 mm 10 √ 14 18 30
√ √ -11 10
11 a radius = 2 6 cm, diameter = 4 6 cm i
√ √
b radius = 3 6 m, diameter = 6 6 m √24 √ √ √ √
√ √ 10 a 4 3 + 2 5 cm b 14 2 cm c 10 + 3 2 cm
c radius = 8 2 m, diameter = 16 2 m √ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ d 2 10 + 4 5 cm e 4 3 + 30 cm
12 a 2 5 cm b 3 5 m c 145 mm d 11 m √
√ √ f 12 3 cm
e 11 mm f 2 21 cm √ √
√ √ 11 a 20 = 2 5
13 72 = 36 × 2 (i.e. 36 is highest square factor of 72) √ √ √ √
√ b 3 72 = 18 2, 338 = 13 2
√ √ √
=6 2 12 a 5 3 - 6 3 + 3 = 0
√ √ √ √
14 a 9, 25, 225 b 15 2 b 6+2 6-3 6=0
√ √ √
15 a Draw triangle with shorter sides length 1 cm and 3 cm. c 6 2-8 2+2 2=0
√ √ √
b Draw triangle with shorter sides length 2 cm and 5 cm. d 2 2-3 2+ 2=0
√ √ √
c d e 4 5-7 5+3 5=0
1 2 √ √ √ √ √
f 3 2-6 3-5 2+6 3+2 2=0
√ √
√6 √22 1 13 a 6 3 - 3 2, unlike surds
√ √
1
b 8 2 + 2 5, unlike surds
√ √
c 5 2 - 6 5, unlike surds
3B
1 √ √
2 d 10 10 + 10 3, unlike surds
4 √ √
e 20 2 + 30 3, unlike surds
16 Check with your teacher √ √
f 4√ 5 - 6 6, unlike
√ surds √ √
Exercise 3B 14 a
7 2
b
2 3
c
5
d
-3 2
√15 3√ 12 4
√
1 a yes b no c no 3 -7 7 √ 29 6
d yes e yes f no e f g - 2 h i 0
2 √15 √ 28
g yes h yes √ 6 6 29 5
j 8 3 k l
2 a 6x b 7y c -5x 35 42
d -2b e 17a f -5x
g t h -2y Exercise 3C
√ √ √
3 a 4 3
√ √ √ 15 √ 42 √ √ √
1 a = 5b = 6 c 6 × 5 = 30
b i 5 3 ii -3 3 iii 17 3 3 7
√ √ √
4 a 10 2 d 11 × 2 = 22
√ √ √ √ √ √
b i 5 2 ii -16 2 iii 0 2 a 15 b 21 c 26 d 35
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
5 a 6 5 b 3 3 c 4 2 e - 30 f - 30 g 66 h 6
√ √ √ √
d 3 2 e 11 5 f 3 i 70
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
g 6 10 h 5 2 i -2 21 3 a 10 b 6 c - 3 d 5
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
j -6 11 k - 13 l -7 30 e 3 f 10 g 5 h - 13
√
i - 5
803
√ √ √
4 a 21 b 10 c 30 Exercise 3D
√ √ √
Answers
d 3 e 5 f 9
√ √ √ 1 a 21 b - 10 c 6 6 d 11
g 7 2 h 2 11 i 3 6
√ √ e 13 f 12 g 125 h 147
j 5 2 k 4 6 l 10
√ √ √ i 162
5 a 10 3 b 21 2 c 12 14
√ √ √ 2 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
d -50 3 e -18 3 f 15 5 √ √
√ √ √ e 2 3 f 6 3
g 42 6 h -60 10i -20 10
√ √ √ 3 a x2 + 5x + 6 b x2 - 4x - 5 c x2 + x - 12
j 42 2 k 24 30 l 216 7
√ √ √ d 2x2 - 9x - 5 e 6x2 - 11x - 10
6 a 2 2 b 3 6 c 5 f 6x2 - 17x - 28 g x2 - 16
2
√ h 4x2 - 9 i 25x2 - 36 j x2 + 4x + 4
- 4 - 1 2 5
d√ e √ f k 4x2 - 4x + 1 l 9x2 - 42x + 49
13 3 7 3 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ 4 a - 2-4 b 2 5-3 c 4+ 6
7 a 6 + 15 b 14 - 10 c - 55 - 65 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ d 7+3 3 e 5+ 7 f -13 - 2 2
d -2 15 - 2 21 e 6 26 - 3 22 f 20 - 20 2 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ g 6 5 - 13 h 30 - 9 10 i 23 - 8 7
g 30 2 + 15 30 h -12 3 + 12 2 i 42 + 63 2 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ 5 a 27 + 12 2 b 21 + 2 3 c 25 + 32 5
j 90 3 - 24 10 k -16 + 24 10 l 42 2 + 30 √ √ √
d 2 6 - 118 e 35 - 13 10 f 18 7 - 65
8 a 28 b 18 c -75 √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ g 23 3 - 46 h 43 - 19 2 i 24 5 - 89
d 2- 6 e 3 3+4 f - 10 + 5 √ √ √
√ √ 6 a 14 - 6 5 b 10 - 4 6 c 23 + 8 7
g 2 h 8 2 i 2-6 √ √ √
√ √ d 15 + 4 11 e 28 + 10 3 f 54 - 14 5
9 a 2 6 b 30 c 6 √ √ √
3 √ g 9 + 2 14 h 16 - 2 55 i 13 - 2 30
10 a cm2 b 2 6 cm √ √ √
4√ √ √ j 32 + 2 247 k 40 + 2 391 l 60 - 2 899
√
11 a 6 × 6 = 6 × 6 = 36 = 6 7 a 7 b 19 c 13 d 6
√ √ √ √
b - 8 × 8 = - 8 × 8 = - 64 = -8 e 4 f -6 g 3 h 6
√ √ √ √
c - 5 × - 5 = + 5 × 5 = 25 = 5 i -4
√ √
12 a Simplify each surd before multiplying. 8 a 118 + 28 10 b 139 + 24 21
√ √
b Allows for the multiplication of smaller surds, which is c 195 + 30 30 d 176 - 64 6
√ √
simpler. e 207 - 36 33 f 87 - 12 42
√ √ √ √ √
c i 3 2×3 3=9 6 g 66 + 36 2 h 140 + 60 5
√ √ √ √
ii 2 6 × 2 5 = 4 30 i 107 - 40 6
√ √ √
iii 5 2 × 3 5 = 15 10 9 a 97 b 17 c 41 d 163
√ √ √
iv 3 6 × 5 3 = 45 2 e 26 f 10 g 0 h -33
√ √ √
v 6 2 × 4 3 = 24 6 i -40 j -90
√ √ √ √
vi 6 3 × -10 5 = -60 15 10 a 7 + 4 3 cm2 b 2 m2
√ √ √ √ √ √
vii -12 3 × -2 7 = 24 21 c 15 6 - 5 2 - 18 + 2 3 mm2
√ √ √ √ 2
viii 7 2 × 10 3 = 70 6 d 5√+ 6 5√m √
√ √ √
ix 12 2 × 12 5 = 144 10 7 6-7 2- 3+1 2
e cm
13 a 3 b 2 c -9 √2
f 81 - 30 2 mm 2
1 2
d - e f 3
5√ 5 √ √ 11 a -5 b 7 c 128
√ √ √ √
14 a 54 2 b 375 3 c 162 3 12 a 11 21 - 26 3 b 2 5 + 30
√ √ √ √ √
d 25 e 9 f 128 2 c 5 35 + 31 7 d 19 7 + 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
g -120 5 h -108
√ 2 i 720 e 2-2 6 f 10 + 3 5
√ 27 2 √ √
j 14 7 k l 81 13 Yes. Possible example a = 12, b = 3
2 √
√ √ 14 a 19 - 2 6 b 16
m 100√ 3 n 144 o -96
√ 15 √ √
c 2 15 - 85 d 10 3 - 37
p
81 3
q √ 5 r
9 6 √
25 3 3 2 e 30 - 10 2 f 0
√ √ √
g 4 3 - 14 h 47 2 - 10 30 + 11
804
√ √ √ √ √ √
Exercise 3E 21 + 7a 30 + 5a 2 3 + 6a
12 a b c
√7 √5 √6
Answers
1 1
1 a 1 b 1 c d - d - 3a √
1√ e√1 - 5a √ f 1 -
√ 7a √
2 2 4 10a + 5 2 6a + 2 2 14a + 7 2
e -2 f -9 g 6 h -1 g h i
√ √ √ √ 10 √ 2 14
2 a 3 b 5 c√10 d √5 3 5 - 30a
√ √ j
e 3 f 7 g √3 h √7 15
3 7 13 a i 14 ii 2 iii 47
√
i √13 b Each question is a difference of perfect squares, and each
13 answer
√ is an integer.
3 a 0.377… b 2.886… c 16.31… 4+ 2
c √
All√pairs of numbers
√ are equal. √ √ 4+ 2 √ √
2 7 3 11 4 5 12 + 3 2 -3 3-3 √ √
4 a b c d d i ii iii 2 2 + 6
2√ 7 √11 √5 14 √ 2
5 3 √ 15 14
e f 4 2 g h -(6 + 2 30)
iv
√ 3 √ √ 3 √7 7
6 35 66 10 √
5 a b c d 5 3-5 √ √
√3 √7 √11 √5 14 a
2
b 2 3+2 c 3 5+6
21 42 30 34 √ √
e f g h √ -3 - 3 3 42 + 7 7
3
√ 7
√ √3 2
√ d -4 - 4 2 e f
4 14 5 6 3 10 3 42 2 √ 29 √
6 a b c d √ √ 2 11 + 2 2
√7 √3 2 7 g -12 - 4 10 h -14 - 7 5 i
9
e
7 30
f
2 105
√ √ √ √ √ √
10 14 - 2
√ √ 15 √ √ j 2 5-2 2 k 7- 3 l
6
4 21 6 35 2 2 √
7 a b c d √ √ √
15
√ 3 √3 5
√ m6+ 6 n 14 + 2 2 o 10 - 4 5
2 5 10 9 2 3 7 5
e f g h √ √ √ √ √
√15 √ 9 √ 2√ 2 b a-b b a a+a b a + b - 2 ab
p q r
3+ 6 3 7 + 35 a√- b √a - b√ a-b
8 a b
a - ab a b+b a
√3 √ √ √ 7 s t
2 5 - 15 6 - 10 a-b a-b
c
√ 5√
35 + 14
d
√ 2√
30 - 21 Exercise 3F
3E
e f
√ 7√ √ 3 √ 1 a 34 b 76 c 83 d 6x3
2 3 + 42 5 2+2 5
g h e 15y4 f 8a3 b2
√ 6 √ √ 10 √
30 - 5 2 8 3 - 15 2 2
i j x 4 3 2 1 0
√ 5 √ √ 6 √ 2x 24 = 16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1
3 2+2 5 6 5+5 6
k l
√ 2 2 3 a 22 × 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
5 3 2
9 a cm2 b m2 = 25
√3 √ 3
x5 x × x × x × x × x
10 + 15 2 b 3 =
c mm x x×x×x
√ 10 √ √ √
2 3+3 2 6 5+5 2 = x2
10 a b
2 3
√ 6 √ √ 10 √ c (a ) = a × a × a × a × a × a
9 7 - 14 3 5 3-2 2
c d = a6
√ 21 √ √ 6 √
2 2+5 3 9 5+4 3 d (2x) × 2x0 = 1 × 2
0
e f
√12 √ 30 √ =2
-2 14 6 30 + 4 6 4 a a9 b x5 c b6
g h
√15 √ 9 d 14m5 e 6s7 f 2t16
3 10 - 2 42 p3 c7 9 2
i g h i s
√ 9 5 6 25
x j 6x3 y3 k 15a3 b6 l 18v9 w2
11 As √ is equal to 1.
x m 150x5 y6 n 12r7 s6 o 20m8 n10
805
5 a x3 b a c q3 d b4 e y5 6 a x b a3 c 24 d 33
b y
Answers
f d5 g j h m6 i 2xy3
12
j 3r2 s k 2p2 l 2m4 x m 5b3 e 62 f g -10 h -18
1 1 x a x m6 a10
n 4st o v2 p a q - 2 2
2x 1
4 2 3 i j 7d k l 3b
y2 3 10 2 4
r -
2
m 53 n 42 o 12 p 52
6 a x10 b t6 c 4a6 d 5y15 3s 3f 2d 6t
4
e 64t6 f 4u4 g 27r9 h 81p16 i a6 7 a 164 b 1 c 221 d 46
b x 64m6 x d
9 x4 y6 16 8 27f 6
j x12 k l u 8w m e 98 f 54 g 81 h -8
y z8 v 125g3 t x x20 x15
4 2 3 9 256p q8 12
n 9a2 b6 o a t12 y4 12
p
81r 4 i j h k 7j8 l 2t6
4p q 27g 16 81
7 a 8 b 3 c 1 d 1 e 5 4y2 4
1 6
f 3 g -5 h 3 8 a b 3 c d 18b2
xy a a5 b2 a
8 a x8 b x2 y2 c x6 n8 d xy2 e m q 2 2
9x8 y2 e a3 f 5 g a2 h m
f r4 s7 g h 2y4 i 2a2 b2 b p b n
2
p 3 7
j 27m7 n14 k -45a8 b5 l
16 3
f m 2m6 n3 i 2 j x k 4m3 l 4r s
3 q r 2y 7n 3
n 21y3 z2 o 1 p -6m2 n7 f5 5 5 4
m n 61 2 o wx p 5c d
9 a -27 b -27 c 81 d -81 g5 r s 2 4
a30 16p4
10 a x12 b a105 c 9 a a7 b2 b c 54x7 y10
b15 9q2
11 a 13 b 18 c 81 d 64 e 1
11 2y14
f 1 g 9 h 8 d 4a8 b3 e 324r f
s x3
12 He has not included the minus sign inside the brackets,
14 27x
i.e. has only applied it afterwards. Need (-2)4 not -24 . g a2 b18 h m8 i
n 2y
13 a 3 b 4 c 1 d 3
1 1 2
e 4 f 1 10 a b c
25 64 49
14 a 9 b 2 c 162 d -18
-5 1
7 d e f 1
15 a ± 2 b 5 c 2 d 81 9
2
16 a x = 2, y = 4 or x = 4, y = 2 or x = 16, y = 1 9
g 98 h -48 i
b x = 8, y = 2 or x = 4, y = 3 or x = 64, y = 1, 4
-64 1
or x = 2, y = 6 j k l 100
125 16
c x = 9, y = 2, or x = 3, y = 4 or x = 81, y = 1 11 0.0041 cm
d x = 1, y = any positive integer 3 7
12 a i ii iii y
2 5 2x
Exercise 3G b
b
1 a 2-2 , 2-3 , 2-4 b x-1 , x-2 , x-3 a
13 The negative index should only be applied to x not to 2:
c 3x-1 , 3x-2 , 3x-3 2
2x-2 = 2
2 a 12 b 12 c 52 or 54 d -23 x
3 5 4 2 3 5 5 1 7
14 a b c d -
1 6 18 3 12
3 a b b ab
a 71 106
e f
48 ( ) 9
4 a 15 b 14 c 24 d 37 1
x
x a m y 15 Proof: = (2-1 )x = 2-1×x = 2-x
2 3 10y5 z 3 2
e 3a3 f 4m3 g h 3z 16 a -2 b -5 c -3 d -1
b n x2 x y2
4
e -2 f -3 g -3 h -4
q3 r d2 f5 2 7 2b3
i j k 3u w l i 0 j 0 k 1 l 2
3p2 5e4 8v6 5c5 d2
m -2 n 1 o -2 p 2
5 a x2 b 2y3 c 4m7 d 3b5
4 3 3 3
e 2b4 d3 f 3m2 n4 g 4b a h 5h g
3 2
806
Exercise 3H 16 a i 9 × 1017 J ii 2.34 × 1021 J iii 2.7 × 1015 J
Answers
iv 9 × 1011 J
1 a 3 b 4 c 3 d 2 e 3
b i 1.11 × 108 kg ii 4.22 × 10-1 kg
f 2 g 1 h 3
iii 9.69 × 10-13 kg iv 1.89 × 10-19 kg
2 a 103 b 107 c 10-6 d 10-3
c 5.4 × 1041 J
3 a 4.3 × 104
b 7.12 × 105 c 9.012 × 105
d 1.001 × 104 e 7.8 × 10-4 f 1.01 × 10-3 Progress quiz
g 3 × 10-5 h 3.00401 × 10-2
4 a 3120 b 54 293 c 710 500 1 a 3.16227766 irrational b 3.142857 rational
c 3.141592654 irrational d 3.15 rational
d 8 213 000 e 59 500 f -800 200
g -10 120 h 9 990 000 i 210 500 000 22
7 315% √10
j -55 000 k 2 350 000 000 l 1 237 000 000 000 π
5 a 0.0045 b 0.0272 c 0.0003085
d 0.00783 e -0.000092 f 0.265
3.14 3.15 3.16
√ 3.17
√
g 0.0001002 h -0.000006235 i 0.98 √ √ 5 2 5 5
j -0.000000000545 k 0.000000000003285 l 0.000000875 2 a 7 2 b 10 3 c d
√ 2 4
6 a 6.24 × 103 b -5.73 × 105 c 3.02 × 104 3 192
√ √ √ √
d 4.24 × 105 e -1.01 × 104 f 3.50 × 107 4 a 3 3 b 6 2+2 5 c 16 3
√ √
g 7.25 × 104 h 3.56 × 105 i 1.10 × 108 d 17 5 - 6 3
j 9.09 × 105 k -4.56 × 106 l 9.83 × 109 √ √ 2
5 a - 15 b 35 6 c √
7 a 2.42 × 10-3 b -1.88 × 10-2 √ 3 5
6 66 2
c 1.25 × 10-4 d 7.87 × 10-3 √ √
7 a 26√- 18 3b 5√-2 6 c -4
√ √
e -7.08 × 10-4 f 1.14 × 10-1
3 7 2 15 2 3 - 3 10
g 6.40 × 10-6 h 7.89 × 10-5 8 a b c
7 5 2
i 1.30 × 10-4 j 7.01 × 10-7 1 6 3
9 a a5 b 12x3 y4 c h4 d m n
k 9.89 × 10-9 l -5.00 × 10-4 2
8 a -2.4 × 104 b 5.71 × 106 4p8 q6
e a6 f 9m10 g h 6
c 7.0 × 108 d 4.88 × 103 49r2 t4
e 1.9 × 10-3 f -7.05 × 10-4 10 a 13
x
b 2b
4
a2 c3
c 7m2 d 42
5d
3H
g 9.8 × 10-6 h -3.571 × 10-1
6 5
i 5.00 × 10-5 e 168 f a g 12m h 4d2
k 8 a5 3c
9 a 7.7 × 106 km2 b 2.5 × 106
11 a i 7 012 000 ii 0.009206
c 7.4 × 109 km d 1 × 10-2 cm
b i 3.52 × 108 ii 2.10 × 10-4
e 1.675 × 10-27 kg f 9.5 × 10-13 g 4 10 9
12 a a 5 b 9x 13d
10 a 2.85 × 10-3 b 1.55 × 10-3 5b 8c
c 4.41 × 10-8 d 6.38 × 10-3
e 8.00 × 107 f 3.63 × 108
g 1.80 × 10-3 h 3.42 × 1015 Exercise 3I
i 8.31 × 10-2 1 a 3, 2 b 2, 3 c 3, 5 d 5, 5
11 328 minutes e 4, 4 f 5, 5
12 38 is larger than 10. 2 a 3 b 5 c 11 d 25 e 2
13 a 2.1 × 104 b 3.94 × 109 c 6.004 × 101 f 3 g 5 h 4 i 2 j 3
d 1.79 × 10-4 e 2 × 103 f 7 × 10-1 k 2 l 10
g 1 × 107 h 6 × 106 i 4 × 10-3 3 a 1.91, 1.91 b 1.58, 1.58 c 1.43, 1.43
j 3.1 × 10-14 k 2.103 × 10-4 l 9.164 × 10-21 1 1 2 3
14 a 9 × 104 b 8 × 109 c 6.4 × 109 4 a 29 2 b 35 3 c x5 d b4
1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1
d 1.44 × 10-8 e 4 × 104 f 6.25 × 10-12 e 22 a2 f 43 t3 g 10 5 t 5 h 88 m2
g 2.25 × 10-6 h 1.25 × 107 i 1 × 10-5 5 7 2 1
j 1.275 × 10-4 k 1.8 × 10-1 l 2 × 102 5 a 7x 2 b 6n 3 c 3y3 d 5p 3 r 3
4 2 3 5 3 1
m 8 × 10-1 n 4 × 10-14 o 2.5 × 104 e 2a 3 b 3 f 2g 4 h 4 g 5 2 or 125 2
15 3 × 10-4 = 3 ÷ 10000 3 1 4 1
h 7 2 or 343 2 i 4 3 or 256 3
807
√
5
√7
√
3
√
10
6 a 2 b 8 c 6 d 11 d A = population at any time, n = number of years since initial
√ √ √ √
Answers
3 3 5 7
e 9 f 49 g 8 h 81 census
7 a 6 b 3 c 4 d 7 A = 172 500 × 1.15n
1 1 e A = litres in tank at any time, n = number of hours elapsed
e 2 f 5 g h
3 2
A = 1200 × 0.9n
1 1 1 1
i j k l f A = cell area at any time, n = number of minutes elapsed
3 10 20 10
A = 0.01 × 2n
8 a 4 b 8 c 216 d 32
1 1 1 1 g A = Size of oil spill at any time, n = number of minutes e-
e f g h lapsed
8 9 16 125
1 1 1 A = 2 × 1.05n
i 125 j k l
16 81 100 h A = mass of substance at any time, n = number of hours
1
9 a a2 b m3 c x d b2 elapsed
1 A = 30 × 0.92n
6 1 a2
e s7 f y9 g 1 h 5 a 1.1
b
b i $665 500 ii $1 296 871.23 iii $3 363 749.97
10 a 5s2 b 3t2 c 2t2 d 5t4
c 7.3 years
e x f b4 g t3 h m2
6 a 300 000
i 4ab4 j 6m2 n k 2x2 y3 l 7r3 t2
b i $216 750 ii $96 173.13 iii $42 672.53
5 2x 2
m n o 2 p 10x c 3.1 years
7 3 x
11 a method B 7 a V = 15 000 × 0.94t
b i 32 ii 216 iii 128 b i 12 459 L ii 9727 L
1 c 769.53 L
iv 81 v 625 vi
27 d 55.0 hours
32 81
vii viii 8 a V = 50 000 × 1.11n
3125 10000
b i $75 903.52 ii $403 115.58
12 It equals 2 since 26 = 64.
c 6.64 years
13 a i -3 ii -10
9 a 3000
iii -2 iv -3
b i 7800 ii 20 280 iii 243 220
b i no ii yes
c 10 hours 11 minutes
iii yes iv no
10 a D = 10 × 0.875t , where t = number of 10 000 km
c y is a real number when n is odd, for x < 0.
travelled
b 90 000 c yes
Exercise 3J
11 a T = 90 × 0.92t
1 a $50 b $1050 c $52.50 d $55.13 b i 79.4°C ii 76.2°C
e $1276.28 c 3.2 minutes = 3 minutes 12 seconds
2
2 a 4.9 kg b , 0.98 c 4.52 kg 12 a i $1610.51 ii $2143.59 iii $4177.25
100
3 a growth b growth c decay d decay b i $1645.31 ii $2218.18 iii $4453.92
e growth f decay 13 a $2805.10 b $2835.25 c $2837.47
4 a A = amount of money at any time, n = number of years of 14 a i 90 g ii 72.9 g iii 53.1 g
investment b 66 years
A = 200 000 × 1.17n 15 a 60 L b 22.8 minutes
b A = house value at any time, n = number of years since 16 0.7%
initial valuation
A = 530 000 × 0.95n Exercise 3K
c A = car value at any time, n = number of years since pur- 1 a $50 b $550 c $55 d $605 e $605
chase 2 a $1102.50 b $1102.50 c $1157.63 d $1157.63
A = 14 200 × 0.97n 3 a 700(1.08)2 b 1000(1.15)6 c 850(1.06)4
4 a 6, 3% b 60, 1% c 52, 0.173%
d 14, 2.625% e 32, 3.75% f 120, 0.8%
808
5 2 4200 210 4410 7 a Principal Rate Overall time Interest Amount
Answers
3 4410 220.50 4630.50 $7000 5% 5 years $1750 $8750
4 4630.50 231.53 4862.03 $7000 10% 5 years $3500 $10 500
5 4862.03 243.10 5105.13 $3300 10% 3 years $990 $4290
$8000 10% 3 years $2400 $10 400
6 a $5105.13 b $11 946.33
$9000 8% 2 years $1440 $10 440
c $13 652.22 d $9550.63
$18 000 8% 2 years $2880 $20 880
7 a $106 000 b $112 360 c $119 101.60
d $133 822.56 e $179 084.77 f $239 655.82 b i interest is doubled ii no change
8 a $2254.32 b $87 960.39 c $1461.53 iii interest is doubled
d $789.84 e $591.63 f $1407.76 8 Overall
9 $11 651.92 Principal Rate Period time Interest Amount
10 a $5075 b $5228.39 c $5386.42 $7000 4.56% annually 5 years $1750 $8750
11 a i $3239.42 ii $3348.15 iii $3446.15 $7000 8.45% annually 5 years $3500 $10 500
iv $3461.88 v $3465.96 $9000 8% fornightly 2 years $1559.00 $10 559.00
b $226.54 $18 000 8% fornightly 2 years $2880 $21 118.01
12 a P = 300, n = 12, r = 7%, R = 14%, t = 6 years
9 a 8.45% b 8.19% c 8.12%
b P = 5000, n = 24, r = 2.5%, R = 30%, t = 2 years
The more than interest is calculated, the lower the required
c P = 1000, n = 65, r = 0.036%, R = 0.936%,
rate.
t = 2.5 years
10 a i 4.2% ii 8.7%
d P = 3500, n = 30, r = 0.0053%, R = 1.9345%,
b it increases by more than the factor.
t = 30 days
e P = 10 000, n = 10, r = 7.8%, R = 7.8%,
t = 10 years
Exercise 3M
f P = $6000, n = 91, r = 0.22%, R = 5.72%, 1 a i 4 ii 8 iii 16 iv 32
t = 1.75 years b i 3 ii 5 iii 6
13 5.3% compounded bi-annually 2 a 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 b 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561
14 a i approx. 6 years
iii approx. 9 years
ii approx. 12 years
iv approx. 5 years
c 64, 256, 1024, 4096
e 216, 1296
d 125, 625, 3125
3L
v approx. 7 years vi approx. 4 years 3 a 32 b53 c 35 d 27 e 36
b Same answer as part a 4 a 3 b 3 c 2 d 2 e 3
c yes f 3 g 4 h 3 i 4 j 5
k 4 l 3
Exercise 3L 5 a -2 b -2 c -2 d -4
e -5 f 3 g 2 h 6 i 3
1 B 3 4 3 3
6 a b c d
2 P = 750, r = 7.5, n = 5 2 3 2 2
3 I = 225P = 300 r = 3 t = 25 1 1 1 1
e f g h
4 a i $7146.10 ii $6955.64 iii $6858.57 2 3 5 4
iv $7260 v $7916.37 3 3
i -2 j -4 k - l -
2 2
b $6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years
7 a 1
5 a i $7080 ii $7080 iii $7428 iv $7200
b i 2 ii 32 iii 260 iv 21440
v $7710
c i 3 min ii 8 min iii 10 min
b 6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 1
8 a b 1 c 3 d 1
6 a i I $240, $240 II $480, $494.40 2
III $1200, $1352.90 IV $2400, $3163.39 3 6
e f 2 g 9 h
ii I $240, $243.60 II $480, $502.04 4 7
15 11 3
III $1200, $1375.67 IV $2400, $3224.44 i j - k 4 l -
4 2 2
iii I $240, $246.71 II $480, $508.64
III $1200, $1395.40 IV $2400, $3277.59
b compound interest
c compound interest
809
√
6 √ √ √
9 1 cent doubled every second for 30 seconds. Receive 230 4 a b 5 2 c 3 6 d 2 14
6√ √ √ √
Answers
cents, which is more than 1 million dollars.
3 2 5 2 10 + 2 2
10 a i 1 ii 1 iii 1 e f g
4
√ 8 2
b No solutions. If a = 1, then ax = 1 for all values of x. 4 6-3
2 3 5 h
11 a 2 b 1 c d e 3
3 4 4 3x2
1 3 1 5 a 25y6 b 6 c 20x7 y10 d
f g h - y4
3 10 2 3y4 27
12 a i 0.25 ii 0.125 iii 0.001 iv 0.0016 e f
2x3 4b8
b i 5-2 ii 2-4 iii 2-1 iv 5-4 1 1 5 2
1 6 a 21 2 b x3 c m3 d a5
13 a -4 b -6 c -5 d
2 1 3 1 1 3 4
e 10 2 x 2 f 2 3 a3 b 3 g 72 h 43
3
e -1.5 f - 1 1
4 7 a 5 b 4 c d
2 7
3
14 a 1 b -1 c 8 d - 1 1
2 e f
10 5
5 2 8 a i 3210 ii 4 024 000
e - f -2 g 3 h
2 3
iii 0.00759 iv 0.0000981
1
i j 2 k 0 l -2 b i 3.08 × 10-4 ii 7.18 × 10-6
5
iii 5.68 × 106 iv 1.20 × 108
Problems and challenges 9 a V = 800 × 1.07t b V = 3000 × 0.82t
10 a $1215.51 b $3519.60 c $5673.46
1 3n ( )x 11 a 3 b 2 c 1 d 6
4
2 a 5 b 3 2
9 e -2 f -3 g h
2 3
1 i 4 j 3 k -4 l 0
3
5
4 a -8 b 22-a Extended-response questions
√
5 length = 10 2 cm, width = 10 cm √ √ √ √
√ √ 1 a 36 15 + 3 45 = 36 15 + 9 5 cm2
-3 - 2 + 7 3 √ √ √
6 b 360 3 + 144 15 + 90 + 36 5 cm3
7 √
c 4 3+1
x-y √
7 a b xy(x - y) d i 10 000 cm2 ii 1.6%
xy
√ 2 a V = 10 000 × 1.065n
8 12 + 8 2
b i $11 342.25 ii $13 700.87
9 x = 3.5
c 11.0 years
d i $14 591 ii V = 14 591 × 0.97t
Multiple-choice questions iii $12 917; profit of $2917
1 C 2D 3B 4E 5A
6D 7 D 8C 9B 10D Chapter 4
11 C 12D
Exercise 4A
1 a 0.799 b 0.951 c 1.192 d 0.931
√ √ √ √ 2
1 a 2 6 b 6 2 c 30 2 d 12 6 e e 0.274 f 11.664 g 0.201 h 0.999
√ √ 7 2 a sin h b cos h c tan h
2 2 √ 2 5
f g 5 7 h 3 a 1.80 b 2.94 c 3.42 d 2.38
3 √ √ √ 5 √ e 22.33 f 12.47
2 a 4+7 3 b 2 5+2 7 c 5 2
√ √ √ √ 4 a 1.15 b 3.86 c 13.74 d 5.07
d 4 3+2 2 √ e 2 30 f -12 5
√ 7 e 2.25 f 2.79 g 1.97 h 13.52
g 2 5 h i 0
i 37.02 j 9.30 k 10.17 l 13.11
√ √ 3 √ √
3 a 2 6+4 2 b 12 5 - 6 c 12 3 - 4 5 a 8.55 b 4.26 c 13.06 d 10.04
√ √
d 6 5 e 6 f -9 g 16 + 6 7 e 5.55 f 1.52 g 22.38 h 6.28
√
h 56 - 16 6 i 0.06 j 12.12 k 9.80 l 15.20
810
6 a x = 2.5 cm, y = 4.33 cm 14 a h = 30°
Answers
b x = 12.26 cm, y = 6.11 cm b a = 60°
√
c x = 0.20 m, y = 0.11 m c 3 √ √
7 a 125 m b 327 m 1 1 3 3
d i ii iii iv
8 1.85 m 2
√ 2 2 2
3 √
9 22.3 m v vi 3
3 √ (√ )
10 7.54 m
1 3 3+1
11 28.5 m e AB = x + x= x
2 2 2
12 26.4 cm
Exercise 4C
13 a 4.5 cm b 8.5 mm
14 The student rounded tan 65° too early. 1 1866.03 m
15 a 3.7 b 6.5 c 7.7 2 39 m
a 3 28.31 m
16 a i a = c sin h ii b = c cos h iii tan h =
b
4 4.3°
c sin h sin h
iv tan h = = 5 320 m
c cos h cos h
v Answers may vary 6 1509.53 m
b i a = c sin h ii b = c cos h iii c2 = a2 + b2 7 32°
iv c2 = (c sin h)2 + (c cos h)2 8 a 1.17 m b 1.50 m
c2= c2 (sin h)2
+ c2 (cos h)2 9 8.69 cm
Â 1 = (sin h)2 + (cos h)2 10 299 m
11 a 1.45° b 3.44° c 1.99°
Exercise 4B 12 Yes
1 13 89.12 m
1 a 60° b c 0.75
2 14 a i 8.7 cm ii 5 cm
2 a 23.58° b 60° c 11.31° d 5.74°
b i 17.3 cm ii 20 cm
e 25.84° f 45° g 14.48° h 31.79°
c Answers may vary.
3 a tangent b cosine c sine
15 321.1 km/h
4 a 60° b 45° c 48.59° d 30°
e 52.12° f 32.74°
16 a i 18°
b i 0.77 m
ii 72°
ii 2.38 m
iii 36°
iii 2.02 m
iv 54°
iv 1.47 m
4B
5 a a = 60°, h = 30° b a = 45°, h = 45°
c 3.85 m
c a = 53.1°, h = 36.9° d a = 22.6°, h = 67.4°
d 4.05 m
e a = 28.1°, h = 61.9° f a = 53.1°, h = 36.9°
e Proof
6 a 44.4°, 45.6° b 74.7°, 15.3°
c 58.3°, 31.7° d 23.9°, 66.1° Exercise 4D
e 82.9°, 7.1° f 42.4°, 47.6°
1 a 0° b 45° c 90° d 135°
7 70.02°
e 180° f 225° g 270° h 315°
8 31.1°
2 a 050° b 060° c 139° d 162°
9 47.1°
e 227° f 289°
10 a 66.4° b 114.1° c 32.0°
3 a 200° b 082° c 335° d 164°
11 a i 45° ii 33.7°
4 a 220°T b 305°T c 075°T d 150°T
b 11.3°
5 a 1.7 km b 3.6 km
12 a Once one angle is known, the other can be determined by
6 a 121° b 301°
subtracting the known angle from 90°.
7 a 3.83 km b 6.21 km
b a = 63.4°, b = 26.6°
8 a 14.77 cm b 2.6 cm
x
13 a b tan 45° = = 1 9 a 217° b 37°
x
45° 10 a 1.414 km b 1.414 km c 2.914 km
11 a 1.62 km b 5.92 km c 2.16 km
45° 12 10.032 km
√ 13 a i 045° ii 236.3° iii 26.6° iv 315°
c 2x
b i 296.6° ii 116.6° iii 101.3° iv 246.8°
d sin 45° = √x = √1 cos 45° also equals √1 .
2x 2 2
811
14 a i 2.5 km ii 2.82 km iii 5.32 km 8 131.0 m
Answers
b i 4.33 km ii 1.03 km iii 5.36 km 9 a ÒABC = 80°, ÒACB = 40° b 122 km
c i 45.2° ii 7.6 km 10 a ÒABC = 80° b 61.3 km c 53.9 km
15 a 229.7°, 18.2 km b 55.1°, 12.3 km 11 a 147.5° b 102.8° c 126.1° d 100.5°
16 a 212.98 m e 123.9° f 137.7°
b i 99.32 m ii 69.20 m iii 30.11 m 12 Impossible to find h as such a triangle does not exist.
17 a 38.30 km b 57.86 km c 33.50° 13 37.6° or 142.4°
18 a 4.34 km b 2.07 km c 4.81 km 14 a 59.4° or 120.6°
b B B
Exercise 4E
35° 3 35°
1 a C 3
120.6°
2√2 59.4° C
2 A 2 C A 2
c 31.3° d A triangle can only have one obtuse angle.
A 2 B e C
b D c 35.3°
31.3°
2√3 10
2
120°
B
A 6
A C
2√2
d 45° Exercise 4G
2 61.4° 1 a c2 = 32 + 42 - 2 × 3 × 4 × cos 105°
3 a 37.609 m b 45.47° b 72 = 52 + 92 - 2 × 5 × 9 × cos h
4 a 57.409 m b 57.91° 2 a 9.6 b 1.5 c 100.3° d 36.2°
5 a i 26.57° ii 11.18 cm 3 a 16.07 cm b 8.85 m c 14.78 cm d 4.56 m
b 10.14° e 2.86 km f 8.14 m
6 a 7.31 m b 6.87 m 4 a 81.79° b 104.48° c 64.62° d 61.20°
7 138.56 m e 92.20° f 46.83°
8 a i 2.25 m ii 2.59 m 5 310 m
b 40.97° 6 32.2°, 49.6°, 98.2°
c 3.43 m 7 a 145.9° b 208.2°
9 a i 1.331 km ii 1.677 km 8 383 km
b 0.346 km 9 7.76 m
10 a camera C b 609.07 m 10 a cosine rule b sine rule c sine rule d cosine rule
11 a 5.5 m b 34.5° c 34.7° d 0.2° e sine rule f cosine rule
12 a 45° b 1.41 units c 35.26° d 1.73 units 11 Obtuse, as cos of an obtuse angle gives a negative result.
13 a i 1.55 ii 1.27 iii 2.82 a2 + b2 - c2
12 a cos c = b 121.9°
b 34.34° 2ab
13 a AP = b - x b a2 = x2 + h2
14 22°
c c2 = h2 + (b - x)2
Exercise 4F d c2 = a2 - x2 + (b - x)2 = a2 + b2 - 2bx
a b c x
1 = = e cos C =
sin A sin B sin C a
f x = a cos C substitute into part d.
2 a 1.9 b 3.6 c 2.5
3 a 50.3° b 39.5° c 29.2° Progress quiz
4 a 7.9 b 16.5 c 19.1 d 9.2
1 a 12.58 b 38.14 c 15.44 d 6.59
e 8.4 f 22.7
2 a 39° b 58° c 52° √
5 a 38.0° b 51.5° c 28.8° d 44.3° √ √ 8 2 5
3 a i 80 or 4 5 ii √ or
e 47.5° f 48.1° 80 5
√
6 a 1.367 km b 74° c 2.089 km 4 5
iii √ or
7 27.0° 80 5
b 26.6°
812
4 63° 4 a 0.139 b 0.995 c -0.530 d -0.574
Answers
5 23.84 m e -0.799 f -0.259 g 0.777 h -0.087
6 A 060° B 150° C 288° i 0.900 j -1.036 k 0.900 l -0.424
7 a 13.65 km b 048.4° 5 a 140° b 115° c 155° d 99°
8 a 36.77 m b 61° e 143° f 172°
√
9 a 8 cm b 35° 6 a 30° b 86° c 70° d 9°
10 a 8.7 b 66.7° e 21° f 37°
11 9.5 7 a quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
b quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
Exercise 4H c quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
d quadrant 1, sin h positive, cos h positive, tan h positive
1 a 3.7 b 28.8 c 48.0 e quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
2 a a b h c b f quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
3 a 56.44° or 123.56° b 45.58° or 134.42° g quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
c 58.05° or 121.95° h quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
4 a 4.4 cm2 b 26.4 m2 c 0.9 km2 d 13.7 m2 i quadrant 3, sin h negative, cos h negative, tan h positive
e 318.4 m2 f 76.2 cm2 j quadrant 1, sin h positive, cos h positive, tan h positive
5 a 11.9 cm2 b 105.6 m2 c 1.6 km2 k quadrant 4, sin h negative, cos h positive, tan h negative
6 a x = 5.7 b x = 7.9 c x = 9.1 d x = 18.2 l quadrant 2, sin h positive, cos h negative, tan h negative
e x = 10.6 f x = 1.3 8 a -sin 80° b cos 60° c tan 40° d sin 40°
7 a 59.09 cm2 b 1.56 mm2 c 361.25 km2 e -cos 55° f -tan 45° g -sin 15° h -cos 58°
8 a 35.03 cm2 b 51.68 m2 c 6.37 km2 i tan 47° j sin 68° k cos 66° l -tan 57°
9 a 965.88 m2 b 214.66 m2 c 0.72 km2 9 a 30° b 60° c 24° d 40°
10 a 17.3 m2 b 47.2 cm2 c 151.4 km2 √ e 71° f 76° g 50° h 25°
1 3 2
11 a Area = ab sin h b Area = a2 sin 60° = a i 82°
2 4
1 1 10 a 42° b 47° c 34° d 9°
c Area = a2 sin(180° - 2h) = a2 sin 2h e 33° f 62° g 14° h 58°
2 2
12 a i 129.9 cm2 ii 129.9 cm2
b They are equal because sin 60° and sin 120° are equal.
11 a 0 < h < 90°
c 270° < h < 360°
b 90° < h < 180°
d 180° < h < 270°
4H
c Same side lengths with included angle 140°. 12 h 150° 315° 350° 195° 235° 140° 100° 35° 55°
2
13 a 65.4°, 114.6° 13 a quadrant 4 b quadrant 1 c quadrant 2
b B B d quadrant 2 e quadrant 1 f quadrant 3
sin h
11 m 14 As tan h = and both sin h and cos h are negative over
cos h
11 m this range, tan h is positive in the third quadrant.
65.4° 114.6°
A 8m C sin h
15 As tan h = and cos h = 0 at 90° and 270°, the value of
A 8m C cos h
14 a i 540° ii 108° iii 11.89 cm2 sin h
and, hence, tan h is undefined at these values.
iv 8.09 cm v 72°, 36° vi 19.24 cm2 vii 43.0 cm2 cos h
b 65.0 cm2 16 a true b true c false d true
c Answers may vary. e true f false g true h false
i false j true k true l false
Exercise 4I 17 a i 0.17 ii 0.17 iii 0.59 iv 0.59 v 0.99
vi 0.99 vii 0.37 viii 0.37
1 a quadrant 1 b quadrant 3 c quadrant 4 d quadrant 2
b sin a = cos b when a + b = 90°.
2 a quadrants 1 and 2 b quadrants 2 and 4
c i 90° - h ii 90° - h
c quadrants 2 and 3 d quadrants 1 and 4
d i 70° ii 5° iii 19° iv 38°
e quadrants 1 and 3 f quadrants 3 and 4 b b
e i 90° - h ii iii
3 c c
h 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° √
2 5
sin h 0 1 0 -1 0 f
5
cos h 1 0 -1 0 1
tan h 0 undefined 0 undefined 0
813
18 a i Proof ii True for these values. m0 n undefined o 1 p -1
c c c c c c
Answers
b i sin 60° = cos 30° = 0.866, π π π π π π
9 a b c d e f
sin 80° = cos 10° = 0.985, 3 4 6 3 3 6
c c
sin 110° = cos(-20°) = 0.940, π π
g h
sin 195° = cos(-105°) = -0.259 12
√ 12√ √
ii Their values are the same. 3 2 1 2 1 1
10 a b - c - d - e - f
iii They add to 90°. 2√ 2 2 2 2 2
3 √
iv sin h = cos(90° - h) g - h 3
3 √
v True for these values. √ √ 20 3
c Answers may vary 11 a 3 2 b 3 2 c d 14
√ 3
e 5 3 f 3
Exercise 4J
12 a 45° b 30° c 60°
1 π 5π
Degrees 360° 180° 90° 60° 45° 30° 15° 13 a is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with sin h
6 6
πc πc πc πc π c positive.
Radians 2π c πc
2 3 4 6 12 π 2π
π 180 b is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with cos h
2 a b 3 3
180 π negative.
√
1 1 1 11π
d 3
π
3 a√ b√ c 1 e c is the reference angle and is in quadrant 4 with cos
2 2 2 2 6 6
√ √ h positive.
1
f √1 g 3 h i 3 π 3π
3 2 2 d is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with tan h
4 4
4
negative.
h° 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360 π 3π
e is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with tan h
π π π π 3π 4 4
hc 0 π 2π negative
6 √4 √3 2 2
1 2 3 π 4π
sin h 0 1 0 -1 0 f is the reference angle and is in quadrant 3 with sin h
3 3
√2 √2 2
3 2 1 negative.
cos h 1 0 -1 0 1
√2 2 2 14 a 13
3 √ 5 12 5
tan h 0 1 3 undefined 0 undefined 0 b i ii iii
3 13 13 12
c c c c 15 a i 60°, 120° ii 45°, 135° iii 60°, 300° iv 150°, 210°
π 5π 5π 11π v 45°, 225° vi 120°, 300°
5 a b c d e 135° f 210°
3 6 4 6 c c c c c c c c
π 2π 5π 7π 3π 5π π 11π
g√300° h 165°
√ √ b i , ii , iii , iv ,
3 2 √ 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6
6 a b c 3 d c c c c
2√ 2 2√ π 7π 3π 7π
√ v , vi ,
3 √ 2 2 6 6 4 4
e - f - 3 g h -
√2 √ 2 2
3 3 1 1 Exercise 4K
i j - k - l
2 3 2 2 1 a
m -1 n 1 o 0 p undefined h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
7 a 45° √ √ sinh 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5
2 2
b i - ii - iii 1
2 2 h 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
c 30° √ √
1 3 3 sinh 0 -0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0
d i - ii iii -
2 2 3 b sin θ
e 60°√
3 1 √ 1
f i ii - iii - 3
√ 2 2
√ √
2 3 3
8 a b 0 c - d -
2 √ 2 2 θ
√ O 90° 180° 270° 360°
3 1
e -1 f - g - h - 3
√ 2 √2
2 3 1 −1
i - j -1 k - l
2 3 2
814
√ √
2 a 3 1 2 1
ix - x - xi - xii-
h 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° √2 √2 √2 √2
Answers
cos h 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 2 3 3 3
xiii - xiv xv - xvi
2 2 2 2
h 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° 13 a 45°, 315° b 60°, 120° c 30°, 150° d 210°, 330°
cos h -1 -0.87 -0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1 e 120°, 240° f 150°, 210°
b cos θ 14 a Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
b Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
1
c Graph is dilated and constricted from the x-axis.
d Graph is dilated and constricted from the y-axis.
e Graph is translated up and down from the x-axis.
θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360° f Graph is translated left and right from the y-axis.
−1 Problems and Challenges

3 a i maximum = 1, minimum = -1
1 a 120°, 60° b 8.7 cm
ii 0°, 180°, 360°
2 225°
b i maximum = 1, minimum = -1 ii 90°, 270°
3 Use the cosine rule.
c i 90° < h < 270° ii 180° < h < 360°
4 514 m
4 a i 0.82 ii -0.98 iii 0.87 iv -0.77
5 a 2 hours 9 minutes b 308°
v -0.17 vi 0.26 vii -0.42 viii 0.57
6 17.93°
b i 37°, 323° ii 53°, 307° iii 73°, 287° iv 84°, 276°
7 4.33 cm
v 114°, 246° vi 102°, 258° vii 143°, 217°
viii 127°, 233° Multiple-choice questions
5 a i 0.42 ii 0.91 iii -0.64 iv -0.77
1 D 2B 3E 4D 5A
v 0.34 vi -0.82 vii -0.64 viii 0.94
6C 7 A 8D 9C 10C
b i 37°, 143° ii 12°, 168° iii 17°, 163° iv 64°, 116°
v 204°, 336° vi 233°, 307° vii 224°, 316°
viii 186°, 354°
6 a true b false c false d true 1 a 14.74 b 13.17 c x = 11.55, y = 5.42
e false f true g true h true 2 a 45.6° b 64.8°
i true j false k true l true 3 6.1 m
7 a 110° b 60° c 350° d 260° 4 a A = 115°, B = 315°, C = 250°, D = 030°
e 27° f 326° g 233° h 357° b i 295° ii 070°
8 a 280° b 350° c 195° d 75° 5 a 98.3 km b 228.8 km c 336.8°
e 136° f 213° g 24° h 161° 6 a 15.43 m b 52°
9 a 30° b 60° c 15° d 70° 7 a i 15.5 cm ii 135.0 cm2
e 55° f 80° g 55° h 25° b i 14.9 cm ii 111.3 cm2
i 36° j 72° k 63° l 14° 8 28.1 m
10 a 17.5°, 162.5° b 44.4°, 135.6° 9 a 52.6° b 105.4°
c 53.1°, 306.9° d 36.9°, 323.1° 10 a 12.5 b 42.8°
e 191.5°, 348.5° f 233.1°, 306.9° 11 a i √ sin 60° ii -cos
√ 30° iii -tan 45° iv -sin
√ 45°
3 3 2
g 113.6°, 246.4° h 49.5°, 310.5° b i ii - iii -1 iv -
2 2 2
i 28.7°, 151.3° c i negative ii positive iii negative iv positive
11 a 0, the maximum value of sin h is 1. c c
π 5π
12 a b c 150° d 300°
b 0, the minimum value of cos h is -1. 3 4√
12 a 13 a 4 b 5 3
h 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 14 a i 0.77 ii -0.97
√ √
sin h 0 1 2 3 1 b i 53°, 127 ii 197°, 343° iii no value
2 2 2
√ √ c i true ii true iii false
cos h 1 3 2 1 0
2 2 2
√
1 1 2
b i ii - iii - iv 0
2 √2 2 √
1 3 2
v vi - vii0 viii
2 2 2
815
Extended-response questions 8 a 6x2 + 13x + 5 b 12x2 + 23x + 10
Answers
c 10x2 + 41x + 21 d 9x2 - 9x - 10
1 a waterfall
e 20x2 + 2x - 6 f 6x2 + 5x - 25
3 km N g 16x2 - 25 h 4x2 - 81 i 25x2 - 49
j 14x2 - 34x + 12 k 25x2 - 45x + 18
l 56x2 - 30x + 4 m 4x2 + 20x + 25
n 25x2 + 60x + 36 o 49x2 - 14x + 1
9 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 8 e 1 f 2
5 km
10 a 2x2 + 14x + 24 b 3x2 + 27x + 42
c -2x2 - 20x - 32 d -4x2 - 44x - 72
e 5x2 + 5x - 60 f 3x2 + 6x - 45
entrance g -3a2 + 15a + 42 h -5a2 + 30a + 80
i 4a2 - 36a + 72 j 3y2 - 27y + 60
325° k -2y2 + 22y - 48 l -6y2 + 42y - 72
m 12x2 + 48x + 45 n 18x2 + 12x - 48
b 2.9 km west c 7.7 km o -6x2 - 10x + 56 p 2x2 + 12x + 18
d i 21.9 m ii 38.0° q 4m2 + 40m + 100 r 2a2 - 28a + 98
2 a 33.646° b 3177.54 m2 c 41.00 m d 61.60 m s -3y2 + 30y - 75 t 12b2 - 12b + 3
e i 65.66°, 114.34° ii 80.1 m, 43.1 m u -12y2 + 72y - 108
11 a 2x2 + 10x + 11 b 2x2 + 20x + 44
Chapter 5
c 2y2- 4y + 5 d 2y2 - y - 43
e -24a - 45 f b2 + 54b + 5
Exercise 5A g x2 + 10x + 18 h x2 - 14x + 40
1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 4x + 3 c x2 + 8x + 16 i -4x2 + 36x - 78 j -25x2 - 30x + 5
2 a a2 + ab b 2x - 5 c a2 - b2 12 a x2 - 12x + 36 cm2 b x2 + 10x - 200 cm2
a-b 13 a (a + b)(a - b) = - ab + ba - b2 = a2 - b2
a2
d (y + x)2 e
2 b (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a2 + ab + ba + b2
3 a 6x b -20x c 2x2 d -4x2
x x = a2 + 2ab + b2
e f g -4x h -3x
2 3 c (a - b) = (a - b)(a - b) = a2 - ab - ba + b2
2
i -18x j 7x k 5x l -13x
= a2 - 2ab + b2
4 a 2x + 10 b 3x - 12 c -5x - 15 d (a + b) - (a - b)2 =
2
d -4x + 8 e 6x - 3 f 12x + 4
a2 + ab + ba + b2 - (a2 - ab - ba + b2 ) =
g -10x + 6 h -20x - 15 i 2x2 + 5x
j 3x2 - x k 2x - 2x2 l 6x - 3x2 2ab + 2ab = 4ab
14 a 618 b 220 c 567 d 1664
m -6x2 - 4x n -18x2 + 6x o -10x + 10x2
8 15 e 1386 f 891 g 3960 h 3480
p -4x + 16x2 q 4x + r 6x -
5 4 15 a -x2 + 7x b 10a - 28 c 4x2 + 12x + 9
1 3 3 d 4x + 8
s -2x - t -2x + u -9x +
3 2 8 16 a x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 b x3 + 11x2 + 38x + 40
14 9 2 14 6 c x3+ 2x2
- 15x - 36 d 2x3 - 13x2 + 17x + 12
v -2x - w x + 6x x x - x2
9 4 5 5 e 2x3 - x2 - 63x + 90 f 6x3 - 35x2 - 47x - 12
5 a 2x2 + 3x b 6x2 - 3x c 2x2 + 7x
17 a 2ab b (a + b)2 - c2
d 8x2 + 7x e 2x2 - 2x f 25x - 12x2
2 2
c (a + b) - c2 = 2ab
2
6 a x + 10x + 16 b x + 7x + 12
c x2 + 12x + 35 d x2 + 5x - 24 c2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 - 2ab
e x + x - 30f x + x - 6 g x2 - 4x - 21
2 2 c2 = a2 + b2
h x2
- 10x + 24 i x2 - 13x + 40
7 a x2 + 10x + 25 b x2 + 14x + 49 Exercise 5B
c x2+ 12x + 36 d x2 - 6x + 9
1 a 7 b 6 c 8 d -5
e x2 - 16x + 64 f x2 - 20x + 100
e 2a f 3a g -5a h -3xy
g x2 - 16 h x2 - 81
i 4x2 - 9 j 9x2 - 16
k 16x2 - 25 l 64x2 - 49
816
√ √
2 a 3(x - 6) b 4(x + 5) c 7(a + b) f (x + 4 + 3 3)(x + 4 - 3 3)
√ √
Answers
d 3(3a - 5) e -5(x + 6) f -2(2y + 1) g (x + 1 + 5 3)(x + 1 - 5 3)
√ √
g -3(4a + 1) h -b(2a + c) i x(4x + 1) h (x - 7 + 2 10)(x - 7 - 2 10)
√ √
j x(5x - 2) k 6b(b - 3) l 7a(2a - 3) i ( 3x + 2)( 3x - 2)
√ √
m 5a(2 - a) n 6x(2 - 5x) o -x(2 + x) j ( 5x + 3)( 5x - 3)
√ √ √ √
p -4y(1 + 2y) q ab(b - a) r 2xy(xz - 2) k ( 7x + 5)( 7x - 5)
√ √ √ √
s -12mn(m + n) t 3z2 (2xy - 1) l ( 6x + 11)( 6x - 11)
√ √
3 a (x - 1)(5 - a) b (x + 2)(b + 3) m ( 2x + 3)( 2x - 3)
√ √
c (x + 5)(a - 4) d (x + 2)(x + 5) n ( 5x + 4)( 5x - 4)
√ √ √ √
e (x - 4)(x - 2) f (x + 1)(3 - x) o ( 3x + 10)( 3x - 10)
√ √ √ √
g (x + 3)(a + 1) h (x - 2)(x - 1) p ( 13x + 7)( 13x - 7)
i (x - 6)(1 - x) 9 a (x + 2)(y - 3) b (a - 4)(x + 3)
4 a (x + 3)(x - 3) b (x + 5)(x - 5) c (a + 5)(x - 2) d (y - 4)(x - 3)
c (y + 7)(y - 7) d (y + 1)(y - 1) e (a - 3)(2x - 1) f (2a - 5)(x + 4)
√ √
e (2x - 3)(2x + 3) f (6a - 5)(6a + 5) 10 a 5(x + 2 6)(x - 2 6)
√ √
g (1 + 9y)(1 - 9y) h (10 - 3x)(10 + 3x) b 3(x + 3 6)(x - 3 6)
√ √
i (5x - 2y)(5x + 2y) j (8x - 5y)(8x + 5y) c 7(x + 3 2)(x - 3 2)
√ √
k (3a + 7b)(3a - 7b) l (12a - 7b)(12a + 7b) d 2(x + 4 3)(x - 4 3)
√ √
5 a 2(x + 4)(x - 4) b 5(x + 3)(x - 3) e 2(x + 3 + 5)(x + 3 - 5)
√ √
c 6(y + 2)(y - 2) d 3(y + 4)(y - 4) f 3(x - 1 + 7)(x - 1 - 7)
√ √
e 3(x + 5y)(x - 5y) f 3(a + 10b)(a - 10b) g 4(x - 4 + 2 3)(x - 4 - 2 3)
√ √
g 3(2x + 3y)(2x - 3y) h 7(3a + 4b)(3a - 4b) h 5(x + 6 + 3 2)(x + 6 - 3 2)
i (x + 9)(x + 1) j (x - 7)(x - 1) 11 a 60 b 35 c 69 d 104
k (a + 5)(a - 11) l (a - 8)(a - 6) e 64 f 40 g 153 h 1260
m (4x + 5)(2x + 5) n (y + 7)(3y + 7) 12 a 4 - (x + 2)2 = (2 - (x + 2))
o (3x + 11)(7x + 11) p 3x(3x - 10y) (2 + (x + 2)) = -x(x + 4)
√ √ √ √
6 a (x + 7)(x - 7) b (x + 5)(x - 5) b i -x(x + 6) ii -x(x + 8) iii x(10 - x) iv (3 - x)(7 + x)
√ √ √ √
c (x + 19)(x - 19)
√ √
e (x + 14)(x - 14)
d (x + 21)(x - 21)
√ √
f (x + 30)(x - 30)
v (8 - x)(6 + x) vi (6 - x)(14 + x)
13 a (x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 ¢ x2 + a2
5B
√ √ √ √
g (x + 15)(x - 15) h (x + 11)(x - 11) b If x = 0, then (x + a)2 = x2 + a2 . Or if a = 0, then
√ √ √ √
i (x + 2 2)(x - 2 2) j (x + 3 2)(x - 3 2) (x + a)2 = x2 + a2 is true for all real values of x.
√ √ √ √
k (x + 3 5)(x - 3 5) l (x + 2 5)(x - 2 5) 4 1 1
√ √ √ √ x2
14 - = (9x2 - 4) = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
m (x + 4 2)(x - 4 2) n (x + 4 3)(x - 4 3) 9 9 ( )(9 )
√ √ √ √ 4 2 2
o (x + 5 2)(x - 5 2) p (x + 10 2)(x - 10 2) or: x2 - = x + x-
√ √ 9 3 3
q (x + 2 + 6)(x + 2 - 6)
√ √
r (x + 5 + 10)(x + 5 - 10) 1 1
√ √ = (3x + 2) (3x - 2)
s (x - 3 + 11)(x - 3 - 11) 3 3
√ √
t (x - 1 + 7)(x - 1 - 7) 1
√ √ = (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
u (x - 6 + 15)(x - 6 - 15) 9
√ √ 15 a -(2x + 5) b -11(2y - 3)
v (x + 4 + 21)(x + 4 - 21)
√ √ c 16(a - 1) d 20b
w (x + 1 + 19)(x + 1 - 19)
√ √ e -12s f -28y
x (x - 7 + 26)(x - 7 - 26)
g (5w + 7x)(-w - x) h (4d + 3e)(-2d + 7e)
7 a (x + 4)(x + a) b (x + 7)(x + b)
i 6f(2f + 6j) j 0
c (x - 3)(x + a) d (x + 2)(x - a)
16 a x2 + 5y - y2 + 5x
e (x + 5)(x - b) f (x + 3)(x - 4a)
g (x - a)(x - 4) h (x - 2b)(x - 5) = x2 - y2 + 5x + 5y
i (x - 2a)(3x
( √ )( √ ) - 7) ( √ )( √ ) = (x - y)(x + y) + 5(x + y)
2 2 3 3
8 a x+ x- b x+ x- = (x + y)(x - y + 5)
3
( √ )( √ ) 3 2
( √ )( √ ) 2
b i (x + y)(x - y + 7) ii (x + y)(x - y - 2)
7 7 5 5
c x+ x- d x+ x- iii (2x + 3y)(2x - 3y + 2) iv (5y + 2x)(5y - 2x + 3)
4 √ 4 √ 6 6
e (x - 2 + 2 5)(x - 2 - 2 5)
817
√ √ √
Exercise 5C 9 a x- 7 b x + 10 c x-2 3
√ √
Answers
1 a 9, 2 b 10, 2 c 5, -3 d 4, -3 d√ 1 e√ 1 f 7x - 5
5x - 3 3x + 4
e -8, 3 f -10, 3 g -2, -5 h -12, -3 √ √ √
g x+1- 2 h x-3+ 5 i x-6- 6
x - 10 2(x + 3) x-3 3
2 a Possible answer: =1 10 a b c
x - 10 3(x - 5) 4 x-3
3(x - 7) 3 x-2 x+3
b Possible answer: =3 d e f
x-7 2 x+3 x-1
-5(x + 3) 2
t - 49 2
t - 5t - 24
c Possible answer: = -5
x+3 11 × =
5t - 40 2t2 - 8t - 42
t - t - t +
x+4 1
d Possible answer: = ( 7 )(t + 7) ( 8 )( 3) t + 7
× =
t - t - t +
3(x + 4) 3
5( 8) 2( 7 )( 3) 10
x x 1 12 a x - 3 b x+1 c x-8
3 a b c 3 d
2 3 5 6 4 x-7
d e f
1 1 2 x-2 x+5 5
e f g 5 h
3 4 3 a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 - ab
13 a × 2
x-3 2
a + ab a - b2
i x+1 j x-2 k l 1 - 2x
2 (a +
b) 2
a(a - b)
= ×
4 a (x + 6)(x + 1) b (x + 3)(x + 2)
a (a + b) (a + b) (a -
b)
c (x + 3)2 d (x + 5)(x + 2)
=1
e (x + 4)(x + 3) f (x + 9)(x + 2)
b Answers will vary.
g (x - 1)(x + 6) h (x + 3)(x - 2) a-b
i (x + 4)(x - 2) j (x - 1)(x + 4) 14 a b 1
a
k (x + 10)(x - 3) l (x + 11)(x - 2) 2
c + b)2
(a d (a + b)(a - b)
m (x - 2)(x - 5) n (x - 4)(x - 2) (a - b) a2
o (x - 4)(x - 3) p (x - 1)2 q (x - 6)(x - 3) 3x - 8 7x - 36
15 a b
r (x - 2)(x - 9) s (x - 6)(x + 2) (x + 3)(x - 4) (x + 2)(x - 9)
t (x - 5)(x + 4) u (x - 7)(x + 2) x - 12 3x - 23
c d
v (x - 4)(x + 3) w (x + 8)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 3)(x - 3)(x - 5)
x (x - 5)(x + 2) x - 14 14x + 9
e f
5 a 2(x + 5)(x + 2) b 3(x + 4)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 2)(x - 6) (x + 3)(x + 4)(x - 8)
c 2(x + 9)(x + 2) d 5(x - 2)(x + 1) g 9 - 3x h 4x + 11
e 4(x - 5)(x + 1) f 3(x - 5)(x + 2) (x + 5)(x - 5)(x - 1) (x - 1)2 (x + 4)
g -2(x + 4)(x + 3) h -3(x - 2)(x - 1)
i -2(x - 7)(x + 2) j -4(x - 2)(x + 1) Exercise 5D
k -5(x + 3)(x + 1) l -7(x - 6)(x - 1) 1 Two numbers which multiply
6 a (x - 2)2 b (x + 3)2 c (x + 6)2
ax 2 + bx + c a × c to give a × c and add to give b
d (x - 7)2 e (x - 9)2 f (x - 10)2
6x2 + 13x + 6 36 9 and 4
g 2(x + 11)2 h 3(x - 4)2 i 5(x - 5)2
8x2 + 18x + 4 32 16 and 2
j -3(x - 6)2 k -2(x - 7)2 l -4(x + 9)2
12x2 + x - 6 -72 -8 and 9
7 a x+6 b x-3 c x-3
1 1 1 10x2 - 11x - 6 -60 -15 and 4
d e f 21x2 - 20x + 4 84 -6 and -14
x+7 x-5 x-6
2 x+4 x-7 15x2 - 13x + 2 30 -3 and -10
g h i
x-8 3 5
5 x-3 2(x - 1) 2 a (x + 2)(x + 5) b (x + 4)(x + 6)
8 a b c c (x + 3)(x + 7) d (x - 7)(x - 2)
x+6 3 x+5
4 4 6 e (x - 3)(x - 4) f (x - 5)(x + 3)
d e f
x+5 x+7 x-2 g (3x - 4)(2x + 1) h (x - 4)(3x + 2)
x+2 x-4 i (2x - 1)(4x + 3) j (x + 4)(5x - 2)
g h
x-1 x+6 k (5x + 6)(2x - 3) l (2x - 1)(6x - 5)
818
3 a (3x + 1)(x + 3) b (2x + 1)(x + 1) 11 - 3x 2
f g
(3x + 5)(3x - 5)(3x - 2) (2x - 5)(3x - 2)
Answers
c (3x + 2)(x + 2) d (3x - 2)(x - 1)
12x + 3
e (2x - 1)(x - 5) f (5x - 3)(x + 1) h
(5x - 2)(2x - 3)(2x + 7)
g (3x + 1)(x - 4) h (3x + 1)(x - 1)
i (7x - 5)(x + 1) j (2x - 7)(x - 1) Exercise 5E
k (3x - 4)(x + 2) l (2x - 3)(x + 4)
1 a 9 b 36 c 1 d 4
m (2x + 1)(x - 5) n (13x + 6)(x - 1)
25 9
o (5x - 2)(x - 4) p (4x - 5)(2x - 1) e 16 f 25 g h
4 4
q (3x - 4)(2x + 3) r (5x - 2)(2x + 3) 81
i
s (3x + 2)(2x + 3) t (4x - 1)(x - 1) 4
u (4x - 5)(2x - 1) v (2x - 5)(4x - 3)
2 a (x + 2)2 b (x + 4)2 c (x + 5)2
w (3x - 2)(2x - 3) x (3x - 2)(3x + 5)
d (x - 6)2 e (x - 3)2 f (x - 9)2
4 a (6x + 5)(3x + 2) b (4x + 3)(5x + 6) √ √
3 a (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5)
c (7x - 2)(3x + 4) d (5x - 2)(6x + 5) √ √
b (x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7)
e (8x + 3)(5x - 2) f (7x + 2)(4x - 3) √ √
c (x + 4 + 10)(x + 4 - 10)
g (6x - 5)(4x - 3) h (9x - 2)(5x - 4) √ √
d (x - 3 + 11)(x - 3 - 11)
i (5x - 2)(5x - 8) √ √
e (x - 6 + 22)(x - 6 - 22)
5 a 2(3x + 4)(x + 5) b 3(2x + 3)(x - 4) √ √
f (x - 5 + 3)(x - 5 - 3)
c 3(8x + 1)(2x - 1) d 4(4x - 5)(2x - 3)
e 8(2x - 1)(x - 1) f 10(3x - 2)(3x + 5) 4 a 9, (x + 3)2 b 36, (x + 6)2
g -5(5x + 4)(2x + 3) h 3(2x - 3)2 i 5(4x - 1)(x - 1) c 4, (x + 2)2 d 16, (x + 4)2
6 a 2x - 5 b 4x - 1 c 3x - 2 e 25, (x - 5)2 f 1, (x - 1)2
2 2 4 g 16, (x - 4)2 h 36, (x - 6)2
d e f ( )2 ( )2
3x + 2 7x - 2 2x - 3 25 5 81 9
i , x+ j , x+
x+4 3x - 1 5x + 4 4 2 4 2
g h i ( )2 ( )2
3x + 1 2x + 3 7x - 2 49 7 121 11
3x - 2 2x + 3 2x - 3 k , x+ l , x+
j k l 4 2 4 2
5x - 2 7x + 1 4x - 5 ( )2 ( )2
7 a (3x - 4)(x - 5)
9
m , x-
4
(
3
2
)2
49
n , x-
4
(
7
2
)2
5E
b -10 m; the cable is 10 m below the water. 1 1 81 9
4 o , x- p , x-
c x = or x = 5 4 2 4 2
3 √ √
3x + 4 3x + 2 1-x 5 a (x + 2 + 3)(x + 2 - 3)
8 a b c √ √
x-3 4 3 b (x + 3 + 7)(x + 3 - 7)
√ √
4x - 3 x+2 c (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5)
d e 125 f √ √
5x + 1 5 d (x + 5 + 29)(x + 5 - 29)
2 √ √
g 1 h (4x - 5) e (x - 4 + 3)(x - 4 - 3)
(x - 3)2 √ √
f (x - 6 + 26)(x - 6 - 26)
√ √
9 -12x2 - 5x + 3 g (x - 2 + 7)(x - 2 - 7)
√ √
= -(12x2 + 5x - 3) h (x - 4 + 21)(x - 4 - 21)
= -(3x - 1)(4x + 3) 6 a not possible
= (1 - 3x)(4x + 3) b not possible
√ √
a (3 - 2x)(4x + 5) b (5 - 2x)(3x + 2) c (x + 4 + 15)(x + 4 - 15)
√ √
c (4 - 3x)(4x + 1) d (3 - 4x)(2x - 3) d (x + 2 + 2)(x + 2 - 2)
√ √
e (2 - 7x)(2x - 5) f (3 - 5x)(3x + 2) e (x + 5 + 22)(x + 5 - 22)
√ √
10 Answers will vary. f (x + 2 + 10)(x + 2 - 10)
9x + 2 5x + 15 g not possible
11 a b √ √
(2x - 3)(4x + 1) (3x - 1)(2x + 5) h (x - 3 + 3)(x - 3 - 3)
16x2 + 5x 7x - 12x2 √ √
c d i (x - 6 + 34)(x - 6 - 34)
(2x - 5)(4x + 1) (3x - 2)(4x - 1)
j not possible
8x - 5 √ √
e k (x - 4 + 17)(x - 4 - 17)
(2x + 1)(2x - 1)(3x - 2)
l not possible
819
( √ )( √ )
3+ 5 3- 5 b i yes ii yes iii no iv no
7 a x+ x+
( 2√ ) ( 2√ )
Answers
v no vi yes vii yes viii no
7 + 41 7 - 41
b x+ x+ c i mÄ4 ii m Ä 9 iii m Ä 25
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ ( )
( 3
5 + 33 5 - 33 12 a 2(x + 4) x -
c x+ x+ 2
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ ( √ )( √ )
9 + 93 9 - 93 2 + 13 2 - 13
d x+ x+ b 3 x+ x+
2 )( 3 3
( √ √2 ) ( √ )( √ )
3+ 7 3- 7 7 + 305 7 - 305
e x- x- c 4 x- x-
( 2√ ) ( 2√ ) 8 8
5 + 23 5 - 23 d Unable to be √
factorised.
f x- x- ( )( √ )
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ 3 + 41 3 - 41
( e -2 x + x+
5 + 31 5 - 31 4 4
g x- x- ( √ )( √ )
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ 7 + 13 7 - 13
9 + 91 9 - 91 f -3 x + x+
h x- x- 6 6
2 2 g Unable to be factorised.
√ √ ( √ )( √ )
8 a 2(x + 3 + 5)(x + 3 - 5) 3 + 41 3 - 41
√ √ h -2 x - x-
b 3(x + 2 + 5)(x + 2 - 5) ( 4 ) 4
√ √
c 4(x - 1 + 5)(x - 1 - 5) 7
√ √ i 2(x - 1) x +
d 3(x - 4 + 14)(x - 4 - 14) ( √2 )( √ )
√ √ 2 + 19 2 - 19
e -2(x + 1 + 6)(x + 1 - 6) j 3 x+ x+
√ √
f -3(x + 5 + 2 6)(x + 5 - 2 6) ( )3 3
√ √ 5
g -4(x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7) k -2 x + (x - 1)
√ √ ( 2)
h -2(x - 4 + 3 2)(x - 4 - 3 2) 4
√ √ l -3 x + (x + 1)
i -3(x - 4 + 11)(x - 4 - 11) 3
( √ )( √ )
3+ 5 3- 5 Exercise 5F
9 a 3 x+ x+
( 2√ ) ( 2√ )
3 + 37 3 - 37 1 a 0, -1 b 0, 5 c 0, 4 d 3, -2
b 5 x+ x+ √ √ √ √
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ e -5, 4 f 1, -1 g 3, - 3 h 5, - 5
( √ √
5 + 17 5 - 17 1 7 5 2
c 2 x- x- i 2 2, -2 2 j ,- k ,-
2 )( 2 ) 2 3 4 5
( √ √
7 + 37 7 - 37 3 3
d 4 x- x- l - ,-
2√ ) ( 2√ ) 8 4
(
7 + 57 7 - 57 2 a x2 + 2x - 3 = 0 b x2 - 3x - 10 = 0
e -3 x + x+
2 )(
√ 2 )
√ c x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 d 5x2 - 2x - 7 = 0
(
7 + 65 7 - 65 e 3x2 - 14x + 8 = 0 f 4x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
f -2 x + x+
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ g x2 + x - 4 = 0 h 2x2 - 6x - 5 = 0
3 + 29 3 - 29 i -x2 - 4x + 12 = 0 j x2 - 3x - 2 = 0
g -4 x - x-
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√ k 3x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 l x2 + 3x - 6 = 0
3 + 17 3 - 17
h -3 x - x- 3 a 2 b 2 c 1 d 1 e 2
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
5 + 41 5 - 41 f 2 g 1 h 1 i 1
i -2 x - x- 4 a x = 0, 4 b x = 0, 3 c x = 0, -2
2 2
d x = 0, 4 e x = 0, 5 f x = 0, -2
10 a x2 - 2x - 24 √ √ √ √ √ √
g x = 7, - 7 h x = 11, - 11 i x = 5, - 5
= x2 - 2x + (-1)2 - (-1)2 - 24 1
j x = 0, 2 k x = 0, -5 l x = 0, -
= (x - 1)2 - 25 7
m x = 2, -2 n x = 3, -3 o x = 6, -6
= (x - 1 + 5)(x - 1 - 5) 5 a x = -2, -1 b x = -3, -2 c x = 2, 4
= (x + 4)(x - 6) d x = 5, 2 e x = -6, 2 f x = -5, 3
b Using a quadratic trinomial and finding two numbers that g x = 5, -4 h x = 8, -3 i x = 4, 8
multiply to -24 and add to -2. j x = -2 k x = -5 l x=4
11 a If the difference of perfect squares is taken, it involves the mx = 7 n x = 12 o x = -9
square root of a negative number.
820
3 1 7 7 x+5
6 a x = - , -4 b x = - ,- c x = 5, 4 a x-3 b
2 2 2 2 √ √ 2
Answers
1 5 3 5 a (x + 4 + 13)(x + 4 - 13)
d x = , 11 e x = - ,3 f x = - ,2 √ √
2 3 5 b (x √ )-(
( - 6 + 10)(x 6 - 10) √ ) c not possible
4 5 3 5 2 5+3 3 5-3 3
g x = ,- h x = , -4 i x= , d x+ x+
3 2 7 4 5 2 2 √ √
7 a x = -2, -6 b x = -1, 11 c x=3 6 a x = 0 or x = 5 b x = 10 or x = - 10
3 2 5
d x=2 e x = , -2 f x= , c x = 4 or x = -4 d x = 3 or x = 4
2 3 2
8 a x = 6, -4 b x = 8, -4 c x=3 e x = -3 f x = -5 or x = 11
d x = -2, -5 e x = 5, 3 f x = 3, -3 g x = 4 or x = -8 h x = 2 or x = -2
g x = 4, -4 h x = -1, -9 i x = 5, -1 i x = 2 or x = 5
j x = -5 k x=8 l x = 8, -8 7 a (3a + 2)(2a + 5) b (2m - 3)(4m + 3)
2 1 3 c (3x - 2)(5x - 4) d (2k - 7)(3k + 5)
m x = 3, -1 n x = - , -4 o x = - ,- 2x + 5
3 4 2 8
9 a x = 12, -7 b x = -5, 14 c x = -9, 2 2x - 3
5 4 5 5 7 7
d x = , -4 e x = - ,2 f x = 2, - 9 a x = or x = - b x = -5 or x =
2 5 6 2 3 2
1 4 1
g x = -3, 1 h x = 1, i x = 3, -2 c x = or x = -
2 5 6
10 a i x = 1, -2 ii x = 1, -2
b no difference Exercise 5G
c 3x2 - 15x - 18 = 3(x2 - 5x - 6) and, as seen in part a, the 1 b x+5 c x(x + 5) = 24
coefficient of 3 makes no difference when solving. d x2 + 5x - 24 = 0, x = -8, 3
11 This is a perfect square (x + 8)2 , which only has 1 solution; i.e. e width = 3 m, length = 8 m
x = -8. 2 a width = 6 m, length = 10 m
12 The student has applied the null factor law incorrectly; i.e. b width = 9 m, length = 7 m
when the product does not equal zero. Correct solution is: c width = 14 mm, length = 11 mm
x2 - 2x - 8 = 7 3 height = 8 cm, base = 6 cm
x2 - 2x - 15 = 0 4 height = 2 m, base = 7 m
(x - 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = 5 or x = -3
5 8 and 9 or -9 and -8 5G
6 12 and 14
1
13 a x = -2, -1 b x=1 c x = ,5 7 15 m
2
3 8 a 6 b 13 c 14
d x = 8, -6 e x = -6, -2 f x = , -4
2 9 1m
g x = 8, -3 h x = 5, -3 i x=2 10 father 64, son 8
j x = 4, -3 k x = 5, -2 l x = -5, 3 11 5 cm
12 a 55
Progress quiz b i 7 ii 13 iii 23
10x 13 a 3.75 m b t = 1 second, 3 seconds
1 a -8x2 + b 4a2 - 7a c m2 + 7m + 10 c The ball will reach this height both on the way up and on the
3
d k2 - 6k + 9 e 9m2 - 4 f 8h2 - 6h - 35 way down.
g 5x2 - 35x + 60 h 19p + 4 d t = 0 seconds, 4 seconds e t = 2 seconds
2 a 4(a - 5) b -6m(2m - 3) f The ball reaches a maximum height of 4 m.
c (x + 5)(4 - x) d (a - 9)(a + 9) g No, 4 metres is the maximum height. When h = 5, there is no
e (4a - 11b)(4a + 11b) f 5(m - 5)(m + 5) solution.
g (k - 5)(k + 9) h (x - 3)(x + 1) 14 a x = 0, 100
√ √ √ √
i (x - 2 5)(x + 2 5) j (h + 3 - 7)(h + 3 + 7) b The ball starts at the tee (i.e. at ground level) and hits the
k (x + 5)(x + a) l (x - 2m)(4x - 5) ground again 100 metres from the tee.
3 a (x - 4)(x + 5) b (a - 3)(a - 7) c x = 2 m or 98 m
c 3(k - 9)(k + 2) d (m - 6)2 15 5 m × 45 m
16 150 m × 200 m
821
√ √
Exercise 5H 1 + 13 1 - 13
e x= ,
2√ 2 √
Answers
1 a 1 b 9 c 100 d 625 e 4 -5 + 33 -5 - 33
25 9 f x= ,
f 25 g h √2 √2
√ √4 4 7 + 41 7 - 41
2 a (x + 3)(x - 3) = 0 g x= ,
√ √ 2
√ 2
√
b (x + 7)(x - 7) = 0 9 + 61 9 - 61
√ √ h x= ,
c (x + 10)(x - 10) = 0 2√ 2 √
√ √
d (x + 1 + 5)(x + 1 - 5) = 0 -1 + 17 -1 - 17
√ √ i x= ,
e (x + 3 + 11)(x + 3 - 11) = 0 2 √ 2 √
√ √
f (x - 1 + 2)(x - 1 - 2) = 0 -9 + 3 5 -9 - 3 5
√ √ j x= ,
3 a x = 2, - 2 2 2
√ √ 3 √ 3 √
b x = 7, - 7 k x = + 3, - 3
√ √ 2 2
c x = 10, - 10
√ √ 5 √ 5 √
d x = 3 - 5, 3 + 5 l x = - + 5, - - 5
√ √ 2 2 √
e x = 4 - 6, 4 + 6 -5 ± 17
√ √ 8 a No real solution. b x=
f x = -5 - 14, -5 + 14 2√
√ √ √
4 a x = -3 - 6, -3 + 6 5 ± 17 -9 ± 69
√ √ c x= d x=
b x = -2 - 2, -2 + 2 2√ 2
√ √ -5 ± 21 √
c x = -5 - 10, -5 + 10 e x= f x=3± 5
√ √ 2√
d x = -2 - 6, -2 + 6 √
√ √ -3 ± 29 -5 ± 61
e x = -4 - 19, -4 + 19 9 a x= b x=
√ √ 2 2
f x = -3 - 14, -3 + 14 √
√ √ c No real solutions. d x=4± 5
g x = 4 - 17, 4 + 17 √
√ √ e x = -5 ± 2 5 f No real solutions.
h x = 6 - 39, 6 + 39 √ √
√ √ -3 + 89 3 + 89
i x = 1 - 17, 1 + 17 10 width = cm, length = cm
√ √ 2 2
j x = 5 - 7, 5 + 7
√ √ 11 a i 1.5 km ii 1.5 km
k x = 3 - 5, 3 + 5
√ √ b i 0 km or 400 km ii 200 km
l x = 4 - 7, 4 + 7 √
√ √ c 200 ± 100 2 km
m x = -3 - 13, -3 + 13
√ √ 12 a x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
n x = -10 - 87, -10 + 87
√ √ (x + 2)2 + 1 = 0, no real solutions
o x = 7 - 55, 7 + 55 ( )2
√ √ 3 3
5 a x = -4 - 2 3, -4 + 2 3 b x- + = 0, no real solutions
√ √ 2 4
b x = -3 - 2 2, -3 + 2 2
√ √ 13 Factorise by quadratic trinomial; i.e. (x + 6)(x - 5) = 0, 6 ×
c x = 5 - 2 5, 5 + 2 5
√ √ (-5) = -30, and 6 + (-5) = -1.
d x = 2 - 3 2, 2 + 3 2
√ √ Therefore, x = -6, 5.
e x = 5 - 2 7, 5 + 2 7 √ √
√ √ 14 a x = 3 ± 7 b x = -4 ± 10
f x = -4 - 2 6, -4 + 2 6 √ √
√ √ c x = -2 ± 11 d x=1± 6
g x = 1 - 4 2, 1 + 4 2 √ √
√ √ e x=4±2 3 f x = -5 ± 2 6
h x = -6 - 3 6, -6 + 3 6
√ √ 15 a Use the dimensions of rectangle BCDE and ACDF
i x = -3 - 5 2, -3 + 5 2
and the √
corresponding side lengths in similar rectangles.
6 a 2 b 2 c 0 d 0 e 0 1+ 5
f 2 g 2 h 0 i 0 j 2 b a=
2√
k 2 l 0 6 √
√ √ 16 a x = -1 ± b x = -1 ± 5
-5 + 17 -5 - 17 2 √
7 a x= , √
2√ 2 3± 5
√ c x = 4 ± 11 d x=
-3 + 5 -3 - 5 √ 2√
b x= ,
2√ 2 √ -5 ± 17 -1 ± 13
e x= f x=
-7 + 29 -7 - 29 2 2
c x= ,
√2 √2
3 + 17 3 - 17
d x= ,
2 2
822
Exercise 5I c i -2 < k < 2 ii ± 2 iii k > 2, k < -2
Answers
d i no values ii no values iii All values of k.
1 a a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 b a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
c a = 5, b = 3, c = -2 d a = 4, b = -3, c = 2
e a = 2, b = -1, c = -5 f a = -3, b = 4, c = -5 Problems and challenges
2 a -8 b -31 c 49 d -23 1 b = -4, c = 1
e 41 f -44 2 47
3 a 1 b 0 c 2 3 a ± 2, ± 1 b ±3
4 a 2 b 0 c 1 d 2 e 2 4 a x = 0, 1 b x = 1, -2
f 2 g 0 h 0 i 2 j 1 5 144 cm2
k 0 √l 2 √ 6 25 km/h
-3 ± 17 -7 ± 65
5 a x= b x= 7 1.6
√2 2
7 ± 29 8 x2 - 2x + 2 = (x - 1)2 + 1, as (x - 1)2 Å 0,
c x= d x=4
2 (x - 1)2 + 1 > 0
e x = -1, -4√ f x = -1, -7√ (x - y)2
9 Square area - rectangle area = > 0 for all
-7 ± 65 -5 ± 37 4
g x= h x=
8 6 x and y; hence, square area is greater than rectangle area.
√ √
2 ± 22 5 ± 65 10 w : p = 1 : 3; t : q = 1 : 9
i x= j x=
3 4√
4 -3 ± 19 Multiple-choice questions
k x = - ,1 l x=
3 √ 5
√
6 a x = -2 ± 3 b x = 3 ± 5√ 1 D 2B 3C 4A 5B
√ -3 ± 3 5 6D 7 C 8C 9E 10C
c x = -3 ± 11 d x=
√2 11 A 12B
√ 4 ± 10
e x=2±2 2 f x=
√ 3√ Short-answer questions
1± 7 3±2 3
g x= h x=
2√ 3 1 a -2x + 26 b 3x2 + 11x - 20
4 ± 31 c 25x2
-4 d x2 - 12x + 36
i x=
7
√ 5
-5 + 105
e 7x + 22
2 a x2 + 4x + 4
f 12x2 - 23x + 10
b 4x2 + 18x
5I
2 √ √ c x2 + 3x + 21
3±2 3 -2 ± 10
8 a x= b x= 3 a (x + 7)(x - 7) b (3x + 4)(3x - 4)
3√ √2
c (2x + 1)(2x - 1) d 3(x + 5)(x - 5)
-5 ± 57 5 ± 17 √ √
c x= d x= e 2(x + 3)(x - 3) f (x + 11)(x - 11)
8√ 4 √ √
-2 ± 13 √ g -2(x + 2 5)(x - 2 5) h (x + 5)(x - 3)
e x= f x=1± 6 √ √
3 i (x - 3 + 10)(x - 3 - 10)
√ √
1 ± 11 3 ± 41 4 a (x - 6)(x - 2) b (x + 12)(x - 2)
g x= h x=
5√ 4 c -3(x - 6)(x - 1)
5 ± 19 5 a (3x + 2)(x + 5) b (2x - 3)(2x + 5)
i x=
√ 6 √ c (6x + 1)(2x - 3) d (3x - 2)(4x - 5)
3 + 53 -3 + 53 2x x-4
9 , 6 a b
√2 2 x+3 √
√
4 √ √
10 6 2 + 10 units 7 a (x + 4 + 6)(x + 4 - 6) b (x + 5 + 29)(x + 5 - 29)
11 63 cm √ √
-b ( - 3 + 2√ 3)(x
c (x )(-3-2 √ 3) )
12 When b2 - 4ac = 0, the solution reduces to x = ; i.e. a 3 + 17 3 - 17
2a d x+ x+
single solution. ( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
5 + 13 5 - 13
13 Answers will vary. e x+ x+
( 2 )(
√ 2 )
√
14 k = 6 or -6
7 + 31 7 - 31
15 a i k > 4 ii k = 4 iii k < 4 f x+ x+
2 2
9 9 9
b i k> ii k = iii k <
8 8 8
823
8 a x = 0, -4 b x = 0, 3 4
3 a i m = 3, c = -2 ii m = - , c = 2
3
Answers
c x = 5, -5 d x = 3, 7
y
e x=4 f x = -9, 4 y
1 2 5
g x = -2, h x = ,-
2 3 2 1 (1, 1)
2
1 3
i x = ,- x
9 2 O 1
9 a x = 3, -3 b x = 5, -1 x
−2 O 3
c x = 4, -7 d x = -3, 6
10 length = 8 m, width = 6 m −2 (3,−2)
√ √
11 a x = -2 ±√ 7 b x=3±2 √ 2 b
3 ± 17 -5 ± 3 5
c x= d x= i y ii y
2 2
12 a 1 solution b 2 solutions
c 0 solutions√ d 2 solutions x
-3 ± 33 √ O 3
13 a x = b x=1± 5 3
√2 √ x
2 ± 14 1 ± 37 O 5
c x= d x= −6
2 6
Extended-response questions iii y iv y

1 a i 15 + 2x m ii 12 + 2x m
b area = 4x2 + 54x + 180 m2 x
O 1
c trench = 4x2 + 54x m2 x
O 3
d Minimum width is 1 m. −2 (1, −2)
2 a S = 63π m2
b 0.46 m
8 9
c i 420 = 3πr2 + 12πr 4 a y = -x + 3 b y = x -
5 5
ii 3πr2 + 12πr - 420 = 0 5 a a = -3 b a = -4 c a = 1 or a = 7
iii r = 4.97 m; i.e. πr2 + 4πr - 140 = 0. d a = -4
6 a x = -3, y = -7 b x = -2, y = -4
Semester review 1 c x = -1, y = 4 d x = 3, y = -5
7 A hot dog costs $3.50 and a soft drink $2.
Linear relations 8 a y b y
Multiple-choice questions
1 A 2C 3D 4E 5C 3 x
O 3
−4.5
3a - 8 9x - 2 x
1 a 3 - 2x b 20 c d O 3
4a (x + 2)(x - 3) 2
2 a i x = -4 ii x = 2 iii x = 13 iv x = 2
c y
b i x Ä 6, x
3 4 5 6 7 x
ii x < 3, x O
0 1 2 3 4
−3
824
Extended-response question Extended-response question
Answers
a x = 3, y = 4 a CD = 6 cm, chord theorem 2
b, c y b OA = OD (radii of circle)
intersecting OB = OC (radii of circle)
8.5 region AB = DC (chord theorem 2)
y = 4x − 8
Â△OAB Ã △OCD (SSS).
(3, 4) c OM = 4 cm, area = 12 cm2
d 30.6%
x e ÒBOD = 106.2°
O 2 17
3
3x + 2y = 17 Indices and surds
−8
1 B 2D 3E 4E 5C
d 167 500 m2 Short-answer questions

√ √ √ √
1 a 3 6 b 20 3 c 3 6 d √10
√ √ 5
Geometry e 21 f 48 3 g 3 h
3
√
Multiple-choice questions 10 2
i
1 D 2B 3C 4E 5C √7 √ √
2 a 7 5- 7 b 0 c - 2-4
√ √ √
3 a 2 15 - 4 3 b 11 5 - 62c 4
Short-answer questions √
d 59√+ 24 6 √ √
1 a AB = DE (given) AC = DF (given) 3 2 2 2 5-5
4 a b c
ÒBAC = 60° = ÒEDF (given). 2 5 5
3b2 2x2
Â△ABC Ã △DEF (SAS). 10
5 a 24x y 2 2
b 3a b 2 c 5 d
a 5y3
a = 35 (corresponding angles in congruent triangles) 6 a i 37 200 ii 0.0000049
b BC = DC (given)
AC is common.
b i 7.30 × 10-5
1 1
3
ii 4.73 × 109
3
SR1
7 a i 10 2 ii 7 x , when x > 0
2 iii 4x 5
ÒABC = 90° = ÒADC (given) 3
iv 15 2
Â△ABC Ã △ADC (RHS). √ √5
√
4 √4
b i 6 ii 20 iii73 or ( 7)3
x = 3 (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) 1 1 1
8 a b c 3 d
2 A D 5 16 2
3 1
9 a x=3 b x=2 c x= d -
2 2
10 a $2382.03 b $7658.36
B C
ÒDBC = ÒBDA (alternate angles in parallel lines) Extended-response question
ÒBDC = ÒDBA (alternate angles in parallel lines) a V = 80 000(1.08)n
BD is common. b i $86 400 ii $108 839
Â△BAD Ã △DCB (AAS). c 11.91 years
Using congruence, BC = AD and AB = DC, corresponding d 6% per year
sides in congruent triangles.
3 a x = 6.75 b x = 2 Trigonometry
4 a x=8 b x=5 c a = 32, b = 65 Multiple-choice questions
d x = 40 e a = 55 f a = 90, b = 60, c = 70
1 E 2B 3A 4D 5C
5 a x = 20 b x=8 c a = 63, b = 55
47 29 39
6 a x= b x= c x= Short-answer questions
5 3 5
1 a x = 19.5 b h = 43.8, y = 9.4
2 a i 150°T ii 330°T
b i 310°T ii 130°T
825
3 a 32.174 m b 52.2°
Chapter 6
Answers
4 a x = 9.8 b h = 125.3
5 95.1°
c
6 a 5π b 135° Exercise 6A
18
7 a tan h 1 a 40 mm b 9.6 cm c 1m
b i h = 155° ii √
h = 35° iii h√ = 42° d 0.3 km e 8m f 0.297 km
1 2 3
c i ii iii - g 1.27 cm h 510.2 cm i 3.2 m
2 2 3
8 a ¥ 0.34 b h ¥ 233°, 307 c yes 1 1 3
2 a b c
4 2 4
Extended-response question 1 7 11
d e f
9 24 12
a 104.3 m b 8 km 3 a 810 m b 9.4 km c 180 cm
20° 4 a 36.6 cm b 5.1 cm c x = P - 28.6
108° 5 a 21.8 m b 3.2 m c x = P - 16.8
6 a 43.98 cm b 7.54 m c 89.22 mm
13 km d 3.46 km
52° C
7 a 75.40 m b r= c 5.57 m
2π
Start
8 a i 8 + 4π m ii 20.6 m
c 17.242 km d 206° T b i 4+π m ii 7.1 m
π
c i 2 + km ii 3.0 km
3
Quadratic equations d i 12 + 10π cm ii 43.4 cm
Multiple-choice questions e i 10 +
70π
mm ii 34.4 mm
9
1 C 2B 3D 4B 5D
31π
f i 6+ cm ii 14.1 cm
12
Short-answer questions 9 a 3 b 8.8 c 0.009 d 2.65
1 a 9x2 - 1 b 4x2 - 20x + 25 e 3.87 f 2.4
2
c -x + 30x - 5 10 57.6 m
√ √
2 a (2x - y)(2x + y) b (x + 2 + 7)(x + 2 - 7) 11 a 12.25 b 53.03 c 1.37 d 62.83
c 3(x - 4)(x + 4) d (x - 2)(x + 7) e 19.77 f 61.70
e (x - 5)2 f 2(x - 6)(x - 2) 5π
12 a 6π m b 10 + m c π + 1 km
3 a (3x + 4)(x - 2) b (3x - 1)(2x + 3) 2
c (5x - 4)(2x - 3) 13 a i 201 cm ii 1005 cm
1 b 4974
4 a x = 0, 3 b x = -4, c x = 0, -5
√ 2√ c
1 000 000
d x = 4, -4 e x = 7, - 7 f x=2 πd
1 2n
g x = 8, -3 h x = -2, 14 r =
3
5 a x = -8, 5 b x = 3, 7 c x = -4, 5 √π
√ √ 15 π 2x
6 a i (x - 3 + 5)(x - 3 - 5) P - 2w 1
2 3, does not factorise further
16 a l = or P - w b l = 5 - w c 0 < w < 5
( + 2) +√
ii (x )( √ ) 2 2
3 5 3 5 d 0<l<5
iii x + - x+ +
2 √2 2 2 17 a 720° b 1080° c 540° d 1440°
b i x=3± √ 5 ii no solutions
-3 ± 5
iii x = Exercise 6B
√2 √ √ √
-3 ± 57 √ 1 a 55 b 11 c 77
7 a x= b x = 2 ± 10 √ √ √ √ √
4 d 2 e 8=2 2 f 50 = 5 2
Extended-response question 2 a x2 + y2 = z2 b a2 + d2 = b2
c 2x2 = c2
a 4x2 + 40x b 44 m2
c x=3 d x = 2.2
826
3 a 5 cm b 11.18 m c 16.55 km 49 26
c π m2 , 51.31 m2 d π m2 , 9.08 m2
3 9
Answers
d 1.81 mm e 0.43 km f 77.10 cm
7
4 a 4.58 m b 7.94 m c 0.63 m e 21π km2 , 65.97 km2 f π mm2 , 2.75 mm2
8
d 1.11 cm e 14.60 cm f 0.09 cm 6 43.2 m2
√
5 a i 34 ii 6.16
√ √ 25
b i 80(or 4 5) ii 16.61 7 a π + 25 cm2 , 34.82 cm2 b 49 m2
√ 8
c i 10 ii 7.68 289 104 2
√ c π+ m , 8.70 m2
d i 89 ii 13.04 200 25
6 a no b yes c no (3969 - 441π)
d mm2 , 103.34 mm2
d no e yes f yes 25
7 a 2.86 m b 2.11 cm c 26.38 m e 81π + 324 km2 , 578.47 km2
49 99 2
d 4.59 cm e 0.58 km f 1.81 km f π- m , 0.52 m2
200 400
8 8.3 cm
9 a 13.19 mm b 13.62 m c 4.53 cm 8 a 66 m2 b 27 bags
d 2.61 m e 12.27 km f 5.23 cm 9 a 100 ha b 200 000 m2 c 0.4 ha
√ √ √ d 2.5 acres
10 a 2 13 b 4 2 c 181
2A
11 a i 22.4 cm ii 24.5 cm 10 a a = -b
h
b
√ Investigation required. 1
5 b i 3 ii 4.7 iii 0
12 cm, using Pythagoras’ theorem given that an angle in a 3
2 c a triangle
semicircle is 90°.
√ √ √ √
13 a √4 5 cm by 2 5√ cm b 3 10 cm by 10 cm
100 100
c cm by 10 cm 11 a
101 101
14 a i 5.41 m ii 4.61 m iii 5.70 m iv 8.70 m
v 8.91 m vi 6.44 m
h
b 7.91 m
15 Research
Exercise 6C b
6C
Let x be the base of each triangle.
h
1 a πr2 b × πr2 c l2 d l×w 1 1
360° A = (b - x) × h + xh + xh
2 2
1 1
e xy, where x and y are the diagonals. f (b + l)h (i.e. rectangle and two triangles)
2 2
1 1 A = bh - xh + xh
g bh h xy i bh
2 2
A = bh
1 1
j πr2 k πr2 b C
2 4
2 a 30 cm2 b 2.98 m2
c 0.205 km2 d 5000 cm2
e 5 000 000 m2 f 100 m2 D B
g 230 cm2 h 53 700 mm2 E
i 2700 m2 j 10 000 000 mm2
k 2 200 000 cm2 l 0.000 145 km2
3 a 25 cm2 b 54.60 m2 c 1.82 km2
d 0.03 mm2 e 153.94 m2 f 75 cm2
A
g 1472 m2 h 0.05 mm2 i 0.17 km2 Let x = AC and y = BD.
j 2.36 km2 k 1.12 m2 l 3.97 cm2 1
AC bisects BD, hence DE = EB = y.
4 a 2.88 b 14.35 c 1.44 2
d 1.05 e 1.91 f 8.89
g 1.26 h 0.52 i 5753.63
25
5 a 9π cm2 , 28.27 cm2 b π m2 , 39.27 m2
2
827
1 1 1 1 b
A= ×x× y+ ×x× y
2 2 2 2
Answers
2 cm
(i.e. area of △ACD plus area of △ABC)
1 1
A = xy + xy
4 4
1
A = xy
2
c Consider the following trapezium.
b
1
2 c
a
A = Area 1 + Area 2
1 1
A= ×a×h+ ×a×h
2 2
1
A = (a + b)h
2
3 cm
12 a 63.7% b 78.5% c 50% d 53.9%
Exercise 6D 1 cm
1 a 2 cm
3 a 90 cm2 b 47.82 mm2 c 111.3 cm2
d 920 m2 e 502.91 m2 f 168.89 m2
4 a 8.64 cm2 b 96 mm2 c 836.6 m2
d 688 mm2 e 4.74 cm2 f 43.99 m2
b
5 24.03 m2
6 3880 cm2
7 a 121.3 cm2 b 10.2 m2
c 236.5 m2 d 2437.8 cm2
c 8 a 66.2 b 17.9 c 243.1 d 207.3
e 2308.7 f 65.0
9 a 144.5 cm2 b 851.3 m2
c 1192.7 cm2 d 4170.8 m2
10 33.5 m2
11 a 6x2 b 2(ab + ac + bc)
( )2
1 1 1 1
c π d + πdh + dh d πr2 + 2rh + πrh
2 2 2 2
2 a 1
12 a 6π b 5 π
2
13 a 0.79 m b 7.71 m
14 1 cm
15 a 4πr2 b 2x(x + 2y)
4 cm c 2rh + πr(h + r) d 2rh +
h
πr(h + r)
180°
10 cm
Exercise 6E
1
1 a bh b πr2 c πrs
2
√ √ √
2 a 29 cm b 221 m c 109 cm
828
3 a √ h = r into the √
14 Substitute equation given in Question 13.
Answers
πr(r + r2 + h2 ) = πr(r + r2 + r2 )
√
= πr(r + 2r2 )
√
= πr(r + 2r)
√
= πr2 (1 + 2) as required
15 182.3 cm2
√ √
16 a 4 26 cm b 306.57 cm2 c 4 2 cm
2 cm
d 20.199 cm e 260.53 cm2 f 85%
Progress quiz
1 a 36 cm b 26.85 cm c 30 cm
2 a i 5 ii 30 cm iii 30 cm2
b
b i 41 ii 90 cm iii 180 cm2
√
c i 41 ii 31.40 cm iii 50 cm2
3 a C = 25.13 mm A = 50.27 mm2
b C = 55.29 mm A = 243.28 mm2
4 a 17.45 cm2 b 29.32 cm2
2 cm 5 a 450 b 0.00045
4 cm 6 a 3.86 cm2 b 42.06 cm2 c 28.54 cm2
7 a 158 cm2 b 2.12 m c 434.29 cm2
2
d 175.18 cm2
8 a 58.90 cm2 b 2.5 cm c 7.07 cm
9 13.75 cm
c
Exercise 6F
1 a 80 cm3 b 32 m3 c 108 mm3
2 a 2000 mm3 b 200 000 cm3 c 15 000 000 m3
d 5.7 cm3 e 0.0283 km3 f 0.762 m3 6F
g 130 000 cm3 h 1000 m3 i 2094 mm3
j 2700 mL k 0.342 ML l 0.035 kL
3 cm
m 5720 kL n 74.25 L o 18 440 L
3 a 40 cm3 b 10 500 m3 c 259.7 mm3
4 a 785.40 m3 b 18.85 cm3 c 1583.36 m3
5 a 12 cm3 b 1570.8 m3 c 2.448 mm3
4 a 593.76 mm2 b 0.82 m2 c 435.90 km2
6 a 30 km3 b 196 cm3 c 30 m3
5 a 64 m2 b 105 cm2 c 0.16 m2
d 10 cm3 e 0.002 m3 f 4752.51 cm3
6 a 62.83 m2 b 5.18 cm2 c 1960.35 mm2
g 0.157 m3 h 1357.168 cm3 i 24 m3
7 a 10.44 cm b 126.7 cm2
7 1000
8 a 25.5 cm b 25.0 cm
8 480 L
9 a 18.9 cm b 17.8 cm
9 a 379.33 cm3 b 223.17 m3 c 6.81 m3
10 a 6.3 m b 66.6 m2
d 716.46 mm3 e 142.36 cm3 f 42.85 cm3
11 hat B √
10 a 27 cm3 b 3 3 m3
12 a 105 cm2 b 63 cm2
11 0.5 cm
c 163.3 cm2 d 299.4 m2
12 He needs to use the perpendicular height of the oblique prism
e 502.8 mm2 f 76.6 m2
√ instead of 5.
13 Slant height, s = r + h2 ,
2
√ h
so πr(r + s) = πr(r + r2 + h2 ) 13 V = πr2 h
360°
14 yes; 69.3 m3
15 a √1 m b 5.8 m3
2
829
Exercise 6G c 688.13 m2 , 1697.40 m3
Answers
d 15.71 mm2 , 5.85 mm3
1 4 cm3
e 21.99 m2 , 9.70 m3
2 15 m3
8 1 f 15.21 km2 , 5.58 km3
3 a 10 m3 b cm3 c 58 mm3
3 3 7 a i 1.53 cm ii 3.50 cm iii 0.50 km
4 a 4 cm3 b 585 m3 c 50 km3 b i 0.89 m ii 3.09 cm iii 0.18 mm
8
d cm3 e 8 cm3 f 0.336 mm3 8 a 113.10 cm3 b 5654.9 cm3
3
c 21 345.1 cm3
5 a 0.82 m3 b 9.38 mm3 c 25 132.74 m3
9 11.5 cm
d 25.13 m3 e 0.12 m3 f 523.60 cm3
10 52%
6 47 mL
11 a 32.72 cm3 b 67.02 cm3 c 0.52 m3
7 a 282.74 m3 b 276 cm3 c 48 m3
12 1570.8 cm2
d 56.88 mm3 e 10.35 m3 f 70.79 m3
13 a 4 m b 234.6 m3
8 4.76 cm
14 a 235.62 m2 b 5.94 cm2 c 138.23 mm2
2
9 d 94.25 m2 e 27.14 m2 f 26.85 cm2
3
Wood wasted = volume of cylinder - volume of cone 15 a 5.24 m3 b 942.48 m3 c 10.09 cm3
1 d 1273.39 cm3 e 4.76 m3 f 0.74 cm3
Wood wasted = πr2 h - πr2 h
3 16 a i 523.60 cm3 ii 4188.79 cm3
2 2 iii 14 137.17 cm3
Wood wasted = πr h
3 b 61.2 cm
2 √
Wood wasted = of the volume of cylinder
3 17 a 5 cm b 5 5 cm c 332.7 cm2
1 1 √ √
10 a i V = x2 h ii V = πx2 h S 3V
3 12 18 a r = b r= 3
4π 4π
π 19 a 4 times b 8 times
b
4 4
20 V = × πr3
11 a 3.7 cm √ 3
3V
b i h = 3V2 ii r = d
Substitute into r, giving:
πr πh 2
( )3
12 a Similar triangles are formed so corresponding sides are in 4 d
V= ×π
the same ratio. 3 2
1 3
b π(r21 h1 - r22 h2 ) 4 πd 1 πd3
3 V= × = ×
3 8 3 2
c i 18.3 cm3 ii 14.7 cm3
1
V = πd3
6
Exercise 6H 4
21 h = r
1 a 314.16 b 60.82 c 3.14 d 33.51 3√
3 √
3
e 91.95
√ f 1436.76 22 a i 3 ii 36π iii 1
4π
3
2 r= iv 6 units2 v 80.6%
√ ( )2
π 4π 4π 3 2
√ b i 4πr2 ii x = 3
r iii 6 r
6 3 3
3 r= 3
π c Proof required. Example:
1 √
1 1 1 4πr2 2π 2π 3 π
4 a b c ( )2 = = = 3
, as
2 8 4 1 2 1 1 6
4π 3 r2
6 3 3 (4π)3 83 × 63
5 a 50.27 cm2 , 33.51 cm3 3
b 3.14 m2 , 0.52 m3 required.

c 18145.84 mm2 , 229 847.30 mm3 d They are the same.
d 1017.88 cm2 , 3053.63 cm3
e 2.66 km2 , 0.41 km3 Exercise 6I
f 5.81 m2 , 1.32 m3 1 Some examples are 3.35, 3.37, 3.40 and 3.42.
6 a 113.10 cm2 , 113.10 cm3 2 a 347 cm b 3m
b 201.06 m2 , 268.08 m3 3 6.65
830
4 a i 1 cm ii 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm Problems and challenges
Answers
b i 0.1 mm ii 6.75 mm to 6.85 mm
1 6
c i 1m ii 11.5 m to 12.5 m
2 1.3 m
d i 0.1 kg ii 15.55 kg to 15.65 kg
3 a As the sphere touches the top, bottom and curved surface,
e i 0.1 g ii 56.75 g to 56.85 g
the height of the cylinder is 2r, and the radius of the base is
f i 1m ii 9.5 m to 10.5 m
r. So the curved surface area = 2 × π × r × h and h = 2r,
g i 1h ii 672.5 h to 673.5 h
therefore this equals 4πr2 , which is equal to the surface
h i 0.01 m ii 9.835 m to 9.845 m
area of the sphere.
i i 0.01 km ii 12.335 km to 12.345 km
b 67%
j i 0.001 km ii 0.9865 km to 0.9875 km
4 h = 4r
k i 0.01 L ii 1.645L to 1.655 L
5 (4 - π)r2
l i 0.01 mL ii 9.025 mL to 9.035 mL √
6 2:1
5 a 4.5 m to 5.5 m b 7.5 cm to 8.5 cm
c 77.5 mm to 78.5 mm d 4.5 mL to 5.5 mL
e 1.5 km to 2.5 km f 34.15 cm to 34.25 cm
g 3.85 kg to 3.95 kg h 19.35 kg to 19.45 kg
i 457.85 L to 457.95 L j 18.645 m to 18.655 m 1 D 2E 3A 4D 5C 6A
k 7.875 km to 7.885 km l 5.045 s to 5.055 s 7 B 8E 9E 10C 11 D 12E
6 a $4450 to $4550
b $4495 to $4505 Short-answer questions
c $4499.50 to $4500.50
1 a 23 cm b 2.7 cm2 c 2 600 000 cm3
7 a 30 m b 15 g c 4.6 km
d 8372 mL e 0.63825 m2 f 3 000 000 cm2
d 9.0 km e 990 g f 990 g (nearest whole)
2 a 32 m b 28.6 m c 20.4 cm
8 a 149.5 cm to 150.5 cm b 145 cm to 155 cm 7
3 a m b 15.60 m2
c 149.95 cm to 150.05 cm π
√
9 a 24.5 cm to 25.5 cm b 245 cm c 255 cm 4 a 65 b 8.31
10 a 9.15 cm b 9.25 cm c 36.6 cm to 37 cm 5 a 16.12 m2 b 216 m2 c 38.5 m2
d 83.7225
11 a 9.195 cm
cm2 to 85.5625 cm2 d 78.54 cm2
6 a 4.8 m
e 100.43 m2
b 25.48 m
f 46.69 m2
6I
b 9.205 cm 7 a i 236 m2 ii 240 m3
c 36.78 cm to 36.82 cm b i 184 cm2 ii 120 cm3
d 84.548025 cm2 to 84.732025 cm2 c i 1407.43 cm ii 4021.24 cm3
2
e Increasing the level of accuracy lowers the difference d i 360 cm2 ii 400 cm3
between the upper and lower limits of any subsequent e i 201.06 m2 ii 268.08 m3
working. f i 282.74 cm2 ii 314.16 cm3
175
12 a Different rounding (level of accuracy being used) 8 a cm b 17.6 cm
3π √
b Cody used to the nearest kg, Jacinta used to the nearest
9 a 18 cm b 3 61 cm c 2305.8 cm2
100 g and Luke used to the nearest 10 g.
10 12 m
c yes
11 a i 414.25 cm2 ii 535.62 cm3
13 a Distances on rural outback properties, distances between
b i 124 m2 ii 88 m3
towns, length of wires and pipes along roadways
c i 19.67 mm2 ii 6.11 mm3
b building plans, measuring carpet and wood
12 a i 117.27 cm2 ii 84.94 cm3
c giving medicine at home to children, paint mixtures, chem-
b i 104 cm2 ii 75 cm3
ical mixtures by students
c i 25.73 cm2 ii 9.67 cm3
d buying paint, filling a pool, recording water use
13 a 4950π cm3 b 1035π cm2
14 a ± 1.8% b ± 5.6% c ± 0.56%
14 a 7.5 m to 8.5 m b 10.25 kg to 10.35 kg
d ± 0.056% e ± 0.28% f ± 0.056%
c 4.745 L to 4.755 L
g ± 0.12% h ± 0.071%
831
Extended-response questions y
Answers
1 a 72 m3 10
√
b 37 m 9
c 138.7 m2 8
d 6 L, $120 7
2 a 100 m 6
√
b 50 2 m 5
c 5000 m2 4
d 36% 3
2
e athlete A, 0.01 seconds
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
Chapter 7
2 a maximum b (-2, 4) c 2
d -5, 1 e x = -2
Exercise 7A 3 a i (2, -5), min ii x = 2 iii -1, 5 iv -3
1 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 b i (2, 0), max ii x = 2 iii 2 iv -1
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 c i (2, 5), min ii x = 2 iii no x-intercept iv 7
d i (-3, 0), min ii x = -3 iii -3 iv 4
e i (2, -2), min ii x = 2 iii 1, 3 iv 6
f i (0, 3), max ii x = 0 iii -3, 3 iv 3
Reflected in the Turning Wider or narrower

4 Formula Max or min y value when x = 1
x-axis (yes/no) point than y = x 2
a y = 3x2 min no (0, 0) y=3 narrower
b y = 1 x2 min no (0, 0) y=1 wider

2 2
c y = 2x2 min no (0, 0) y=2 narrower
d y = -4x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -4 narrower
e y = - 1 x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -1 wider

3 3
f y = -2x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -2 narrower
5 Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry y value x value

a y = (x + 3)2 (-3, 0) x = -3 9 -3
b y = (x - 1)2 (1, 0) x=1 1 1
c y = (x - 2)2 (2, 0) x=2 4 2
d y = (x + 4)2 (-4, 0) x = -4 16 -4
6 Formula Turning point y value y value when x = 1

a y = x2 + 3 (0, 3) 3 y=4
b y = x2 - 1 (0, -1) -1 y=0
c y = x2 + 2 (0, 2) 2 y=3
d y = x2 - 4 (0, -4) -4 y = -3
832
7 a x=0 b x=0 c x=0 iii y
Answers
d x=0 e x=0 f x=2
22
g x = -1 h x = -3 i x=0
20
j x=0 k x=0 l x = -4
18
8 a (0, 0) b (0, 7) c (0, 0)
16
d (0, 0) e (0, -4) f (2, 0)
14
g (-1, 0) h (-3, 0) i (0, -3) 12
j (0, 2) k (0, -16) l (-4, 0) 10
9 a 0 b 7 c 0 8
d 0 e -4 f 4 6
g 1 h -9 i -3 4
j 2 k -16 l -16 2
10 a viii b iii c vii x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
d iv e i f v
g ii h vi
11 a i y
iv y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x 7A
ii y
v y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
x 2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
833
vi y 13 a i y
Answers
22 11
20 10
18 9
16 8
14 7
12 6
10 5
8 4
6 3
4 2
2 1
x x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
ii y
b The constant a determines the narrowness of the graph.
12 a i y 8
7
20
6
18
5
16
4
14
3
12
2
10
1
8 x
6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
4 −2
2 −3
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 −4
−5
ii y
b The constant k determines whether the graph moves up or
20 down from y = x2 .
18
14 Answers could be:
16
a y = x2 - 4 b y = (x - 5)2 c y = x2 + 3
14
15 a y = x2 + 2 b y = -x2 + 2 c y = (x + 1)2
12
d y = (x - 2)2 e y = 2x2 f y = -3x2
10
2 1 2
8 g y = (x + 1) + 2 h y = (x - 4) - 2
8
6 16 parabola on its side
4
y
2
x 4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 3
2
b The constant h determines whether the graph moves left or 1
right from y = x2 . x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
834
Exercise 7B d y
Answers
1 a (0, 0) b (0, 0) c (0, 3) d (0, -3) 1 (1, − 1)
3
e (0, 7) f (2, 0) g (-5, 0) h (0, 0) x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
i (0, 0) −1
2 a 3 b -3 c -3 d -1 e 1 −2
f 4 g -16 h -25 i -2 j 2 −3
k 6 l -63 −4
3 a up b right c left d down −5
e down f left g right h up −6
−7
4 a y
−8
7 −9
6 −10
5
4
e y
3 10
2 (1, 2) 9
1 8
x 7
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
6
−2 5
4
b y
3 (1, 3)
1 2
O x 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
−2
−3 (1, 3)
f y
−4
−5 8
7B
−6 7
−7 6
−8 5
−9 4
3
c y
2
10 1
9 x
8 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
7 −2
6 −3 (1, −3)
5 −4
4
3
2
1 (1, 1 )
2
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
835
g y j y
Answers
1 10
O (1, 0)
x 9
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 8
−2 7
−3 6
−4 5
−5 4
−6 3
−7 2
−8 1
−9 x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5
−10
h y k y
1 1
O x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
−1
−2 −2
−3 −3
(1, −4)
−4 −4
−5 −5
−6 −6
−7 −7
−8 −8
−9 −9
−10 −10
i y l y
10 1
9 x
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6
8
7 −2
6 −3
5 −4
4 −5
3 −6
2 −7
1 −8
x −9
O
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1
5 a (-3, 1) b (-2, -4) c (1, 3)

d (4, -2) e (3, -5) f (2, 2)
g (3, 3) h (2, 6) i (-1, 4)
j (2, -5) k (-1, -1) l (4, -10)
836
6 a y d y
Answers
10 11
9 10
8 9
7 8
6 7
5 6
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
(−1, 1) (1, 2)
x 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
b y
e y
9
8 18
7 16
6 14
5 12
4 10
3 8
2 6
1 4
(4, 1)
x 2
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 x
(−2, −1) −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c y
f y
11 7
7B
10 6
9 5
8 4
7 3
6 2
5 1
4 x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
3
2 −2
(−3, 2) −3
1
x −4
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 (1, − 4)
837
g y j y
(1, 3) (2, 1)
Answers
3 1
2 x
1 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
x −2
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −3
−2 −4
−3 −5
−4 −6
−5 −7
−6 −8
−7 −9
h y k y
(2, 1)
1
x x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2 −4 (4, −2)
−3 −6
−4 −8
−5 −10
−6 −12
−7 −14
−8 −16
−9 −18
−20
i y
1
l y
x (−2, 2)
2
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
(−3, −2) x
−2 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2 O 1 2
−3 −4
−4 −6
−5 −8
−6 −10
−7 −12
−8 −14
−9
−10 7 a y = -x2
−11
b y = (x + 2)2
c y = x2 - 5
d y = x2 + 4
e y = (x - 1)2
f y = -x2 + 2
g y = -(x + 3)2
h y = (x + 5)2 - 3
i y = (x - 6)2 + 1
8 a y = 6x2
b y = x2 + 4
c y = (x - 3)2
d y = -(x + 2)2
1
e y = x2
2
838
f y = -x2 + 2 b y
Answers
g y = x2 - 1
24
h y = (x - 1)2
22
i y = -7x2
20
9 a maximum
18
b (5, 25) 17
16
c 0 14
d 25 m 12
e i 21 m ii 21 m iii 0 m 10
10 a (1, 0) b (-2, 0) c (-3, 0) 8
d (0, -4) e (0, -2) f (0, 5) 6
g (-4, -1) h (-2, 3) i (5, 4) (−2, 5) 4
j (-2, 3) k (-3, -5) l (3, -3) 2
11 a translate 3 units right x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1
b translate 2 units left
c translate 3 units down c y
d translate 7 units up (3, 4)
e reflect in x-axis 4
f translate 2 units left and 4 units down 2
x
g translate 5 units right and 8 units up −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h reflect in x-axis, translate 3 units left
−4
i reflect in x-axis, translate 6 units up
−6
12 a (h, k) b ah2 + k
−8
13 a y −10
24 −12
22 −14
20 −16
18
16
−18 7B
d y
14
12 2
10 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2
8 (−3,−4)
6 −4
4 −6
(3, 4) −8
2
x −10
−1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 −12
−14
−16
−18
−20
−22
839
e y i y
Answers
20 6
5
18 4
(1, 3)
16 2
14 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
12 −2
10 −4
8 8.5 −6
6 −8
4 −10
(3, 4)
2 −12
x −14
−3 −2−2O 2 4 6 8
j y
f y
(3, 4) 18
4 16
2 14
x 12
O
−4 −2−2 2 4 6 8 10
10
−4 −0.5 8
−6 6
−8 4 2.5
−10 2
(1, 2)
−12 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−14 −2
g y k y
4 (−2, 1) 2
(1, 3)
2 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1O 1 2 3
x −2
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−2 −4
−4 −6
−7
−6 −8
−8 −10
−10 −12
−12 −14
h y l y
x 4 (2, 3)
−4 −3 −2 −1 O
−2 −3 1 2 3 4 2
−4 (1, −4) x
−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−6 −2
−8 −4
−10 −6
−12 −8
−14 −10
−16 −12
−13
−18 −14
840
Exercise 7C d y
Answers
1 a x = -1, x = 2 b x = 3, x = 4
c x = -1, x = -5 d x = 0, x = 3
e x = 0, x = 5 f x = 0, x = -2
√ √ √
g x =± 5 h x =± 7 i x =± 2 2 x
−2 O 8
2 a x = -2, x = -1 b x = -4, x = 2
c x=4 d x = 0, x = 4
−16
e x = 0, x = 6 f x = 0, x = -5
g x =± 3 h x =± 5
√
i x = ± 10 (3, −25)
3 a 2 b -8 c 16 d 0 e 0 e y
f 0 g -9 h -25 i -10
4 a (x + 6)(x - 8) b x = -6, x = 8
c x=1 d (1, -49)
5 a y
x
−2 O 4
8
−8
x (1, −9)
O 2 4
(3, −1) f y
b y
12
−3 O 7
x
7C
−21
x (2, −25)
O 2 6
g y
(4, −4)
c y
7
15
x
−7 −1 O
(−4, −9)
x
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)
841
h y d y
Answers
20 30
x
O 2 10
x
−6 −5 O
(6, −16) (−5.5, −0.25)
6 a y e y
20 4
x x
O 4 5 −4 −1 O
(4.5, −0.25)
(−2.5, −2.25)
b y
f y
6
12
x
−12 −1 O
x
O 2 3
(2.5, −0.25)
c y
(−6.5, −30.25)
g y
12
x
O1 12
x
−2 O 6
−12
(6.5, −30.25) (2, −16)
842
h y l y
Answers
x
−11 O 2
−22
x
−1 O 2
−2
(0.5, −2.25) (−4.5, −42.25)
i y
7 a y
x
−2 O 7
−14
x
−2 O
(2.5, −20.25) (−1, −1)
j y
b y
7C
x
−6 O
O x
−4 −4 1
(−1.5, −6.25)
k y
(−3, −9)
x c y
−10 O 3
−30
x
O 4
(−3.5, −42.25) (2, −4)
843
d y c y
Answers
25
x
O 5
x
(2.5, −6.25) O 5
e y
d y
100
x
−3 O
x
(−1.5, −2.25) −10 O
f y
9 a y
x
−7 O
x
−3 O 3
(−3.5, −12.25) −9
8 a y
b y
4 x
−4 O 4
x
−2 O
b y
16
−16
x
−4 O
844
c y d y
Answers
(1.5, 2.25)
x x
−2 O 2 O 3
−4
10 a (3.5, -4.5) b (3.5, -6.75)c (-3, -3) d (-3, -4)

e (0, -196) f (0, 196) g (1, 0) h (1, 0) e y
i (1, 8)
(1, 9)
11 a a = -1, b = -3, TP (2, -1) 8
b a = 5, b = -1, TP (-2, -9)
c a = 2, b = -6, TP (2, -16)
√ √
12 a x-intercepts: 2, - 2; TP (0, -2)
√ √
b x-intercepts: 11, - 11; TP (0, -11) x
√ √
c x-intercepts: 5 2, -5 2; TP (0, -50) −2 O 4
13 a y
f y
(4, 25)
x
−3 O 3
9
−1 O 9
x
7C
b y
1
x
−1 O 1
14 a = -2, TP (1, 18)
15 Coefficient does not change the x-intercept.
16 a y = x2 - 2x + 1 = (x - 1)2
Only one x-intercept, which is the turning point.
b Graph has a minimum (0, 2), therefore its lowest point is 2
units above the x-axis.
c y
(2, 4) 17 a x = 4, x = -2 b (1, -9), (1, 9)
c Same x-coordinate, y-coordinate is reflected in the x-axis.
( )
b b2
18 a 0 b 0, -b c - ,-
x 2 4
O 4
19 a y = x(x - 4) b y = x(x - 2)
c y = x(x + 6) d y = (x + 3)(x - 3)
√ √
e y = (x + 2)(x - 2) f y = (x + 5)(x - 5)
g y = (x + 4)(x - 2) h y = (x - 1)(x - 5)
i y = (x + 1)(x - 3) j y = -x(x - 4)
√ √
k y = -(x + 2)(x - 6) l y = -(x - 10)(x + 10)
845
Exercise 7D b y
Answers
2
1 a y = x + 2x - 5
( )2 ( )2 7
2 2
= x2 + 2x + - -5
2 2
= (x + 1)2 - 6
TP (-1, -6) x
−7 −1 O
b y = x2 + 4x - 1
( )2 ( )2
4 4
= x2 + 4x + - -1
2 2
= (x + 2)2 - 5
TP (-2, -5) (−4, −9)
c y = x2 - 6x + 10
( )2 ( )2 c y
6 6
= x2 - 6x + - + 10
2 2 15
= (x - 3)2 + 1
TP (3, 1)
d y = x2 - 3x - 7
( )2 ( )2
3 3
= x2 - 3x + - -7 x
2 2 −5 −3 O
( )2 (−4, −1)
3 37
= x- -
2 4 d y
3 37
TP ( , - )
2 4 √
2 a x =± 3 b x =± 3 c x = 3, x = -1
√ √ 5
d x = -5, x = 3 e x =± 2 - 4 f x=6± 5
3 a min (3, 5) b max (1, 3) c max (-1, -2)
d min (-2, -5) e min (-5, 10) f max (7, 2) x
O1 5
g max (3, 8) h min (3, -7)
4 a 6 b -2 c 7 d 9 (3, −4)
e -16 f -55 g 3 h 1
i -5 j -8 k 13 l -5 e y
5 a x = 5, x = 1 b x = -7, x = -1
√ 80
c x = 9, x = -3 d x = -2 ± 5
√ √
e x = 1 ± 10 f x=5± 3
g x=4 h x = -6
i no x-intercept j no x-intercept
√ √ (−8, 16)
k x=2± 5 l x = 3 ± 10 x
√ O
6 a x = -1, x = -5 b x =± 7 - 3
√ √ f y
c x = -4 ± 21 d x = -1 ± 7
√
e no x-intercept f x = 6 ± 41 51
7 a y
x
(−7, 2) O
x
O 4
(2, −4)
846
g y 8 a y
Answers
5
3
O x
(2, 1) −3 −1
x
O (−2, −1)
b y
h y
15 x
−1 O 3
(3, 6)
x
O −3
(1, −4)
i y c y
O 9
x
(5, −4)
−29
x
−3 O
d y
j y
16
O
(−4, −9)
x
7D
x
−25 O 4
e y
k (−9, 25) y
x
−2 O 4
x
−14 −4 O
−8
−56 (1, −9)
f y
l y
(2, 4)
x
−3 O 5
x −15
O 4 (1, −16)
847
g y d y
Answers
20
7
(4, 4)
x x
−7 −1 O O
e y
(−4, −9)
h y x
O
−2 − 2√2 −2 + 2√2
−4
5
(−2, −8)
x f y
−5 −1 O
(−3, −4)
i y
1 3 − √5 3 + √5
x 2 2
O x
−12 O
3,−5
2 4
g y
(−6, −36)
9 a y
−5 + √17 2
2
x
−5 − √17 O
2
1 5 , − 17
x −
2 4
−2 − √3 O −2 + √3
h y
(−2, −3)
b y
x
O x −1 O 2
−3 − √14 −3 + √14 −2 1
−5 ,−9
2 4
i y
(−3, −14)
c y 3, 3
− 3
2 4
x
6 O
(1, 5)
10 a 2 b 1 c 1 d 0 e 0
x f 2
O √
11 a x = -1 ± 6 b x = 3, 1 c x = 7, x = -1
√ √
d x = -2 ± 10 e x = -2 ± 11
848
√ ( )2
3± 5 5 33
f x= f y=- x+ +
2 2 4
Answers
12 a y = -(x - 12)2 + 7 5 33 y
− ,
2 4
y
(−2, 7)
−5 − √33 2 −5 + √33
3 2 2
x
−2 − √7 −2 + √7 O
x
O
b y = -(x - 1)2 + 3 13 a k > 0 b k=0 c k<0

y ( )2 ( )2
b b
14 x2 + bx + c = x2 + bx + - +c
(1, 3) 2 2
( )2
2 b b2 4c
= x+ - +
2 4 4
x ( )2 2 - 4c
O b b
1 − √3 1 + √3 = x+ -
2 4
15 a y = 4(x + 1)2 - 1
c y = -(x - 3)2 + 5
y
y
(3, 5)
x −1
O 3 − √5 3 + √5 −3 2
2
x
−4
(−1, −1)
O
7D
d y = -(x - 4)2 + 8
b y = 3(x - 2)2 - 2
y
(4, 8) y
10
4 + 2√2
4 − 2√2
x 2
2 + √3
O
x
O
(2, −2)
−8 2 −√ 23
( )2
3 11
e y=- x+ -
2 4
y
x
(− 32 , − 114) O
−5
849
( )2
c y = 2(x + 3)2 - 17 5 191
g y=6 x+ +
12 24
Answers
y
y
17
−3, −√ 2 17
−3 + √ 2
1
9
x
O
− 5 , 191
12 24
x
O
( )2
3 131
h y=5 x- +
(−3, −17) 10 20
( )2 y
1 25
d y=2 x+ -
4 8
y
7
(103 , 131
20 )
x x
−3 O 1 O
2
( )2
− 1 , − 25 6 36
4 8
i 5 x+ -
5 5
( )2 y
7 25
e y=2 x- -
4 8
y
3 x
− 12 O
5
x
O 1 3
2 − 6 , − 36
5 5
( )2
5 25
j y=7 x+ -
(74 , − 258) y
7 7
f y = 4(x - 1)2 + 16
y
− 10
7
x
O
20
(1, 16)
− 5 , − 25
7 7
x
O
850
( )2
3 35 7 a y
k y = -3 x + +
2 4
Answers
y x
− 3 , 35 O 0.55
2 4 − 4.55
−5
3 √105 3 √105 (−2, −13)

− − − +
2 6 2 6
2 b y
x
O
O 0.29
x
−2.29
−2
(−1, −5)
( )2
5 21 c y
l y = -4 x - +
4 4
y 5 21
4 4
O x
−0.65 1.15
−3
(0.25, −3.25)
d y
5 − √21 5 + √21
4 4
x
O
−1 x
−1.35 O 3.35
−9
Exercise 7E
1 a 2 intercepts b 0 intercepts c 1 intercept
√ e y
(1, −11) 7E
√ -1 ± 17
2 a -1 ± 2 b 2.5, -1 c
√ 4
-3 ± 15 x
d
3 −1.08 O 5.08
3 a zero b positive c negative
4 a 1 intercept b no intercepts c 2 intercepts −11
d 2 intercepts e no intercepts f 1 intercept
g 2 intercepts h 2 intercepts i 2 intercepts
(2, −19)
j 0 intercepts k 2 intercepts l 2 intercepts
5 a 3 b 5 c -2 d -4 e 8
f y
f -10 g 0 h 0 i -7
6 a (-1, 3) ( -5) )
b (-2, ( -1) )
c (2, x
3 1 7 1 −3.86 O 0.86
d (1, -5) e - ,6 f ,5
( ) ( 2 4) 2 4
3 1 3 9 −10
g - , -5 h ,- i (0, -9)
( 4 8
) ( 8 16
)
1 3 1 1 (−1.5, −16.75)
j , -2 k - , l (0, 2)
4 4 3 3 g y
(1, 11)
x
−0.91 O 2.91
851
h y b y
(−1, 9)
Answers
x
−3.12 O 1.12 1
x
O 1
3
i y
(1, 7)
c y
x
3 −
5 O
2
x
−0.32 O 2.32
j y
−25
(−0.25, 12.13) d y
12
x
O 5
3
x −25
−2.71 O 2.21
e y
k y
x
−
1, 1 O (2, −3)
3 3
x
−0.67 O −11
f y
x
l y O (2, −4)
(−1, 1)
O
x
−1.45 −0.55 −16
g y
−4
3
1, 2
8 a y −
2
x
O
9
h y
x −
2, 2 2
3 O 3 3
−
2 x
O
852
√
2 3
9 a x=1± 2 a h
√3
Answers
10 (10, 9)
b x = -1 ±
√ 2
10
c x=1±
√2
-3 ± 15 2.75
d x=
√2 d
6 O 22
e x=2±
√ 2
30 b 9m
f x=1±
5 c 22 m
10 y = (x + 1)2 - 6 = x2 + 2x - 5 3 a d
11 a anything with b2 - 4ac > 0
b anything with b2 - 4ac = 0
x
c anything with b2 - 4ac < 0 −9 O 9
-b
12 Number under square root = 0, therefore x =
2a
(one solution)
√
-b ± b2 - 4c
13 x =
2
b2
14 y = - +c
4a
( )
b c
15 x2 + x+ =0
a a −27
( )
b b2 b2 c
x2 + + 2 - 2 + =0 b 18 cm
a 4a 4a a
( ) c 27 cm
b 2 b2 c
x+ = 2 - 4 a (100, 20) b 0 and 200
2a 4a a
( )
b 2 b2 - 4ac c h
x+ =
b
2a √ 4a2
b2
- 4ac
(100, 20)
7F
x+ =±
2a 4a2
√
b b2 - 4ac
x+ =±
2a √ 2a x
-b ± b2 - 4ac O 200
x= as required
2a
d 200 m e 20 m
Exercise 7F 5 a 2 × length = 20 - 2x
1 a h length = 10 - x
(2, 20) b A = x(10 - x)
c 0 < x < 10
d y
(5, 25)
x
O 10
t
O 4 e 25 cm2
f 5 cm by 5 cm
b 20 m
c 4 seconds
853
6 a 100 - 2x b A = x(100 - 2x) c 0 < x < 50 11 a 1 m
Answers
d A b No, 1 metre is the minimum height the kite falls to.
12 P = x(64 - x) so maximum occurs at x = 32.
(25, 1250) Maximum product = 32(64 - 32) = 1024
13 a A = (20 - 2x)(10 - 2x) b min x = 0, max x = 5
c A
200
x
O 50
e 1250 m2 f width = 25 m, length = 50 m
7 a 20 - x
x
b P = x(20 - x) O 5
c P d Turning point occurs for an x value greater than 5.
e 1 cm
(10, 100) 14 a 6 m b No, the maximum height reached is 4.5 m.
15 a y
x x
0 20 O 100
d i x = 0 or 20 ii x = 10
e 100
8 a (20, 0)
b h
(50, −250)
x b i 2 ii none
O 20 40
c i (27.6, -200) and (72.4, -200)
−10
ii (1.0, -10) and (99.0, -10)
c 40 m d The highway meets the edge of the river (50 metres along).
d 10 m 1
√ 16 5 m
24
9 a 6 seconds
b h Exercise 7G
1 a one b zero, one or two
30 2 a (2, 12) b (-1, -3)
3 a y
t 5 y=x+2
O 4
√6
√
c 2 seconds 3
y = x2 − x − 1
10 a h 2
1
7 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
t
O1 7
b (-1, 1) and (3, 5)
c x2 - x - 1 = x - 2
x2 - 2x - 1 = 2
x2 - 2x - 3 = 0
(x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
(4, −9)
x - 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
b i 1 second ii 7 seconds iii 4 seconds
x = 3 or x = -1
c 9 m below sea level
When x = 3, y = 3 + 2 = 5
d at 3 and 5 seconds
When x = -1, y = -1 + 2 = 1
854
4 a x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 b x2 - 5x + 3 = 0 1 7
12 a x = -1, y = -2 and x = - , y = -
2 4
Answers
c x2 + 3x - 12 = 0
5 15
5 a b2 - 4ac < 0 b b2 - 4ac > 0 b x = , y = - and x = 2, y = -4
2 4
c b2 - 4ac = 0 c x = 1, y = 8 and x = 2, y = 7
6 a (-3, 6) and (2, 6) d x = -6, y =(-14 and) x = 2, y = 2
b (-2, 12) and (6, 12) 1 1
13 a (-1, 4) and ,5 b 212 m
c no solutions ( ) 2 2
1 14 a (3, -4)
d (-3, -2) and - , -2
2 b i c > -4 ii c = -4 iii c < -4
( )
3 15 a 1 + 4k
e - ,0
2 1 1 1
b i k>- ii k = - iii k < -
f no solutions 4 4 4
7 a x = 0, y = 0 and x = 3, y = 9 16 a Discriminant from resulting equation is less than 0.
b x = 0, y = 0 and x = -2, y = 4 b kÅ2
c x = -3, y = 9 and x = 6, y = 36 17 a m = 2 or m = -6
d x = 0, y = 5 and x = 3, y = 8 b The tangents are on different sides of the parabola, where
e x = -6, y = 34 and x = -2, y = 22 one has a positive gradient and the other has a negative
f x = -2, y = -3 and x = 3, y = 17 gradient.
g no solutions c m > 2 or m < -6
h no solutions
9 65 Progress quiz
i x = - , y = and x = -1, y = 8
2 2
5 25 1 a y
j x = - , y = - and x = 3, y = 1
3 3 5
k x = -3, y = 6
4
l x = -1, y = 2
3
8 a x = -4, y = 16 and x = 2, y = 4
2 (1, 2)
b x = -1, y = 1 and x = 2, y = 4
1
1 1
c x = -1, y = 1 and x = , y = x
3 9 (0, 0) 1 2
−2 −1−1
1 13
d x = -2, y = 7 and x = - , y =
2 4 b y
2 16
e x = -2, y = 0 and x = , y = 5
3 9
f x = -8, y = -55 and x = 2, y = 5 4
(0, 3)
9 a i no solutions 3
ii x = -0.7, y = 1.5 and x = 2.7, y = 8.5 2
iii x = -1.4, y = -2.1 and x = 0.4, y = 3.1 1
x
iv x = -2.6,√ y = 8.2 and x =√-0.4, y = 3.8 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
-1 ± 21 -1 ± 21
b i x= ,y = −2
√2 2
3± 5 √
ii x = ,y = 3 ± 5 c y
2√
-1 ± 13 √ 10
iii x = , y = 1 ± 13
2√ 9 (0, 9)
-1 ± 17 √ 8
iv x = , y = ± 17
2 7
10 a 2 b 0 c 2 d 0 6
e 1 f 2 5
11 Yes, the ball will hit the roof. This can be explained in a 4
number of ways. Using the discriminant, we can see that the 3
path of the ball intersects the equation of roof y = 10.6. 2
1 (3, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
855
d y b y = (x - 1)2 - 7
Answers
y
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 3
− −
−2 1 − √7 1 + √7 x
(−2, −1) −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−3
−3
−4
(0, −5)
−5 (0, −6) −6
−6
−9 (1, −7)
2 y= 3x2 +2 7
3 a y i x-intercepts ii y-intercept iii Turning point
a △ < 0; no x-intercepts (0, 5) (2, 1)
3
b △ > 0; two x-intercepts (0, -7) (-3, -16)
2
c △ = 0; one x-intercept (0, -16) (-4, 0)
1
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
x 8 y
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 6
−2 5 (0, 5)
(0, −3) 4
−3 3
−4 (1, −4) 2
−5 1
0.78 3.22 x
−1 O
b y −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
6 −3
(2, −3)
5 −4
4 (0, 4)
3 9 a A = x(44 - 2x) or A = 44x - 2x2
2 b A
(11, 242)
1 (2, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
4 a = 2, b = -4; y = (x + 2)(x - 4); Turning point

is at (1, -9). x
O 22
5 a Turning point is a maximum at (3, 8).
c 242 m2 ; 11 m by 22 m
b y-intercept is at (0, -10).
10 a x = 5, y = 25 and x = -3, y = 9
c x-intercepts at 5 and 1.
b x = 2, y = 3 and x = - 1, y = - 8
6 a y = (x - 2)2 - 1 3 9
y 11 0
5 Exercise 7H
4 2
1 a f(x) = 8x b f(x) = 9 - x2 c f(x) =
3 x
2 d f(x) = x(2x - 3) e f(x) = 2x + 1
1 f f(x) = (x - +14)2
x 2 a true b true c false d false e true
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 3 a yÅ0 b y>0 c y>9 d 0ÄyÄ1
(2, −1)
−2 e yÅ0
4 a function b function c function
d function e not a function f function
g not a function h function i not a function
1
5 a 4 b 10 c 28 d 5 e -2
2
f 3a + 4
856
6 a 0 b 2 c -4 d 230 e 0.176 c The y-axis is the axis of symmetry for the function.
Answers
f 2k3 - k2 + k 17 a i y
7 a f(0) = 0, f(2) = 8, f(-4) = -16, f(a) = 4a,
f(a + 1) = 4a + 4
(−1, 2) (1, 2)
b f(0) = 1, f(2) = -3, f(-4) = -15, f(a) = 1 - a2 ,
f(a + 1) = -a2 - 2a
x
1
c f(0) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(-4) = , f(a) = 2a , f(a + 1) = 2a+1 O
16
1 2
d f(0) = undefined, f(2) = 1, f(-4) = - f(a) = ,
2 a
2
f(a + 1) = ii y
(a + 1)
e f(0) = -12, f(2) = 0, f(-4) = -12, f(a) = a2 + 4a - 12, 4
f(a + 1) = a2 + 6a - 7
f f(0) = 9, f(2) = 25, f(-4) = 73, f(a) = 4a2 + 9, 2
f(a + 1) = 4a2 + 8a + 13
8 a all real x b all real x c all real x d all real x x
O
e all real x f all real x g all real x h x¢0 −2 2
9 a all real y b yÅ0 c yÅ0 d all real y −2
e y>0 f y>0 g yÄ2 h y¢0
10 a i 5 ii -2 iii 3 iv -15 v 5 iii y
vi -4
5 6 (1, 6)
b a = represents the x value of the point where the line
3
graphs intersect. 4
11 a i false ii false
b i false ii true 2
c i false ii false
12 4x + 2h - 3
13 a They all pass the vertical line test, as each x value has only −4 −2
O
2 4
x
7I
one y value.
−2
b vertical lines in the form x = a
c The y value of the vertex is the maximum or minimum value
−4
of the parabola and therefore is essential when finding the
range.
b iii
d i y Å -4 ii y Å -12 1 iii y Ä 1.125
4 c i yÅ0 ii 0 Ä y Ä 4 iii y Å -4
iv y Å 1 d i 8, 8, 2 ii 34, 18, -2
1
14 a x ¢ 1 b x ¢ - c x ¢ 1
2
15 a x Å 0 b x Å 2 c x Å -2 d x Ä 2 Exercise 7I
1
16 a f(a) = f(-a) = a2 + 2 1 y
a
b
2
y
6
x
−2 O 2
4
2 −2
x √ √
−4 −2 O 2 4 2 a x =± 5 b x =± 4 c x =± 3
√ √
d y = ± 11 e y = ± 57 f y =± 2
−2
857
3 a (0, 0) b r 12 y
√
Answers
4 a (0, 0) √ √b r = 3 c y =± 5
27 ±3 3 √10
d x =± = (1, 3)
2 2
e y
3 x
−√10 O √10
x
−3 O 3 (−1, −3)
−√10
−3 13 y
√
19 √6
5 a (0, 0) b r=5 c y =±
2
d x =± 3 e y −
2√6 √30
√5 5
x
5 −√6 O √6
2√6 − √30
x −√6 √5 5
−5 O 5
14 y
−5 √5
6 a r=6 b r=9
√ (2, 1)
c r = 12 d r= 5 x
√ √ √
e r = 14 f r = 20 = 2 5 −√5 O √5
7 a x2 + y2 = 4 b x2 + y2 = 49 (−1, −2)
c x2 + y2 = 10 000 d x2 + y2 = 2601 −√5
e x2 + y2 = 6 f x2 + y2 = 10 √
Chord length = 3 2 units
g x2 + y2 = 1.21 h x2 + y2 = 0.25 √
√ √ √ √ 15 a m = ± 3
8 a (1,
( √ 3), (1,)- (3) √ b ) (-1, 3), (-1, - 3) √ √
1 15 1 15 b m > 3 or m < - 3
c , , ,- √ √
2 2 2 2 c - 3<m< 3
(√ ) ( √ )
15 1 15 1 16 a D b A c E
d ,- , - ,- e (0, -2)
2 2 2 2 d C e F f B
f (2, 0), (-2, 0) √ √
17 a y = ± 16 - x2 = ±√ 42 - x2
9 a x-intercepts: ± 1, y-intercepts: ± 1 √ √
b x = ± 3 - y2 = ± ( 3)2 - y2
b x-intercepts: ± 4, y-intercepts: ± 4
√ √ 18 a Radius of graph is 2, so points are 2 units from (0, 0);
c x-intercepts: ± 3, y-intercepts: ± 3
√ √ i.e. < 2.
d x-intercepts: ± 11, y-intercepts: ± 11
√ b Radius of graph is 1, so points are 1 unit from (0, 0); i.e. -1
10 a r = 2 2 b r=2 c r=3
√ √ √ is the leftmost point, which is not as far as -2.
d r = 10 e r=2 3 f r=2 5
19 a i y
11 y
3 2
( 3
√2
, 3
√2 )
x
x −2 O 2
−3 O 3
− 3 ,− 3
√2 √2
−3
858
ii y ix y
Answers
5
2√3
x
−5 O 5
x
O
2√3
iii y
x −2√3
−1 O 1
√ √
b i y = 25 - x2 ii y = - 16 - x2
−1 √ √
iii x = 4 - y2 iv x = - 1 - y2
√ √
v y = 3 - x2 vi y = - 5 - x2
iv y √ √
vii x = 10 - y2 viii x = - 8 - y2
√
x ix y = - 18 - x2
O
−√10 √10
−√10 Exercise 7J
v y
1 a
4 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 1 1
4 2 1 2 4
x b y
−4 O 4
vi y 4
3 y = 2x
6
2
1
−6 O
x −2 −1 O 1 2
x
7J
2 a
x -2 -1 0 1 2
−6 y 1 1
9 3 1 3 9
vii y
b y
√7
10
8
6 y = 3x
x
O 4
−√7
2
x
−√7 −2 −1 O 1 2
viii y
3 a
x -2 -1 0 1 2
√5 x 1 1
y1 = 2 1 2 4
4 2
√5
x y2 = –2x -1 -1 -1 -2 -4
O 4 2
y3 = –2 x 1 1
4 2 1 2 4
−√5
859
b y 12 x = 2.322
y = 2−x y = 2x
Answers
13 a C b A c D d E e F
4
f B
3
2 14 Substitute (2, 5) into the equation y = 22 = 4 ¢ 5.
1 15 y = 1
x 16 It is the asymptote.
−2 −1 −1O 1 2 17 a y
−2
8
−3
y= −2x 6
−4
4
4 a a-2 =
1
¢ -a2 b False since 3-2 =
1
. 2
a2 32 x
c 5-3 , 3-2 , 2-1 d -9, -125, -
1 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
4 They are the same graph.
( )x ( )x ( )x
5 y 1 1 1
b i y= ii iii y =
c 3 5 10
(1, 5) c i y = 4-x ii y)= 7-x iii y = 11-x
( x
(1, 4) a 1 1
b d = a-1 , thus = (a-1 )x = a-x as required
a a
(1, 2) (or similar)
1
x Exercise 7K
O
1 a
x -2 -1 -1 1
1 2
6 y 2 2
y -1 -1 -2 2 1
1
2 2
O x
−1 b y
(1, −2)
2
(1, −3) a
1
c x
(1, −5)
b −2 −1−1O 1 2
7 y −2
b c
a
(1, 12 ) 2 a
x -3 -1 -1 1
1 3
1 (1, )
1
3
y -1 -3
3
-9
3
9 3 1
x
O
b y
(1, 16 )
9
( ) 6
1 3
8 a i (0, 1) ii -1, iii (0, 1)
3 x
iv (2, 9) ( ) −3 −2 −1−3O 1 2 3
1
b i (4, -16) ii -1, - iii (0, -1) −6
2
−9
( -4))
iv (2, ( )
1 1
c i 1, ii (-3, 64) iii (0, 1) iv 1,
4 4
9 a (2, 4) b (2, 9) c (1, -4) d (-3, 8)

10 a 1000
b i 2000 ii 8000
c i 2 years ii 4 years
11 a N = 2t b N = 210 = 1024 c 14 seconds
860
3 a d y
x -4 -2 -1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 4
Answers
2 4 4 2
y 1 1 2 4 8 -8 -4 -2 -1 - 1
2 2 (1, 4)
b y
x
O
8
6 (−1, −4)
4
2
x e y
−4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4
−4 (−1, 1)
−6
x
−8 O
(1, −1)
4 a 1 ÷ 0.1, 1 ÷ 0.01, 1 ÷ 0.001, 1 ÷ 0.00001

1
f y
b x=
100
c 0.099
d 998
5 a y (−1, 2)
x
O
(1, 1)
(1, −2)
x
O
(−1, −1)
g y
b y
7K
(−1, 3)
(1, 2) x
O
x (1, −3)
O
(−1, −2)
h y
c y
(−1, 4)
x
(1, 3) O
(1, −4)
x
O
(−1, −3) ( )
1
6 a (2, 1) b 4,
( 2 )
1
c (-1, -2) d -6, -
( ) ( )3
1 5
7 a 10, - b -4,
( 2
) ( 4 )
5 5
c -7, d 9, -
7 9
861
( )
3 c Increasing distance from home, positive constant gradient,
8 a (1, 3) b (3, 1) c - , -2
( ) 2
Answers
higher constant speed.
1
d - , -6 d Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
2
9 a yes b yes c no d no increasing speed, accelerating.
( ) ( ) e Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
1 1
10 a ,2 b ,6
2 decreasing speed, decelerating.
(6 )
1 f Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
c (-1, -1) d - , -10
( 10 ) ( ) decreasing speed, decelerating.
1 1 g Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
e (1, 1), (-1, -1) f - , -2 , ,2
( )( ) 2 2 increasing speed, accelerating.
1 √ 1 √
g √ , 2 -√ , - 2 4 a i p = 4q ii p = 60 iii q = 25
2 2
( ) ( ) b i p = 50q ii p = 750 iii q = 4
√ √ 72
h √1 , 5 , -√1 , - 5 5 a i k = 72, y = ii y = 2 iii x = 24
5 5 x
( ) ( )
2 1 50
11 a , -3 b - ,4 b i k = 50, y = ii y = 0.5 iii x = 0.5
x
(3 ) ( 2 ) 6 a Positive variable rate of change, increasing speed,
1 1
c 4, - d -6, accelerating.
2 ( 3) ( )
1 1 b Positive constant rate of change, constant speed.
e (1, -2), (-1, 2) f , -4 , - , 4
c Positive varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
√2 √ √2 √
g (2, -1), (-2, 1) h ( 2, - 2), (- 2, 2) decelerating.
12 a E b C c D d Zero rate of change, stationary.
d B e A f F e Negative varying rate of change, increasing speed,
13 Yes, x = 0 or y = 0. accelerating.
14 a zero b zero c infinity d infinity f Negative constant rate of change, constant speed.
15 Greater the coefficient, the closer the graph is to the g Negative varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
asymptote. √ √ decelerating.
1± 5 -1 ± 5 7 a y is increasing at an increasing rate.
16 a i x = ,y =
2√ 2√ b y is increasing at a decreasing rate.
ii x = 1 ± 2, y = -1 ± 2
√ √ c y is decreasing at an increasing rate.
iii x = -1 ± 2, y = 1 ± 2
d y is decreasing at a decreasing rate.
b No intersection, D < 0.
8 a k = $244/tonne b P = 244n c $33184
c y = -x + 2, y = -x - 2
d 1175 tonnes
74
9 a C= b $4.93 c $2.47
Exercise 7L s
10 a y (km/h)
1 a direct proportion
y=x (100, 100)
b indirect proportion 100
c indirect proportion
d direct proportion 80
e neither
60
f indirect proportion
2 a Straight line with y-intercept; neither direct nor inverse
40
(indirect) proportion.
b Straight line starting at (0, 0); direct proportion.
20
c Upward sloping curve so as x increases, y increases; nei-
ther direct nor inverse (indirect) proportion. x (km)
d Hyperbola shape so as x increases, y decreases; inverse 0 20 40 60 80 100
(indirect) proportion.
3 a Fixed distance from home, zero gradient, stationary.
b Decreasing distance from home, negative constant
gradient, lower constant speed.
862
b b P
320
200 y=
Answers
x
(2, 160)
150
Cost per person
100 t
c P
50
(8, 40)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of people
c y (lbs) t
d P
(100, 220)
200 y = 2.2x
150
t
100 13 a
50
Depth
x (kg)
0
20 40 60 80 100
d 800
y= x Time
80 (10, 80) b
7L
60
Time (min)
Depth
40
20
(80, 10) Time
c
0 20 40 60 80
Words/min
Depth
11 a decreasing at a decreasing rate

b increasing at an increasing rate
c increasing at a decreasing rate
d decreasing at an increasing rate Time
e decreasing at a constant rate d
f increasing at a constant rate
12 a P
Depth
Time
863
e Continuous motion means that no breaks in the curve are
Answers
possible.
Depth Final deceleration segment needs a curve becoming
flatter, showing a decreasing gradient.
15 A & d: School bus; distance increases at an increasing rate
(acceleration), then a constant rate (steady speed) and then a
Time decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate (stopped).
f B & a: Soccer player; distance increases at a constant rate
(steady speed), then a zero rate (stopped) and then at an
increasing rate (acceleration).
Depth
C & c: Motor bike; distance increases at a constant rate

(steady speed), then at an increasing rate (acceleration), and
then at a decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate
(stopped).
Time
D & b: Rocket booster; distance increases at an increasing
14 Corrected graphs are shown with a dashed line.
rate (upward acceleration), then a decreasing rate
a
(deceleration when detached) becoming zero (fleetingly
stopped). Distance then decreases at an increasing rate
Distance
(acceleration towards Earth) and finally distance decreases at

a constant rate (steady fall to Earth with parachute).
16 Various solutions; check with your teacher.
Time Exercise 7M
Vertical line incorrect. Can’t change distance
instantaneously. 1 a up b down c right d left
b e right f left g up h down
i right j left k down l up
2 a y
Distance
3 x
O
−1
(3, −1)
Time
Graph correct.
c b y
(−2, 3)
Distance
x
−2 O
Time
Can’t be in two places simultaneously. Curve must
c y
increase in gradient, turn, decrease in gradient. 2√6 − 3
x
d −3 O 5
(1, −3)
Distance
−2√6 − 3
Time
864
d y i y
Answers
6
(−3, 1)
(−3, 2) x
x
O −5 −1 O
−2
√21 − 3
−√21 − 3
e y 3 a y
1 + √5
(−2, 1) 2√2 − 2
x
O
x −1
O
−2 y = −2
−2√2 − 2 1 − √5
f y b y
10
2
y=1
1
4 x
O
x
−2√5 O 2√5
−2
g y c y
2√2
7M
x x
−4 −1 O 2 O
−2√2 −4
y = −5
h y
5 + 2√15 d y
2 − √39 (2, 5) 2 + √39 1

x 2
O
x
5 − 2√15 O y=0
865
e y 4 a y
Answers
2 y=2
x
O y=0 x
−1 O
2
f y
x=0
2 b y
x
O y=0
1
x
O
g y −1 y = −1
3 x=0
2
y=1
1 c x = −3 y
x
O
1
3
h y x
O y=0
1
x
O
d y
−3 y = −3
i y
O x
2 y=0
−1
2
x
O
−378
y = −4
x=2
4
866
e y i y
Answers
6
29 y=6
2 5
1 y=1
x
−2−1 O
x
O 29 5
6
x = −1
f y x=5
5 a y
y=1
4
3 x
x O
O
y = −3
−4
b y
x=1
g y x=3
x
O
−3
2
−4 y = −3
5 y=2
3
O 5 3
x
7M
2
c y
y=0
x
O
h x = −4 y
−8
3
−4 d y
x
− 4 −3 O
y = −1 y=0
O x
−1
4
867
1
e y 7 a y= -1
x-2
Answers
1
b y= +3
x x+1
O
1 3
y = −1 c y= +
( x - √ 2 √ ) (
1 √ √ )
−3 -3 - 5 1 - 5 -3 + 5 1 + 5
8 a , , ,
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
b ( 5, 3 + 5), (- 5, 3 - 5)
( √ ) ( √ )
f y -1 - 11 √ -1 + 11 √
c , 11 , , - 11
2 2
5 y=5 ( )
3 6
d (1, 2), - , -
5 5
e (-6, 3), (-2, -1)
1 f (3, 0), (-3, -2)
x
O 9 a max x = 5, min x = 1 b max y = 0, min y = -4
10 a (x - 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 8 b (x + 2)2 + y2 = 25
1
c (x + 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 18 d y = +1
6 a x = −1 y x-1
1 -1
e y= -1 f y=
x+2 x+3
1
11 a Solving = -x would require x2 = -1, which is not
x
possible.
2 y=2 b Circle has centre (1, -2) and radius 2, so maximum
1 y value on the circle is 0, which is less than 1.
O x c Exponential graph rises more quickly than the straight line
−1 −1 and this line sits below the curve.
2
2 1
d Solving -1 = gives a quadaratic with △ < 0, thus
x+3 3x
no points of intersection.
b x = −2 y
12 a i (x + 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 4, C(-2, 1), r = 2
ii (x + 4)2 + (y + 5)2 = 36, C(-4, -5), r = 6
iii (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 16, C(3, 2), r = 4
√
iv (x - 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 15, C(1, -3), r = 15
√
v (x + 5)2 + (y + 4)2 = 24, C(-5, -4), r = 2 6
−4 √
x vi (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 18, C(-3, -3), r = 3 2
−2 O y = −1 ( )2 ( ) √
−1 3 29 3 29
vii x + + (y - 3)2 = , C - , 3 , r =
−2 2 4 2 2
( )2 ( )
5 49 5 7
viii x + + (y - 2)2 = , C - , 2 , r =
2 4 2 2√
( )2 ( )2 ( )
c y 1 3 3 1 3 3
ix x - + y+ = ,C ,- ,r =
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )2 ( )2 ( )
3 5 25 3 5 5
x x- + y- = ,C , ,r = √
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2
O 2 3 b (x + 2) + (y - 3) = -2; radius can’t be negative.
−4
3
y = −2 Problems and challenges
2
2 1 3 1
1 a - ÄxÄ b x > - or x <
3√ 2 √ 4 3
x=3 7 - 41 7 + 41
c <x<
2 2
868
2 (x - 2)2 + (y - 3)2 Ä 16 2 a minimum at (2, 0) b maximum at (0, 5)
Answers
y c maximum at (-1, -2) d minimum at (3, 4)
3 a y
3 + 2√3
(2, 3)
2 − √7
x
O
2 + √7 x
3 − 2√3 −2 O 2
−4
3 a b2 - 4ac < 0 b b2 - 4ac = 0 c b2 - 4ac > 0
4 (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = -15 + 9 + 4 = -2, which is b y
impossible.
16
1 1 1
5 a k= b k< c k>
3 √ 3
√ 3
6 a k = ± 20 = ± 2 5
√ √
b k > 2 5 or k < -2 5
√ √ x
c -2 5 < k < 2 5 −4 O
7 a y = -(x + 1)(x - 3)
3
b y = (x + 2)2 - 3
c y
4
c y = x2 - 2x - 3
( )
3 73
8 a = 2, b = -3, c = -8; TP , -
4 8
9 20
√ x
10 4 3 −2 O 4
11 y
(0, 8) −8
(1, −9)
y5 = 8x − 8
4 a i maximum at (1, -3) ii -4
iii no x-intercepts
iv y
x
O (1, 0)
x
O
(1, −3)
−4
y5 = 8 − 8x
(0, −8)
b i minimum at (-3, -8) ii 10

iii -1 and -5
Multiple-choice questions iv y
1 B 2D 3E 4D 5A 10
6A 7 C 8D 9A 10 D
11 E 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 E
16 A 17 C
x
Short-answer questions −5 −1 O
1 a minimum at (1, -4) b x=1
c -1 and 3 d -3
(−3, −8)
869
5 a y c Only x = 1, All real y.
Answers
d All real x except x = 0, All real y except y = 0.
e All real x, y > -3.
f All real x, y > 0.
1 13 a y
x
O
5
2 − √3 2 + √3
(2, −3)
b y x
−5 O 5
x −5
O −3 + √17
−3 − √17 2 2
2 b y
− 3 , − 17
2 4
6 a 1 b 0 c 2 d 0 √7
7 a i 5 ii (2, -3) iii 0.8 and 3.2
iv y x
−√7 O √7
−√7
5
14 y
0.8 x
O 3.2
(2, −3)
( )
3
( 3
,
√5 √5
6
)
3 25
b i 4 ii , iii -1 and 4
2 4 x
iv y −3 O 3
3 , 25
2 4
− 3 ,− 6
4 √5 √5 −3
x
−1 O 4 15 a y
(1, 4)
8 a 100 - x b A = x(100 - x) c 0 < x < 100

d A 1
(50, 2500) x
O
b y
x x
O 100 O
e 2500 m2 f 50 m by 50 m −1
9 a x = 2, y = 10 and x = -6, y = 10
(1, −3)
b no solutions
1 10
c x = , y = and x = -1, y = 2
3 9
10 Show b2 - 4ac = 0.
11 a 9 b 24 c 3 d 2k2 - k + 3
12 a All real x, All real y.
b All real x, only y = 4.
870
c y c y
Answers
5
1 (1, 15 ) −
3
x x
O O
−2
16 a y −2.5
y = −3
−3
(1, 2) x = −2
x
O Extended-response questions
(−1, −2) 1 a (200, 30) b 0 Ä x Ä 400
c 30 Ä h Ä 80
d h
b y
(400, 80)
80
(−1, 3)
(200, 30) x
O 400
x e 400 m f 30 m
O
g 80 m
2 a 450 g
(1, −3) b i 150 g ii 5.6 g
( )
c after 2 years 8A
4 √ √ √ √ d A
17 a ,3 b ( 2, 2 2) and (- 2, -2 2)
3 450
720
18 a y = 5x b i k = 72 ii 18 iii
7
19 a y
t
O
2 + √3
(−1, 2) e 9.8 years

x
−1 O 2 − √3
Chapter 8
Exercise 8A
b y
1 a 2 b {H, T} c yes
1 1
d e f 1
2 2
3.5 2 a
1
b
1
c
1
y=3 4 6 4
3 2
d e f 0
8 3
x 1 2 5 3
O 3 a b c d
7 7 7 7
871
3 2 3 1 c d
4 a b c d
10 5 5 2 A B A B
Answers
1 1 1 1
5 a b c d
10 2 2 2
2 1 3 1
e f g h
5 5 10 10
6 a 0.09 b 0.43 c 0.47 d 0.91 e f
A B A B
7 a 0.62 b 0.03 c 0.97 d 0.38
1 3 49
8 a b c
50 10 50
1 3 1
9 a b c
2 8 4 g h
5 A B A B
d e 1 f 0
24
6 1 21
10 a b c
25 50 25
2 2 4
d e f i
5 25 25 A B
7 1 1 1
11 a i ii iii iv 0 v
10 5 20 20
1
b
10
12 a 59 2 a ∅ b AÈB c AÉB
41
b 4, as of 10 is closest to 4. d ∅ e EÈF f WÉZ
100
41 g AÉBÉC h AÈBÈC
c 8, as of 20 is closest to 8.
100 3 a no b yes c no
1 1 1 1 4 a A B
13 a b c d
4 13 52 2
2 4 12 9 4 3 3
e f g h
13 13 13 13
7 0
14 a
15
b 15; any multiple of 15 is a possibility as 3 and 5 must be b i A È B = {2, 5, 8}
factors. ii A É B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
15 a 625π 7 3
c i ii iii 1
b i 25π ii 200π iii 400π 10 10
1 8 16 9 d No, since A È B ¢ φ .
c i ii iii iv
25 25 25 25 5 a A B
24 17 17
v vi vii 1 viii
25 25 25 3 2 5
d No it doesn’t.
0
Exercise 8B
b i A È B = {2, 13}
1 a
A B ii A É B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
1 7 1
c i ii iii iv 1
2 10 5
6 a
F N
b 25 10 10
A B
5
b i 25 ii 5
2 1 1
c i ii iii
5 5 5
872
7 a 15 A B
F B
Answers
25 10 5
5 A ∩ B′ A ∩ B A′ ∩ B
b i 25 ii 5
7 2 8 2 1
c i ii iii iv v A′ ∩ B ′ (A ∪ B)′
9 9 9 9 9
8 a 16 a
A AÌ M E
B 2 6 8
w c n s v
BÌ 5 3 8
7 9 16 m
b i 2 ii 6 iii 5 iv 3 1 2 1 2 1
b i ii iii iv v
v 7 vi 8 vii 13 viii 16 3 3 6 3 3
1 9 5 17 a L
c i ii iii
8 16 16 5
9 a
A B S 1 1 I
2
1 4 2 2 2 1
3 1
b b 1
A AÌ 3 1 13 1
c i ii iii iv
B 4 2 6 5 3 15 15
BÌ 1 3 4 18 a L
5 5 10 L = Own State
18 − 2x
c i 2 ii 3 iii
2
iv
7 S = Interstate
S 2x I
5 10 2 2 I = Overseas
10 a 4
11 a
b 10, 12
C D
c a, c, e d nothing
3
7 x y 8C
C b i 4 ii 10
O P M T 5 1 7 35 25
N c i ii iii iv v
L E E Y 19 19 38 38 38
M
R
A Exercise 8C
1 a i {4, 5, 6} ii {2, 4, 6} iii {2, 4, 5, 6} iv {4, 6}
9 6 10 4 3 b No, A È B ¢ φ.
b i ii iii iv v
13 13 13 13 13 2
12 a c
3
A AÌ
2 a 0.8 b 0.8 c 0.7 d 1
B 3 3 6
3 0.05
BÌ 4 1 5
4 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
7 4 11 1 3 1
b i ii iii
b 4 4 52
A AÌ 4
B 2 7 9 c
13
BÌ 2 1 3 3
d
4 8 12 52
13 3 5 a i {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 } ii {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 }
14 a 1 - a b a+b c 0 1 13
b i ii
20 20
7
c
20
873
1 5 7 a
6 a b
8 24 V P
Answers
7 a 0.1 b 0.2
8 a 0.3 b 0.1 3 2 6
3 5 4
9 a b
8 32
2 1
4 4 7 7 b 4 c d
10 a b c d 5 4
13 13 13 13 8 a
49 10 10 25 A C
e f g h
52 13 13 26
11 a 0.4 b 0.45 14 6 9
12 Because Pr(A È B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events. 1
13 a Pr(A) < Pr(A È B) b Pr(A) + Pr(B) < Pr(A É B)
A AÌ
14 Pr(A É B É C) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) + Pr(C)-
B 6 9 15
Pr(A È B) - Pr(A È C) - Pr(B È C) + Pr(A È B È C)
BÌ 14 1 15
3 1 3
15 a b c 20 10 30
10 4 20
13 9 3 3 7
d e f b i ii
20 20 5 10 15
1 71 33 2
16 a b c c
4 500 500 5
7 1 7 3
d e f d
100 25 500 10
9 a
A AÌ
Exercise 8D B 2 2 4
1 a i 2 ii 9 BÌ 3 1 4
2 5 3 8
b
9
2 1
2 a i 7 ii 10 i 1 ii iii
7 7 5 2
b c b
10 12 A AÌ
1 1 B 3 13 16
3 a b
3 2 BÌ 5 6 11
9 3 3 1 8 19 27
4 a i ii iii iv
13 13 7 3
3 3
14 4 4 2 i 6 ii iii
b i ii iii iv 8 16
17 17 7 7
1 1 1 1
3 5 5 5 10 a b c d
c i ii iii iv 13 13 4 2
4 8 7 6
1 1
7 1 1 2 11 a b
d i ii iii iv 3 2
16 8 4 7 12 Pr(A|B) = Pr(B|A) = 0 as Pr(A È B) = 0
7 1 1 2 1
5 a i ii iii iv 13 a 1 b
18 9 5 7 5
4 1 1 1 14 a Pr(A È B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B|A) b 0.18
b i ii iii iv
9 9 5 4 174 81
15 a 329 b c
8 7 7 7 329 329
c i ii iii iv
17 17 10 8 24 31 18
d e f
3 1 2 1 155 231 31
d i ii iii iv
4 4 3 3
6 a Progress quiz
A AÌ
B 9 6 15 1 1 1 2 3
1 a b c d e
BÌ 4 1 5 10 10 20 5 5
13 7 20 2 a 0.17 b 0.29 c 0.33 d 0.67
1 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 12
b c d 3 a b c d e f
5 5 13 13 26 52 13 13 13
874
4 a 3 a
Like tennis Dislike tennis Total 1st roll
Answers
Like squash 3 17 20 1 2 3 4
Dislike squash 29 1 30 1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1)
Total 32 18 50 2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2)
2nd roll
3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3)
tennis squash
4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4)
b 16
1
c
29 3 17 16
1 5 13
d i ii iii
4 8 16
1 4 a
1st toss
b 29 H T
1
c H (H, H) (T, H)
50 2nd toss
T (H, T) (T, T)
7
5 a 7 b 20 c 5 d b 4
33
1
13 28 c
e f 4
33 33
6 a 0.83 b 0.17 1 3
d i ii
1 1 1 1 2 4
7 a b c d e 250
2 6 4 3
8 a 5 a
1st
Like soft drink A Dislike soft drink AÌ Total S E T
Like water B 15 5 20 S X (E, S) (T, S)
Dislike water BÌ 20 0 20 2nd E (S, E) X (T, E)
Total 35 5 40 T (S, T) (E, T) X
1
b 1 2 2 1
4 b i
6
v 1
ii
3
iii
3
iv
3 8E
Exercise 8E 6 a
1st
1 a i
1st L E V E L
D O G L X (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) (L, L)
D (D, D) (O, D) (G, D) E (L, E) X (V, E) (E, E) (L, E)
2nd O (D, O) (O, O) (G, O) 2nd V (L, V) (E, V) X (E, V) (L, V)
G (D, G) (O, G) (G, G) E (L, E) (E, E) (V, E) X (L, E)
L (L, L) (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) X
ii
1st
b 20
D O G
c i 8 ii 12 iii 12
D X (O, D) (G, D) 2 3 3
2nd O (D, O) X (G, O) d i ii iii
5 5 5
G (D, G) (O, G) X 1
e
b i 9 ii 6 5
1 5 4 8 2
c i ii iii iv v
3 9 9 9 9
2 1 1
d i 0 ii iii iv 1 v
3 3 3
2 a 9 b 6
875
7 a Exercise 8F
Die 1
Answers
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 a i ii
5 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 b i ii
5 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 3
Die 2 c i ii
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 a 3 3 ×3= 9
8 M M, M 8 8 64
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 M
8 3 5 15
b 36 5 F M, F × =
8 8 64
8
c i 2 ii 6 iii 15
3
1 1 35 1 5 × 3 = 15
d i ii iii iv 5
8 M F, M 8 8 64
6 6 36 12 8 F
1 5 F, F 5 × 5 = 25
e . Her guess is wrong. F 8 8 64
6 8
8 a b 2 3 2 3
1st 7 M M, M ×
8 7
= 28
O L D 3 M
3 5
C (O, C) (L,C) (D, C) 8 5 F M, F ×
8 7
= 15
56
7
O (O, O) (L, O) (D,O)
3 5 3
L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L) 5 7 M F, M ×
8 7
= 15
56
2nd L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L) 8 F
E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E) 4 5 4 5
7
F F, F ×
8 7
= 14
G (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)
E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E) 1 3
3 a b
4 4
1
b 21 c c Box Counter Outcome Probability
7
9 a i 100 ii 90 1 1 1 1
4 yellow (A, yellow) × =
2 4 8
1 1 4
b i ii iii 1 A
10 10 5 2 1 3 3
3 orange (A, orange) × =
2 4 8
19 4
c
100 3
1 3 3
1 5 1 4 yellow (B, yellow) × =
2 4 8
10 a i ii 2
4 8 B
1 1 1 1
2 1 2
4
orange (B, orange) × =
2 4 8
b i ii iii
5 10 3
11 a without b with c with d without 3 1
d e
12 a 30 8 2
1 1 2 4
b i ii iii iv
15 15 15 15
1
c
18
13 a
1st
2.5 5 10 20
2.5 5 7.5 12.5 22.5
5 7.5 10 15 25
2nd
10 12.5 15 20 30
20 22.5 25 30 40
b 16
c i 1 ii 8 iii 8
1 1 1 3
d i ii iii iv
16 8 4 16
7
e
16
876
4 a 1st toss 2nd toss Outcome 7 a Outcome Probability
Answers
1 3 3
1 1 (1, 1) 3 white (Falcon, white) × =
2 4 8
4
4 1
1 Falcon
4 2 (1, 2) 1 1 1
2 1 silver (Falcon, silver) × =
1 4 2 4 8
1
3 (1, 3)
2
1 4 1 2 1
1 3 white (Commodore,white) × =
4 4 (1, 4) 2
2 3 3
1 Commodore
4 1 1 (2, 1) 1 1 1 1
red (Commodore, red) × =
2 3 6
4 1 3
1
4 2 (2, 2) 3 1 17
2 b i ii iii
4
1
3 (2, 3) 8 6 24
1 4 7 5 1
4 4 (2, 4) iv v vi
24 6 3
1 1 (3, 1)
4 1
8 a Outcome
4 1 R (R, R)
1 2 (3, 2)
4
3 2
1 3 (3, 3) R
1
1 4 2
1 4 4 (3, 4)
1 W (R, W)
4 2
1 1 (4, 1) 1
4 1 2 R (W, R)
1
4 2 (4, 2) 2
4 W
3 (4, 3) 1
1
2
W (W, W)
1 4
4 4 (4, 4) 1 1 3 3
b 16 i ii iii iv
4 2 4 4
1 1
c i ii b Outcome Probability
16 4 1 R (R, R) 1 1 1
× =
1 1 5 3 2 3 6
d i ii iii
16 4 8 1 R
2 2 W (R, W) 1 2 1
5 a Outcome Probabilities 3
× =
2 3 3
3 R 2 3 2
2 R
5 (R, R) × =
3 5 5
1
2 W
2
3 R (W, R) 1 2 1
× =
2 3 3 8F
3 2 2 4
2 W (R, W) × =
3 5 15 1 1 1 1
5
3
W (W, W) × =
2 3 6
4
1 4 4 1 2 5 5
1 5 R (W, R) × =
3 5 15 i ii iii iv
3 W 6 3 6 6
1 1 1 1 1 4
5
W (W, W) × =
3 5 15
9 a i ii
5 5
4 2 8 b Outcome Probability
b i ii iii
15 5 15 1 U (U, U) 1 1 1
× =
9 5 9 45
2 4 4
c i ii iii 1 U
9 9 9 5 1 8 8
8 N (U, N) × =
6 a Outcome Probabilities 9 5 9 45
1 M 3 1 1 2
3 (M, M) × =
7 3 7 U (N, U)
4 2 8
× =
4 9 5 9 45
3 M 5 N
7 3 2 2
2 F (M, F) × = 7 4 7 28
3 7 3 7
9
N (N, N) × =
5 9 45
1
4 1 2 1 16 44
4 2 M (F, M) × =
7 2 7 i ii iii
7 F 45 45 45
4 1 2
c 62.2%
1
2
F (F, F) × =
7 2 7 10 a i 0.17 ii 0.11 iii 0.83
1 2 4 3 b i 0.1445 ii 0.0965 iii 0.8555
i ii iii iv 3 4
7 7 7 7 11 a b
9 16 24 25 7 7
b i ii iii iv
49 49 49 49
877
12 a Outcome Probability
3 1
b i ii
8 2
Answers
1 0 R (R, R, R) 0 c not independent
4 R 1
1 B (R, R, B) 10
5 a
R 1
R (R, B, R)
1 A B
2 3 10
5 3 B 1
4 2 B (R, B, B) 5
3 2 2 1
1 1
1 R (B, R, R)
3 2 R
3 10 1
1
5 2 B (B, R, B) 5
B 3 2 2 2
3 R (B, B, R)
1 b i ii
5 3 3
1 B 1
2 1 B (B, B, B) 10
c independent
3
3 1
6 a i , ii not independent
1 3 9 9 4 2
i ii iii 0 iv v
10 10 10 10 1 1
b i , ii independent
2 4 4
b i 1 ii
5 1 1
c i , ii independent
13 a Outcome Probability 3 3
1 1 1 1 2
4 P (A, P) × =
3 4 12 d i ,0 ii not independent
A 7
3 1 3 1 1 1
G (A, G) × =
3 4 4 7 a Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , independent
1 4 2 2
3 1 1 1 1
1 P (B, P) × = 3 1
2 3 2 6 b Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , not independent
3 10 4
B
1 1 1 1 5 3
G (B, G) × =
3 2 6 c Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , not independent
2 12 20
1
3 3 1 3 1
P (C, P) × = 1 1
4 3 4 4 d Pr(A) = , Pr(A | B) = , independent
C 9 9
1 1 1 1 8 a
G (C, G) × =
3 4 12 T G
4
b 6
1 1 1 7 8 2
c i ii iii
12 6 4
1
d T TÌ
2
7 1 G 8 2 10
14 a i ii
8 8 GÌ 7 0 7
b $87.50 to player A, $12.50 to player B 15 2 17
c i A $68.75, B $31.25 ii A $50, B $50 15 7 4
i ii iii
iii A $81.25, B $18.75 iv A $34.38, B $65.62 17 17 5
b no
1 31 31
Exercise 8G 9 a b c
32 32 32
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 a i ii 10 a b c d
2 2 216 216 72 36
b yes
2
1 11 False; Pr(A | B) = 0 but Pr(A) = .
c 9
2 12 a 6 b 22 c 49 d 2
3 1
2 a i ii 13 a 0.24 b 0.76
10 3 5
b no 14
6
c no
3 a with b without Problems and challenges
4 a
A B 1 a 0.16 b 0.192 c 0.144
2 0.593 75
1 2 2 7 4
3 a b 1 c
3 8 7
1 1 3 2
4 a b c d
12 2 4 3
878
63 10 a
5
64 1st
Answers
1 H A P P Y
6
13 983 816 H (H, H) (A, H) (P, H) (P, H) (Y, H)
3 2nd E (H, E) (A, E) (P, E) (P, E) (Y, E)
7
5 Y (H, Y) (A, Y) (P, Y) (P, Y) (Y, Y)
1
8
12 b 15
9 true 1 2 13
c i ii iii
8 15 15 15
10
9 11 a 1st 2nd Total
1 1 2
Multiple-choice questions 4 1
4 2 3
1 A 2B 3C 4E 5A 1
1
3 4
6B 7 D 8C 9A 10E
1 4
4 4 5
1
Short-answer questions 4 1 1 3
4 1
1 a
1
b
1
c
3
d
5
e
1 1
4 2 4
2
8 4 8 8 2 4
1
3 5
5 1 5 1 4
2 a b c
8 2 8 4 4 6
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
3 a i ii iii iv v 4 1
5 4 5 10 20 4
1 2 5
3 17 4
3
b i ii
1 3 6
5 20 1 4
4 a 1 4 4 7
C H 4
1 1 5
4 1
12 6 5
4 2 6
13 4
1
3 7
1 4
b 4 4 8
C CÌ
1 1
H 6 5 11 b i ii iii 0 iv 1
16 4
HÌ 12 13 25 12 1 F
18 18 36 4
2 F
c 13 5
1 5 1
3 M
d i ii iii 4
6 36 2
1
5 a 6 b
6 3 2 F
13 5 M
6 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1 1
3 1 2
M
b i ii
4 52 2 3 3 3 7
4 a b c d e
c 5 4 10 5 10
13 13 a 0.12 b 0.58
10
d
13 Extended-response questions
7 a 0.1 b 0.5
2 1 7 1
8 a b 1 a 3 b i ii
5 5 15 15
c
4 5 1 R RÌ
9 a i ii iii
11 11 5
S 3 1 4
b No, Pr(A | B) ¢ Pr(A).
1 1 1 SÌ 3 8 11
c i ii iii
2 4 2 6 9 15
d Yes, Pr(A|B) = Pr(A). 1 3
d i ii
2 4
879
2 a 8 Check with your teacher.
1st
Answers
9 a small survey, misinterpreted their data
R S W
b Survey more companies and make it Australia-wide.
R (R, R) (S, R) (W, R)
c No, data suggest that profits had reduced, not necessarily
2nd S (R, S) (S, S) (W, S)
that they were not making a profit. Also, sample size is too
W (R, W) (S, W) (W, W)
small.
1 1 5 4
b i ii iii iv 10 a graph A b graph B
9 3 9 9
c The scale on graph A starts at 23, whereas on graph B
c 4
5 it starts at 5.
d
9 d Graph A because the scale expands the difference in
e Outcome
column heights.
1 R (R, R)
6 1 11 For example, showing only part of the scale, using different
3 column widths, including erroneous data values.
R S (R, S)
1 12–14 Research required.
2 2 W (R, W)
7
1 R (S, R) Exercise 9B
2 3 1
7 6 1 a 10 b 1.4 c 1 d 1 e 90%
S S (S, S)
1 2 a
2 W (S, W) Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
3 1
7
R (W, R) 0– 2 20
3 1
3 10– 1 10
W S (W, S)
1
20– 5 50
3 W (W, W) 30–40 2 20
1 10 6 16 Total 10 100
i ii iii iv
21 21 7 21
b
Chapter 9 Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
80– 8 16
85– 23 46
Exercise 9A
90– 13 26
1 a C b D c A d B e E 95–100 6 12
2 a B b E c C d D e F Total 50 100
f A 3 a
Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
3 a numerical b categorical
0– 5 25
c categorical d numerical
5– 9 45
4 D
10–15 6 30
5 a numerical and discrete
Total 20 100
b numerical and discrete
c categorical and nominal b Histogram of wins
d numerical and continuous 10 50
Percentage frequency
e categorical and ordinal 8 40

Frequency
6 a D 6 30
b D is the most representative sample. A may pick out the
4 20
keen students; B probably are good maths students who
2 10
like maths; and C will have different-sized classes.
7 a For example, likely to be train passengers.
0 5 10 15
b For example, email will pick up computer users only.
Wins
c For example, electoral roll will list only people aged 18 years c Stem Leaf
and over. 0 01344556778999
1 012235
d 7.5
880
4 a 14
Type of transport Frequency Percentage frequency Sensor B
Answers
12
Car 16 40 10
Frequency
Train 6 15 8
Tram 8 20 6
Walking 5 12.5 4
Bicycle 2 5 2
Bus 3 7.5 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Total 40 100
12
b i 6 ii car iii 40% iv 17.5% 10 Sensor C
Frequency
v 42.5% 8
6
5 a symmetrical b negatively skewed
4
c positively skewed d symmetrical
2
6 a i 34.3 ii 38 iii 39
0
b i 19.4 ii 20 iii no mode 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
7 a c i insensitive ii very sensitive
iii moderately sensitive
9 a
0 1 2 3
Mass Frequency Percentage frequency
Nick’s goal scoring
b 10– 3 6
15– 6 12
20– 16 32
25– 21 42
1 0 2 3 4 5 30–35 4 8
Jack’s goal scoring Total 50 100
c Well spread performance.
d Irregular performance, positively skewed. b 50 c 32%
8 a
Sensor A Sensor B Sensor C
d At least 25 g but less than 30 g.
f 94%
e 42%
9B
frequency frequency frequency 10 a
0– 21 12 6 Section Frequency Percentage frequency
3– 0 1 11 Strings 21 52.5
6– 0 1 3 Woodwind 8 20
9– 0 1 1 Brass 7 17.5
12– 0 0 0 Percussion 4 10
15– 0 2 0 Total 40 100
18– 0 2 0 b 40 c 52.5% d 47.5% e 9.3%
21– 0 1 0 f 65.6%
24–26 0 1 0 11 8 students scored between 20 and 30 and there are 32 stu-
Total 21 21 21 dents all together, so this class interval makes up 25% of the
class.
b 25
12 No discrete information, only intervals are given and not indi-
20 Sensor A
Frequency
vidual values.
15
13 3 Ä a Ä 7, 0 Ä b Ä 4, c = 9
10
5
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
881
.
14 a 5 a i 5.3 ii 2.4
Percentage
Answers
b i 2.5 ii 2
Cumulative cumulative .
Bill ($) Frequency frequency frequency c i 2.93 ii 0.5
0– 2 2 5.4 6 a min = 0, max = 17 b median = 13
40– 1 3 8.1 c Q1 = 10, Q3 = 15 d IQR = 5 e 0
80– 12 15 40.5 f Road may have been closed that day.
120– 18 33 89.2 7 a i min = 4, max = 14 ii 7.5
160– 3 36 97.3 iii Q1 = 5, Q3 = 9 iv IQR = 4 v no outliers
200–240 1 37 100 b i min = 16, max = 31 ii 25
iii Q1 = 21, Q3 = 27 iv IQR = 6 v no outliers
b 15
8 a i min = 25, max = 128 ii 47
c 40
Percentage cummulative
100
iii Q1 = 38, Q3 = 52.5 iv IQR = 14.5
80 30 v yes; 128 vi 51.25
frequency
60
20 b Median as it is not affected dramatically by the outlier.
40
10 c A more advanced calculator was used.
20
9 a no outliers b Outlier is 2. c Outliers are 103, 182.
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 d Outliers are 2, 8.
Bill ($) 10 a IQR = 12 b No outliers. c 24
d i $130 ii $100 iii $150
d 22
e $180
11 1, 2, 3
f approx. 20%
12 a Increases by 5. b It is doubled.
c It is divided by 10.
Exercise 9C 13 a It stays the same. b It doubles.
1 a Min, lower quartile (Q1 ), median (Q2 ), upper quartile (Q3 ), c It is reduced by a scale factor of 10.
max 14 Answers may vary. Examples:
b Range is max – min; IQR is Q3 - Q1 . Range is the spread of a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
all the data, IQR is the spread of the middle 50% of data. b 2, 4, 6, 6, 6
c An outlier is a data point (element) outside the vicinity of the c 7, 7, 7, 10, 10
rest of the data. 15 It is not greatly affected by outliers.
d If the data point is greater than Q3 + 1.5 × IQR or less than 16 Answers will vary
Q1 - 1.5 × IQR.
2 a 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 8 Exercise 9D
b 2
1 a 15 b 5 c 25 d 20
c i 1 ii 3
e 10 f 20 g 10
d 2
e -2, 6 2 a 4 b 2 c 18 d 20
f yes; 8 e It is.
3 a i 10.5 ii 7.5 iii 12 3 a
b 4.5
c 0.75, 18.75 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d no b
4 a min = 3, Q1 = 4, median = 8, Q3 = 10, max = 13;
range = 10, IQR = 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
b min = 10, Q1 = 10.5, median = 14, Q3 = 15.5, 4 a i Q1 = 4, Q3 = 7; outlier is 13
max = 18; range = 8, IQR = 5 ii
c min = 1.2, Q1 = 1.85, median = 2.4, Q3 = 3.05,
max = 3.4; range = 2.2, IQR = 1.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
b i Q1 = 1.6, Q3 = 1.9; outlier is 1.1
d min = 41, Q1 = 53, median = 60.5, Q3 = 65,
ii
max = 68; range = 27, IQR = 12
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

c i Q1 = 19, Q3 = 23; outliers are 11 and 31
882
ii Exercise 9E
Answers
1 a larger b smaller
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
d i Q1 = 0.03, Q3 = 0.05; no outliers 2 a B b A
ii 3 a A
b The data values in A are spread farther from the mean than
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 the data values in B.
5 a 4 a Gum Heights
b Gum Heights
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 5 a mean = 6, s = 2.2 b mean = 3.6, s = 2.6
b c mean = 8, s = 3.8 d mean = 32.5, s = 3.6
6 a mean = 2.7, s = 0.9 b mean = 14.5, s = 6.6
36 40 44 48 52 60 64 7 a The outer-suburb school has more data values in the higher
c range.
b There is less spread. Data values are closer to the mean.
0 1 2 3 4 5 c Students at outer-suburb schools may live some distance
d from the school. Answers will vary.
8 a false
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 b true
6 a Same minimum of 1. c true
b B 9 a mean = 2, s = 1.0
c i 5 ii 10 b mean = 5.25, s = 0.7
d Data points for B are more evenly spread than those for A. 10 a no b no c yes
7 a Q1 = 14.6, Q2 = 15.3, Q3 = 15.8 d Yes, one of the deviations would be calculated using
b 19.7 kg the outlier.
c 11 a No, standard deviation reflects the spread of the data
Box plot of lemur weights
values from the mean not the size of the data values.
b No. As for part a.
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 The IQRs would be the same, making the data more 9E
Lemur weights comparable.
8 a They have the same median and upper quartile. 13 a i 85.16 ii 53.16 iii 101.16 iv 37.16
b B v 117.16 vi 21.16
c i 4 ii 5 b i 66% ii 96% iii 100%
d Set B is more spread out. c i Research required
ii One SD from the mean = 68%
9 a A b B c B
Two SDs from the mean = 95%
10 a Box plot of Set 1, Set 2 Three SDs from the mean = 99.7%
Set 2 Close to answers found.
Set 1
Progress quiz
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 a numerical and discrete
Spelling errors
b categorical and nominal
b Yes, examiner 2 found more errors.
2 a
11 Answers may vary. Examples: Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
a i, ii Class results had a smaller spread in the top 25% and 0- 3 15
bottom 25% performed better. 10- 8 40
iii State results have a larger IQR. 20- 5 25
b The class did not have other results close to 0 but the school 30- 3 15
did. 40-50 1 5
12 Answers will vary
883
b Travel time from home to school 3 a
1000
Answers
8 100
900
Population
7 800
75 700
6
Relative frequency
600
Frequency
5 500
4 50 400
0
3 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
2 25 Year
b Generally linear in a positive direction.
1
c i 500 ii 950
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 4 a
1.45
Time (in minutes) 1.4
Price ($)
c Stem Leaf 1.35
0 689 1.3
1 24555689 1.25
2 03578 1.2
3 238 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4 4
Month
2 | 3 means 23 b The share price generally increased until it peaked in
18 + 19 June and then continually decreased to a yearly low in
d Median = = 18.5
2
November before trending upwards again in the final month.
3 a Range = 32 - 4 = 28; Q2 = 17, Q1 = 12,
c $0.21
Q3 = 23, IQR = 11
b Range = 6.6 - 4.2 = 2.4; Q2 = 5.2, Q1 = 4.5, 5 a
100
Pass rate (%)
Q3 = 6.1, IQR = 1.6 90

4 a i min = 30, max = 69 80
ii median = 37.5 70
iii lower quartile = 34, upper quartile = 44 0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
iv IQR = 10
Year
v Q1 - 1.5 × IQR = 19; Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 59 b The pass rate for the examination has increased
The outlier is 69. marginally over the 10 years, with a peak in 2001.
b For example, school open day or grandparents day. c 2001 d 11%
5 a Q1 = 16, Q3 = 22, IQR = 6 6 a linear
Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 31 b i $650 000 ii $750 000
32 is an outlier. 7 a i $6000 ii $4000
b b 1
c
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 20
18 Southbank
6 2.7
16
14
Sales ($’000)
Exercise 9F
12
1 a linear b no trend c non-linear d linear 10
City Central
2 a i 28°C ii 33°C iii 33°C iv 35°C 8
b 36°C 6
c i 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. ii 3 p.m to 4 p.m. 4
d Temperature is increasing from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. in a 2
generally linear way. At 3 p.m. the temperature starts 0
Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
to drop.
Month
884
d i The sales trend for City Central for the 6 months is b i y Scatter plot
Answers
fairly constant.
10
ii Sales for Southbank peaked in August before taking
a downturn. 8
e about $5000 6
8 a i 5.8 km ii 1.7 km
4
b i Blue Crest slowly gets closer to the machine.
2
ii Green Tail starts near the machine and gets further from it.
c 8:30 p.m. 0
x
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
9 a The yearly temperature is cyclical and January is the next
ii y generally decreases as x increases.
month after December and both are in the same season.
b no
3 a y Scatter plot
c Northern hemisphere, as the seasons are opposite, June is 1.8
summer. 1.7
1.6
10 a Increases continually, rising more rapidly as the years 1.5
progress. 1.4
1.3
b Compound interest—exponential growth.
1.2
11 a Graphs may vary, but it should decrease from room 1.1
temperature to the temperature of the fridge. 1.0
0.9
b No. Drink cannot cool to a temperature lower than that of the x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
internal environment of the fridge. b positive c strong d (8, 1.0)
12 a 4 a y
Innings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Scatter plot
Score 26 38 5 10 52 103 75 21 33 0 4
Moving average 26 32 23 20 26 39 44 41 40 36
3
b
120
2
Number of runs
100
80
60
Score
Moving 1 9G
40 average
20 0
x
0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 b negative
Innings number
c Innings number. c strong
i The score fluctuates wildly. d (14, 4)
ii The graph is fairly constant with small increases and 5 a negative
decreases. y Scatter plot
d The moving average graph follows the trend of the score 24
graph but the fluctuations are much less significant. 22
20
Exercise 9G 18
16
1 a unlikely b likely c unlikely d likely
14
e likely f likely 12
2 a i y
Scatter plot 10
12 8 x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
10
8
6
4
2
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
ii y generally increases as x increases.
885
b positive 10 a
Answers
y Scatter plot Scatter plot
150 4.5
4.0
140
Volume (dB)
3.5
130 3.0
120 2.5
2.0
110
1.5
100 0 200 400 600 800 1000120014001600
x Distance (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
c none b negative
c As d increases, v decreases.
y Scatter plot
11 a i Weak, negative correlation.
26 Scatter plot
24
22 35
20
Incidence of crime
18 30
16
14 25
12
10 20
8 x
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 15
6 a none b weak negative c positive 5 10 15 20 25 30
d strong positive No. of police
ii no correlation
7 a yes
b decrease Scatter plot
c i yes ii car H 26
25
Incidence of crime
8 a
24
Scatter plot
23
8.5 E 22
Average diameter (cm)
21
8.0
20
7.5 C
B 19
7.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5
A
No. of police
6.5
b Survey 1, as this shows an increase in the number of police
D
6.0 has seen a decrease in the incidence of crime.
20 25 30 35 40 12 The positive correlation shows that as height increases ability
Fertiliser (grams per week) to play tennis increases.
b D
13 Each axis needs a better scale. All data are between 6 and
c Seems likely but small sample size does lead to doubt.
8 hours sleep and show only a minimal change in exam marks.
9 a
Also, very small sample size.
Scatter plot
14 a i students I, T ii students G, S
2250
b i students H, C ii students B, N
2000
No. of words
1750 c students C, G, H, S,
1500 d students B, I, N, T
1250 e no
1000
750
500
250
3 04 5 1 2 6 7
No. of photos
b Negative, weak correlation.
886
Exercise 9H 8 a y = 5x - 5 b 85 cm c 21 kg
Answers
9 a Data do not appear to have any correlation.
1 a y b y b Too few data points.
10 a Too few data points to determine a correlation.
b The data points suggest that the trend is not linear.
11 a i 50 ii 110
b It is possible to obtain scores of greater than 100%.
x 12 a Experiment 1
x
c y d y Scatter plot
200
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)

180
160
x 140
x 120
1 7 2 17 100
2 a y= x+ b y=- x+
2 2 3 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age (years)
23
3 a i 17 ii Experiment 2
4
Scatter plot
28 14
b i ii 220
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)
5 5
200
4 a y Scatter plot 180
6 160
5 140
4 120
3 100
2
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
9H
1
Age (years)
0
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b i ¥ 140 ii ¥ 125
b positive correlation c i ¥ 25 ii ¥ 22
c As above. d experiment 2
d All answers are approximate. e Research required.
i 3.2 ii 0.9 iii 1.8 iv 7.4
5 a ¥ 4.5 b ¥6 c ¥ 0.5 d ¥ 50 Exercise 9I
3 1 a i 12 ii 3.26
6 a y = x + 18
5 b i 7 ii 2
b i 42 ii 72 2 a There is no linear correlation.
c i 30 ii 100 b The correlation shown is not a linear shape.
7 a, b Scatter plot 3 A a y
90
8
80
70 7
Growth (cm)
60 6
50 5
40 4
30
3
20
2
400 500 600 700 800
Rainfall (mm)
1
c i ¥ 25 cm ii ¥ 85 cm 0 x
d i ¥ 520 mm ii ¥ 720 mm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
887
b y = 0.554762x + 3.45357 5 a, c Scatter plot
Answers
c y = 0.42x + 4.17667 160
Number of jackets
d Least squares is the black line, median–median is the 140
120
grey line.
100
e i 7.3 ii 10.1 80
f i 7.1 ii 9.2 60
B a y 40
20
0
4.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature (°C)
3.5
b y = -1.72461x + 190.569
3.0 d i 139 ii 130 iii 113
2.5 6 a, c Scatter plot
35
2.0
30
Number of breakdowns
1.5 25
1.0 20
0.5 15
10
0.0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5
b y = -0.077703x + 4.21014 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
c y = -0.086667x + 4.34333 −5
d Least squares is the blue line, median–median is the Number of copies (× 1000)
b y = 0.25x - 8
red line.
d 232 000 copies
e i 3.7 ii 3.3
e The regression line suggests that the photocopier will be
f i 3.7 ii 3.3
considered for scrap because of the number of copies
C a y
made, as it’s likely to reach 200 000 copies before breaking
down 50 times.
8 7 a Scatter plot
7 120
6 110
Record (m)
100
5
90
4
80
3 70
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
2 Year
b y = 2.01053x - 3881.6
1
c i 139 m ii 180 m
0 x d No, records are not likely to continue to increase at this rate.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 8 a All deviations are used in the calculation of the least squares
b y = -3.45129x + 7.41988 regression.
c y = -2.85714x + 6.67381 b Outliers have little or no effect on the median values used
d Least squares is the blue line, median–median is the to calculate the median–median regression.
red line. 9 A, as it has been affected by the outlier.
e i -16.7 ii -34.0 10 Research required.
f i -13.3 ii -27.6
4 a i y = -3.54774x + 43.0398 Problems and challenges
ii y = -3.28571x + 40.8333 1 66 kg
b $32397 c $1405 d 8 years e 10 years 2 88%
888
3 19 3 a false b true c true d true
Answers
4 1.1 4 a y
Scatter plot
5 a larger by 3 b larger by 3 c no change d no change
25
e no change
6 y = x2 - 3x + 5 20
7 5.8 Ä a < 6.2
8 Physics, Biology. The number of standard deviations from the 15
mean shows the relative position of Emily’s mark within the
10
spread of all results from each class. This number gives a
meaningful comparison of results. Physics 1.67, Maths 1.11, 5
x
Biology 0. 1 2 3 4 5
b negative c weak d (3, 5)
3 7
5 a y= x+
1 D 2B 3D 4C 5A 5 5
6C 7 D 8E 9C 10B b i 3.8 ii 7.4
Short-answer questions c i 2
2
ii 17
2
3 3
1 a Class Percentage 6 a mean = 7, s = 2.5
interval Frequency frequency
b mean = 4, s = 3.0
0– 2 12.5
7 a The Cats b The Cats c The Cats d The Cats
5– 7 43.75
8 a non-linear
10– 5 31.25
b linear
15– 1 6.25
9 a y = -3.75x + 25.65
20–25 1 6.25
b y = -3.8333x + 25.1667
Total 16 100
b 8 50 Extended-response questions
% Frequency
6
Frequency
1 a i 14 ii 41
4 25 b i no outliers ii no outliers
2 c Tree 2
5 10 15 20 25
0 Tree 1
Number of hours of TV
c It is positively skewed. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
d Stem Leaf e 8.5 hours Number of flying foxes
0 135667889 d More flying foxes regularly take refuge in tree 1 than in
1 012346 tree 2, for which the spread is much greater.
2 4 2 a Scatter plot
2 a i 10 ii Q1 = 2.5, Q3 = 5.5 iii 3 1800
iv 12 1600
Number of shoppers
v
1400
2 4 6 8 10 12 1200
b i 17 ii Q1 = 15, Q3 = 24 iii 9 1000

iv none 800
v
600
25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5
10 15 20 25 30 Maximum daily temperature (°C)
c i 2.4 ii Q1 = 2.1, Q3 = 2.6 iii 0.50 positive correlation
iv 0.7 b y = 92.8571x - 1491.67
v c i 737 ii 32.2°C
d y = 74.5585x - 1010.06
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 e i 779 ii 33.7°C
889
Chapter 10 b log10P
Answers
5
Exercise 10A
4
1
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 3
2x 1 2 4 8 16 32
3x 1 3 9 27 81 243 2
4x 1 4 16 64 256 1024 1
5x 1 5 25 125 625 3125
10x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 h
O 1 2 3 4 5
2 a 4 b 4 c 3 d 4 Graph is a straight line.
1 1 1 1
3 a b c d c log10 P = h
10 000 2 4 32
1 1 1 1 13 a i 10 ii 100 iii 10 000
e f g h b i 10 ii 6 iii 2
27 25 64 36
14 Yes. 0 < b < 1 Û loga b < 0, when a > 1;
4 a 24 = 16 b 102 = 100 c 33 = 27
1 1 1
d 2-2 = e 10-1 = 0.1 f 3-2 = e.g. log2 = -2.
4 9 4
5 a log2 8 = 3 b log3 81 = 4 c log2 32 = 5 1 1 1 1 1

15 a b c d e
1 1 4 5 2 3 2
d log4 16 = 2 e log10 = -1 f log5 = -3
10 125 1 2 4 1 1
f g h i j
3 3 3 2 2
6 a 4 b 2 c 6
6 4
d 3 e 1 f 2 k l
5 7
g 3 h 3 i 2
j 2 k 5 l 3 Exercise 10B
m0 n 0 o 0
1 a logb xy = logb x + logb y
p undefined
x
7 a -3 b -2 c -2 b logb = logb x - logb y
y
d -3 e -2 f -4 c loga bm = m × loga b
g -4 h -1 i -1 d loga a = 1
j -3 k -5 l -1 e logc 1 = 0
m -3 n -1 o -2 1
f logb = -loga b
p -2 b
8 a 0.699 b 1.672 c 2.210 2 a 2 b 1 c 2 d 4
d -0.097 e -0.770 f -1.431 e 12 f 3 g 4 h -1
9 a 3 b 5 c 6 i -1
d 4 e 3 f 2 3 a 2 b 5 c 3 d -4
g 16 h 81 i 1000 e 12 f 0
1 1 1 4 a loga 6 b loga 15 c loga 28 d logb 18
j k l
9 4 343 e logb 15 f logb 17
m3 n 2 o 4
5 a loga 2 b loga 3 c loga 10 d logb 2
p 8 q 3 r 10 ( ) ( )
3 7
s 2 t -1 e logb f logb
2 5
10 a 6 a loga 9 b loga 25 c loga 27 d loga 16
Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Population 1 2 4 8 16 32 e loga 32 f loga 1000
7 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 1 e 1
b P = 2t c 256 d 13 min e log2 10 000 1 2
f 1 g 0 h 3 i j
11 a 16 b 26 c 6 3 3
12 a h 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
k 1 l
P 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 2
log10 P 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 a -2 b -3 c -3 d -1
e -2 f -5
9 a 1 b 1 c 3 d 2 e 2
890 f 2
10 a log3 20 b log10 48 c log10 2 d log7 2 8 a 14.21 years b 23.84 years c 47.19 years
( )
Answers
3 9 a 10.48 years b 22.20 years c 91.17 years
e log3 8 f 0 g log2 h log5 6
4 10 a A = 2000 × 1.1n b 7 years
3 5 4 3 1 11 a F = 300 000 × 0.92n b 8.3 years
11 a b c d e
2 2 3 2 3 12 a 69 years b 1386 years
4 log10 7 log10 16 log10 1.3
f 13 a i ii iii
5 log10 2 log10 3 log10 5
1
12 a loga
x
= loga 1 - loga x = 0 - loga x = -loga x as b i 1 ii 3 iii - 1
log10 5 log10 2 log10 3
required (using 2nd log law)
1 c i 1.631 ii 1.167 iii -0.196
b loga = loga x-1 = -loga x as required (using
x
3rd log law) Exercise 10D
√ 1 1 loga x
13 loga n x = loga x n = loga x = as required 1 a 5
n n
(using 3rd log law) b i 3 ii -2 iii 1 iv -1
14 a Recall index law 1: am × an = am + n c 2
Now let x = am and y = an (1) 2 a linear b quadratic c quartic d quadratic
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2) e constant f linear g constant h quartic
From (1), xy = am × an = am + n i cubic
So m + n = loga xy 3 a 4 b 3 c -2 d -2
From (2), m + n = loga x + loga y e -9 f 2
So loga xy = loga x + loga y, as required. 4 a, b, f are polynomials.
b Recall index law 2: am ÷ an = am-n 5 a 14 b 92 c 8 d 4
Now let x = am and y = an (1) 6 a -5 b 11 c 1 d -45
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2) 7 a 0 b 92 c -4 d 42
x
From (1), x ÷ y = = am ÷ an = am-n 8 a -2 b 25 c -22 d -17
y
e 17 f -351
x
So m - n = loga
y
From (2) m - n = loga x - loga y
9 a -
1
2
b -1 c
1
2 10C
x
So loga = loga x - loga y, as required. 10 a 0 b 4 c -108
y
c Recall index law 3: (am)n = amn 11 a i 30 m ii 24 m iii 0 m
Let x = am b Yes, when 5 < x < 7.
So m = loga x (1) 12 a 8 b n+1 c 1 d 1
xn = amn using index law 3 9 20 5 27
13 a - b - c d
So mn = loga xn 8 27 8 64
16 216 1 9
From (1): nloga x = loga xn , as required. e f - g - h -
27 125 2 8
Exercise 10C 14 a 2k3 - k2 - 5k - 1 b 2b3 - b2 - 5b - 1
1 c 16a3 - 4a2 - 10a - 1 d -2a3 - a2 + 5a - 1
1 a log2 8 = 3 b log5 25 = 2 c log4 2 = d log3 10 = x
2 e -16a3 - 4a2 + 10a - 1 f -54k3 - 9k2 + 15k - 1
e log7 2 = x f log1.1 7 = x
g 2a3 b3 - a2 b2 - 5ab - 1 h -2a3 b3 - a2 b2 + 5ab - 1
2 a 3 b 4 c 2 d 8 e 2 15 a i 10 ii 2 iii 1 iv -13
f 0.1 v -9 vi -18
3 a 0.845 b -0.222 c -0.125 d 1.277 b i 3 ii -11 iii -22
e 0.780 f 0.897 c a = 2 and b = -1
4 a 1.465 b 3.459 c 1.594 d 6.871
e 1.177 f 2 Exercise 10E
5 a 1 b 1 c 3.969 d 1.727
1 a x2 + 2x b x - 3x2 c x2 - 1 d x2 + 6x - 55
e 6.579 f 1.528
e 6x2 - 13x - 5 f 8x2 - 26x + 15
6 a 2.585 b 1.893 c 1.209 d 1.129
2 a x4 - 5x3 + 4x2 - 3 b -x6 - 3x4 + x3 - x2 + 13
e 1.559 f 6.579 g 3.322 h 1.262
c -3x8 - x6 - 6x + 3
i 0.356 j 3.969 k 3.106 l 1.137
3 a, b, c are true.
7 a 2 days b 2.548 days c 3.322 days
891
4 a x3 - 3x2 b x4 - x2 c 2x2 + 6x3 e - 2x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 7 =
Answers
d x3 - x4 e x5 + 3x4 f -3x6 + 3x3 (x + 4)(-2x2 + 6x - 29) + 123
g -2x5 - 2x4 h -x7 + x4 i -4x7 + 8x10 f - 5x3 + 11x2 - 2x - 20 =
5 a x5 + x3 + 2x2 + 2
(x - 3)(-5x2 - 4x - 14) - 62
b x5 - x
c x5 - x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 6 a 6x4 - x3 + 2x2 - x + 2
d x5 - x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 4 = (x - 3)(6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 158) + 476

e x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 - 2x2 - 3x b 8x5 - 2x4 + 3x3 - x2 - 4x - 6
f x5 - 2x4 + 5x3 - 4x2 = (x + 1)(8x4 - 10x3 + 13x2 - 14x + 10) - 16
g x6 - x5 + x4 - 4x3 + 2x2 - x + 2
h x6 - 5x5 - x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 - 2x + 2 5 1
7 a x2 - 2x + 3 - b x2 + 2x + 2 -
x+2 x-1
i x8 - x6 + x5 - 2x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 3
79
6 a x5 - 2x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1 c x3 - 3x2 + 9x - 27 +
x+3
b x6 + 2x4 - 2x3 + x2 - 2x + 1 240
d x3 + 4x2 + 15x + 60 +
c x4 - 4x3 + 6x2 - 4x + 1 x-4
7 a x5 + 3x4 - x3 - 9x2 - 2x + 8 8 -1, 1, 2 6x2 - 7x - 3
)
b x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 - 4x + 4 9 x-5
6x3 - 37x2 + 32x + 15
c x6 + 4x5 + 2x4 - 12x3 - 15x2 + 8x + 16
6x3 - 30x2
8 a x3 + x2 - 4x + 1
b x3 - x2 + 6x - 1 -7x2 + 32x
c 2x3+ 5x2
- 23x + 5 -7x2 + 35x
d -x5 + 5x4 - 2x3 + 5x2 - x + 1
-3x + 15
e -x6 - 2x4 - x2 + 4
-3x + 15
f -x6 - x4 - 10x3 + 26x2 - 10x + 1
9 (x2 + x - 1)4 = x8 + 4x7 + 2x6 - 8x5 - 5x4 + 8x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 1 0
10 (x2 - x - 1)2 - (x2 - x + 1)2 = x4 - 2x3 - x2 + 2x + 1 - (x4 - Remainder of 0, as required.
13
2x3 + 3x2 - 2x + 1) = 4x - 4x2 as required (or could use DOPS) 10 a 4 b
8
11 Yes. Multiplicative axiom ab = ba.
-253 41
12 a 3 b 5 c 7 d 12 11 a -8 b c -
16 27
13 a m b m c m+n d 2m 12 a x3 - x2 + 3x + 2 = (x2 - 1)(x - 1) + 4x + 1
e 2m f 3n b 2x3 + x2 - 5x - 1 = (x2 + 3)(2x + 1) - 11x - 4
14 a x4 - x3 + x2 - x b x5 + 2x4 - 3x3 c 5x4 - x2 + 2 = 5x(x3 - 2) - x2 + 10x + 2
c x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 d 6x3 + 23x2 - 5x - 4
e 15x3 - 11x2 - 48x + 20 Progress quiz
f x5 + 3x4 - x3 - 3x2 - 2x - 6
1 a log2 32 = 5 b log10 1000 = 3 c loga a = 1
2 a 102 = 100 b 23 = 8 c 70 = 1
Exercise 10F
3 a x=4 b x=4 c x=0
1 a 1 b 3 c 0 d x = 625 e x=5 f x = -6
2 a If 182 ÷ 3 = 60 remainder 2 then 182 = 3 × 60 + 2. 4 a 3 b 2 c 2
b If 2184 ÷ 5 = 436 remainder 4 then 2184 = 5 × 436 + 4. d -2 e
1
f 1
c If 617 ÷ 7 = 88 remainder 1 then 617 = 7 × 88 + 1. 2
5 a x = 1.771 b x = 29.060 c x = 8.043
3 P(x) = (x - 1)(x2 + 2x) + 3 √
6 The term involving x has a fractional index when written in
4 P(x) = (x + 1)(3x2 - 4x + 5) - 3
index notation.
5 a 2x3 - x2 + 3x - 2 = (x - 2)(2x2 + 3x + 9) + 16
7 a 8 b 7 c 3k4 - 2k3 + k2 + 7k + 8
b 2x3 + 2x2 - x - 3 = (x + 2)(2x2 - 2x + 3) - 9
8 a 3 b 1 c 3 d 4x3
c 5x3 - 2x2 + 7x - 1 =
9 a x7 - 2x5 + x4 b x4 + 2x3 + 5x2 - 2x - 6
(x + 3)(5x2 - 17x + 58) - 175 10 a x4 + x3 + 3x + 2 b -x4 + x3 - x + 2
d - x3 + x2 - 10x + 4 = c x8 + 4x5 + 4x2 d x7 + x5 + 4x4 + 2x2 + 4x
2 2
11 P(x) = (x + 2)(2x - 5x + 13) - 27
(x - 4)(-x - 3x - 22) - 84
892
Exercise 10G Exercise 10I
Answers
1 a -1 b 41 c -19 d -141 1 a y
2 a 3 b -2
3
3 0
4 a 3 b 11 c 27 d 57
e -127 f -33 g -13 h -69 x
5 a 3 b 20 c 36 d 5 −3 −1 O 2
6 b, c and e are factors of P(x).
7 b, d, f, g
b y
8 a x+1 b x - 1, x + 1 or x + 2 c x+2
d x-2
3
9 a x - 2, x - 1 and x + 1 b x - 3, x - 1 and x + 2
c x - 3, x - 2 and x + 1 d x - 5, x - 1 and x + 4 x
−5 O 2 5
10 a -4 b -2 c -14 d 96
11 -38
12 a 5 b 1 c 5 d -3
2 a y-intercept is 12.
13 a -2 b 23
x-intercepts are -1, 3, 4.
14 a a = -1 and b = 2 b a = 3 and b = -4
b y-intercept is -21.
x-intercepts are -3, -1, 7.
Exercise 10H c y-intercept is 0.
x-intercepts are -2, 0, 4.
1 P(-1) = 0
d y-intercept is 0.
2 a x = -3 or 1 b x = -2 or 2
1 x-intercepts are -7, 0, 5.
c x = - or 4 d x = -3 or 4
2 3 a, b, c:
e x = -3 f x = -4 or -3
3 a -3, 1, 2 b -7, -2, 1 c -4, 3, 4 x –2 –1 –1 0 1 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
d - ,- ,3
2 3
12 1 11
e - ,- ,3
3 2
3 2 1
f - , ,
7 4 5 y = x2 4 1 1
4
0 1
4
1 4 10G
g - ,- ,- h - ,- , y = x3 –8 –1 –1 0 1 1 8
11 2 3 5 19 2 8 8
4 a (x - 3)(x - 2)(x + 1); -1, 2, 3 1 1
y = x4 16 1 0 1 16
b (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3); -3, -2, -1 16 16
c (x - 3)(x - 2)(x - 1); 1, 2, 3 y
d (x - 4)(x - 3)(x - 1); 1, 3, 4 10
e (x - 6)(x + 1)(x + 2); -2, -1, 6 5
f (x - 2)(x + 3)(x + 5); -5, -3, 2
√ √ x
−2 O
−1 −5 1 2
5 a x = 1 or 1 + 5 or 1 - 5 b x = -2
6 a x = -1, 3 or 5 b x = -3, -2 or 1 −10
7 a x = -4, 1 or 3 b -2, -1 or 3
8 a 3 b 4 c n 4 a y-intercept: 6
9 a x2 (x - 1); 0, 1 b x2 (x + 1); -1, 0 x-intercepts: -2, 1, 3 y
c x(x - 4)(x + 3); -3, 0, 4 d 2x3 (x + 1)2 ; -1, 0
10 0 = x4 + x2 = x2 (x2 + 1)
6
No solution to x2 + 1 = 0.
Thus, x = 0 is the only solution. x
−2 O 1 3
11 The discriminant of the quadratic is negative, implying
solutions from the quadratic factor are not real. x = 2 is the
only solution.
12 a x = -4, -3, -2 or 1 b x = -2 or 3
1
c x = -3, -2, 1 or 3 d x = -2, , 1 or 2
2
893
b y-intercept: 12 h y-intercept: 0
Answers
x-intercepts: -1, 3, 4 x-intercepts: -1, 0, 3 y
y
x
12 −1 O 3
x i y-intercept: 8
−1 O 3 4
x-intercepts: -4, -2, 1 y
8
c y-intercept: 10
x
x-intercepts: -2, 1, 5 y −4 −2 O 1
10
3
j y-intercept:
x 2
−2 O 1 5 1
x-intercepts: -3, -1,
2
y
3
2
x
d y-intercept: 3 −3 −1 O 0.5
x-intercepts: -3, 1, 2 y
3 5 a y b y
x
−3 O 1 2
1 x
−1 O 1
x −1
−1 O 1
e y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: -3, 0, 2 y −1 −2
−2 −3
x 6 a y = (x - 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)
−3 O 2 b y = (x + 3)(x - 1)(x - 3)
1
c y = x(x - 2)(x + 3)
2
f y-intercept: 0
1
d y = - (x + 3)(x + 1)(x - 2)
x-intercepts: -1, 0, 5 y 2
7 a y
x 60
−1 O 5
40
30
20
g y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: -3, 0, 1 y x
−2 −1O 1 2 3 4 5
−20
x
−3 O 1
894
b y 9 a y b y
Answers
80
60
x
40 x −1 O
O 3
20
c y d y
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
−2 4
8 a y b y 12 x
−4 −1 O
2 8
x
−1−2O
6
2
4 x
−4 2 −2O 3
−6 x
−8 −4 −2 −2
−9
−10 −4
e y f y
c y d y
x
−2 O 2
2 2
−2
x x x
−2 −1 O1 2 O −2 O 2
−4 −1 2
−2 10I
e y
10 a i y-intercept = (0, -6) ii y = (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
4 iii x-intercepts: (-3, 0), (-2, 0), (1, 0)
iv y
2
O x
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O − 3 −2 1
f y
15
13
10 −6
x b i y-intercept = (0, 15) ii y = (x - 5)(x - 3)(x + 1)

O 5
iii x-intercepts: (-1, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0)
(2, −3)
−5
895
iv y 11 a 2 Ä x Ä 5 or x Ä -1
Answers
b -4 < x < 1 or x > 4
15 1
12 y = (x - 3)2 (x + 2)
9
13 16
1
14 y = - x2 (x - 3)(x + 3)
10
x Multiple-choice questions
−1 O 3 5
1 C 2B 3E 4A 5D
6D 7 A 8B 9E 10E
c i y-intercept = (0, 8) Short-answer questions

ii y = (x - 2)(x - 1)(x + 1)(x + 4)
iii x-intercepts: (-4, 0), (-1, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0) 1 a log2 16 = 4 b log10 1000 = 3
1
iv y c log3 = -2
9
8 1
2 a 34 = 81 b 4-2 =
x 16
−4 −1 O 1 2 c 10-1 = 0.1
3 a 3 b 4 c 4
d 0 e -3 f -3
g -1 h -4 i -2
4 a loga 8 b logb 21 c logb 144 d loga 10
d i y-intercept = (0, 225) e loga 4 f loga 1000 g 2 h 1
ii y = (x - 5)(x - 3)(x + 3)(x + 5) 3
i j 4 loga 2 = loga 16
iii x-intercepts: (-5, 0), (-3, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0) 2
iv y 5 a x = log3 6 b x = log1.2 2
225 log10 13 log10 2

6 a b
log10 2 log10 0.8
7 a -1 b 1 c -2 d -34
8 a x4 + 3x2 + 2 b x5 - x4 - 3x3
c x5 + x4 - 3x3 - x2 - x + 3
x d x6 + 2x4 - 4x3 + x2 - 4x + 3
−5 −3 O 3 5
9 a x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 = (x - 1)(x2 + 2x + 4) + 7
b x3 - 3x2 - x + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 - 4x + 3) - 2
c 2x3 - x2 + 4x - 7 = (x + 2)(2x2 - 5x + 14) - 35
Problems and challenges d -2x3 - x2 - 3x - 4 = -(x - 3)(2x2 + 7x + 24) - 76
10 a -3 b -39 c -91 d 41
1
1 a 2 b 8 c d 3 11 b, c and d are factors.
2
2 a 1.43 b -1.43 c -2.71 1 3
12 a x = -2, 1 or 3 b x = - , or 5
3 2
3 x=6
13 a (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 x = -3, -2 or 1
4 2p - q + 2
b (x + 2)(x - 5)(x - 6) = 0 x = -2, 5 or 6
5 a x > 2.10 b x Å -2.81
1 1
14 a y b y
6 a=2× 34 , b = log2 3
4 1 5 4
log10 2
7 = log1.1 2
log10 1.1 x
O x
−1 1 −1O 4 5
8 -2
9 a = 5, b = -2 −1 −5
10 Proof using long division required.
a (x3 - a3 ) ÷ (x - a) = x2 + ax + a2 −2 −10
b (x3 + a3 ) ÷ (x + a) = x2 - ax + a2
896
c y d y Parabolas and other graphs
Answers
10 Multiple-choice questions
1 D 2A 3D 4C 5B
5 10
x 5 Short-answer questions
−5 −2 O 3 5
1 a Dilated by a factor of 3.
−5 x
O y
−10
3 (1, 3)
Extended-response questions
1 a B
b i $121 000 ii $15 369 iii $272 034 x
O
c i 7.27 ii 6.17 iii 16.89
b Reflected in x-axis and translated 2 units left.
2 a i 32 ii 0
y
b There is no remainder; i.e. P(1) = 0.
c x2 - 4x - 21 x
−2 O
d (x - 7)(x - 1)(x + 3)
e x = 7, 1 or -3
f P(0) = 21
−4
g y
21
c Translated 5 units up.
x
−3 O 1 7 y
SR2
(1, 6)
5
Semester review 2
Measurement x
O
Multiple-choice questions 2 a -5 b (1, -5) c (-2, -9)
1 B 2D 3B 4A 5D
d y
x
−5 O 1
1 a 36 cm, 52 cm2
b 1.3 m, 0.1 m2
−5
c 220 mm, 2100 mm2
2 a 188.5 m2 , 197.9 m3 b 50.3 cm2 , 23.7 cm3
(−2, −9) −9
c 6.8 m2 , 1.3 m3
3 √
a 1.8 cm b 58.8 cm2
27 3 a Maximum at (3, 8). b -10 c (1, 5)
4 cm
π
Extended-response question
a 753.98 cm3 b 206.02 cm3 c 17 cm
d 1.79 cm
897
d y (3, 8) c y d y
Answers
(−1, 5)
(1, 3)
x
O 1 5 1
x 1 (1, 15 )
O
−10 x
O
e y
4 a y = (x + 3)2 - 7
(1, 2)
y
x
O
2
O x (−1, −2)
−3 − √7 −3 + √7 f y
(−1, 6)
(−3, −7)
( )2
5 7 x
b y= x- + O
2 4
y
(1, −6)
8 √ √ √ √
( (- 3, -2
8 a (( 3, 2) 3), ) 3) b (4, 16)
1 1
c , 4 , - , -4
2 2
( 52 , 74 ) x
9 a y
O
−1 + 2√3
5 a Discriminant = 72, thus two x-intercepts. x
O
b y 2 − √15 2 + √15
(2, −1)
−1 − 2√3
x
−1.1 O 3.1 b y
(1, −9) (1, 17)
c (1, -9) and (-2, 9)

6 a Each x value produces a unique y value (any vertical line 9
will cut the graph at most once)
b i 3 ii 12 iii (a - 2)2 + 3 y=1
1
c All real x, y Å 3 x
O
7 a y b y
2 √10
x x
−2 O 2 O
−√10 √10
−2 −√10
898
c y 4 a Die 1 1 2 3 4
Answers
1 2 3 4 5
x = −2 2 3 4 5 6
Die 2
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
x
−2 − 3 O
5 b 16
3 5 1
− 52 c i ii iii
16 8 5
−3 y = −3 5 a
A B
4 4 2
Extended-response question
2
a h 2 2
b i ii
(200, 427.5) 3 3
c Yes they are since Pr(A | B) = Pr(A).
27.5 Extended-response question

x
O 10 110 Outcome
(60, −62.5) 2 200 g 400 g
7
3 200 g
8 5 250 g 450 g
7
3
b 27.5 m c 10 m and 110 m from start 5 7 200 g 450 g
d 427.5 m e 62.5 m 8 250 g
4
7
250 g 500 g
3 15 5
a i ii iii
Probability
Multiple-choice questions b
9
28
c
28
3
14
SR2
14 5
1 C 2E 3B 4D 5C
Statistics
Short-answer questions Multiple-choice questions
1 a x y
A B 1 E
w z 2 B
r s
v g i 3 C
a c
u e o q 4 B
p 5 A
b t n
d f h j k l m
5 3 9 19
b i ii iii iv
26 26 26 26 1 a
c No, A È B ¢ ∅ Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
2 a 0- 2 10%
B BÌ 5- 4 20%
A 3 1 4 10- 4 20%
AÌ 4 4 8 15- 3 15%
7 5 12 20- 6 30%
b i 3 ii 4 iii 5 iv 8 25 - 30 1 5%
1 1 7 3
c i ii iii iv Total 20 100%
4 12 12 4
3 a 0.18 b 0.37
899
b 6 30 Extended-response questions
Percentage frequency (%)

Answers
5 a i y = 1.50487x + 17.2287
Frequency
4 20 ii y = 1.55x + 16.0833
3 b 41 cm
2 10 c 22 mL
1
0 0
Logarithms and polynomials
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Multiple-choice questions
Number of days
c i 14 ii 50% 1 E 2A 3D 4C 5D
iii 20–24 days, those that maybe catch public transport to
work or school each week day. Short-answer questions
2 a 1 a 3 b -2 c 3 d 0
e 2 f 2 g 1 h 3
0 5 10 15 20 25
b 2 a x=3 b x=3 c x = 81
3 a i x = log3 30 ii x = log2.4 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b i x = 2.460 ii x = 9.955
3 a 2500 4 a i 6 ii 0 iii -49 iv -5
Balance
2000 b i 2x6 + 6x5 - 11x4 - 25x3 + 34x + 24

1500 ii 4x6 - 12x4 - 16x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
1000 5 P(x) = (x - 3)(x2 - x - 1) + 4
6 a -24, not a factor b 0, a factor c -40, not a factor
J F M A M J J A S O N D 5 2
7 a x = -1, 3, -6 b x = 0, , -
Months 2 3
1
b Balance fluctuated throughout the year but ended up with c x = -4, -2, 1 d x = -1, , 2
2
more money after 12 months.
c May and June Extended-response question
d increase of $500
4 a, c y a P(-3) = 0 b P(x) = -(x + 3)(2x - 1)(x - 4)
c P(x)
6
5 (−5, 198)
4
3
2
x
0 O x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
b positive −5 −3 −12
1 4 6
2
d i ¥ 3.2 ii ¥ 11.5
5 a i under 40 ii over 40
b Over 40: mean = 11, standard deviation = 7.3;
Under 40: mean = 24.1, standard deviation = 12.6 (6, −198)
900
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Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1

Problems and challenges (0, −9)

g y 18 The point of intersection is (4, 0)

ÒCBA = ÒCDE (alternate, AB ∥ DE) A

ÒADB = ÒCDB (given) A AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

DB is common; S ÂOB bisects AC.

AB = CD (given) S Â△ACD Ã △CAB (SSS)

Â △OAB Ã △OCD (SSS) ÒDAC = ÒBCA (corresponding angles in congruent

f ÒADC = ÒABC = 90° (given) R triangles)

AC is common; H ÂAlternate angles are equal, so AD || BC.

Â △ADC Ã △ABC(RHS) ÒABC = ÒAED (△ABE is isosceles) A

ÒAOB = ÒCOB (given) A Â△ABC Ã △AED (SAS)

OB is common; S AD = AC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

Â △AOB Ã △COB (SAS)

ÂÒACD = ÒACB = 90° BD is common.

OC is common; S ÒDAC = ÒBCA (alternate angles)

Â△OAC Ã OBC (SSS) AC is common.

ÒAOC = ÒBOC (corresponding angles in congruent Â △ABC Ã △CDA (SAS)

1 a ÒADC b ÒADC c ÒADC d ÒAFC

ÒABC = ÒDEF (given) Extended-response questions

Â △ABD Ã △CDB (SSS). Â 2(x + 1) = 3x

−1 Problems and Challenges

Extended-response questions iii y iv y

d 167 500 m2 Short-answer questions

b 3.14 m2 , 0.52 m3 required.

Reflected in the Turning Wider or narrower

b y = 1 x2 min no (0, 0) y=1 wider

e y = - 1 x2 max yes (0, 0) y = -1 wider

5 Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry y value x value

6 Formula Turning point y value y value when x = 1

5 a (-3, 1) b (-2, -4) c (1, 3)

(−3.5, −42.25) (2, −4)

10 a (3.5, -4.5) b (3.5, -6.75)c (-3, -3) d (-3, -4)

b y = -(x - 1)2 + 3 13 a k > 0 b k=0 c k<0

3 √105 3 √105 (−2, −13)

4 a = 2, b = -4; y = (x + 2)(x - 4); Turning point

9 a (2, 4) b (2, 9) c (1, -4) d (-3, 8)

4 a 1 ÷ 0.1, 1 ÷ 0.01, 1 ÷ 0.001, 1 ÷ 0.00001

11 a decreasing at a decreasing rate

C & c: Motor bike; distance increases at a constant rate

(acceleration towards Earth) and finally distance decreases at

2 − √39 (2, 5) 2 + √39 1

b i minimum at (-3, -8) ii 10

8 a 100 - x b A = x(100 - x) c 0 < x < 100

(−1, 2) e 9.8 years

e categorical and ordinal 8 40

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

12 Answers will vary

Q3 = 6.1, IQR = 1.6 90

Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)

b i 17 ii Q1 = 15, Q3 = 24 iii 9 1000

5 a log2 8 = 3 b log3 81 = 4 c log2 32 = 5 1 1 1 1 1

d x5 - x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 4 = (x - 3)(6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 158) + 476

x b i y-intercept = (0, 15) ii y = (x - 5)(x - 3)(x + 1)

c i y-intercept = (0, 8) Short-answer questions

225 log10 13 log10 2

(1, −9) (1, 17)

c (1, -9) and (-2, 9)