Module 2

Circular Functions and Trigonometry

What this module is about

This module is about determining the coordinates of angles in standard position in a
unit circle; the six circular functions and finding the six circular functions of special angles;
As you go over the discussion, examples and exercises, you will understand what circular
functions are all about. Anytime you feel you are at a loss, do not hesitate to go back to the
discussion and examples.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. determine the coordinates of the terminal side of an angle in standard position in a

unit circle

1.1 when one coordinate is given (apply the Pythagorean Theorem and the
properties of special right triangles)

1.2 when the angle is of the form:

• 180ºn ± 30º • 180ºn ± 45º

• 180ºn ± 60º • 90ºn

2. define the six circular functions

• sine • cotangent
• cosine • secant
• tangent • cosecant

3. find the six circular functions of angles with special values

1
 How much do you know
3
1. The x-coordinate of an angle in the along the unit circle is . If the terminal side of
4
the angle is located in the fourth quadrant, what is its y-coordinate?

1 7 7 1
a. b. c. - d. -
4 4 4 4

2. An angle measuring 30o is in standard position along the unit circle. What are its
coordinates?

1 3 1 3   3 1  3 1 
a.  , 
 b.  ,− c.  ,  d.  − , 
 2 2  2 2   2 2  2 2

3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 420o
angle and the unit circle?

 3 1 1 3  2 2 1 3 
a.  ,  b.  , 
 c.  , 
 d.  ,−
 2 2 2 2   2 2  2 2 

4. What is the y-coordinate of a 225o angle along the unit circle?

1 3 2 d. -1
a. − b. - c. -
2 2 2

5. It is the relationship between the arc length and the x-coordinate.

a. Circular function c. Cosine function

b. Sine function d. Tangent function

6. What is cos 120o

1 1 3 3
a. b. − c. d. −
2 2 2 2

2
 What you will do

Lesson 1

Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle

In the previous module you have learned about the measures of arcs on a
unit circle. Now, let us find the coordinates of the point where the terminal side of
an angle in standard position lies.

Consider a circle whose center is at (0,0). The circle of radius one with
center at origin is called the unit circle. Every point on the unit circle satisfies the
equation x2 + y2 = 1.
Y
It intersects at the points: B

A: ( 1,0 )
B: ( 0, 1 ) X C A
C: ( -1, 0 )
D: ( 0, -1 )
D
You can determine whether a point is on the unit circle if the equation x2 +
y2 = 1 is satisfied.

Examples:

Determine whether each point lie on the unit circle.

12 − 5 1 1
a. ( , ) c. ( , )
13 13 3 2

 2 2 1 3
b.  − , 
 d. ( , )
 2 2  2 2

Solution:

12 − 5 12 −5
a. ( , ) implies that x = and y =
13 13 13 13

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

3
 12 2 −5 2
( ) + ( ) = 1
13 13

144 25
+ = 1
169 169

169
= 1 True
169

12 − 5
The point ( , ) is on the unit circle.
13 13

 2 2 2 2
b.  − ,  implies that x = -
 and y =
 2 2  2 2

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

2 2 2 2
(- ) + ( ) =1
2 2

2 2
+ = 1
4 4

4
= 1 True
4

 2 2
The point  − ,  lie on the unit circle.

 2 2 

1 1
c. ( , )
3 2

1 1 1 1
( , ) implies that x = , and y =
3 2 3 2

Substitute the values of x and y in x2 + y2 = 1

1 2 1 2
( ) +( ) = 1
3 2

1 1
+ = 1
9 4

4
 4+9
= 1
36

13
= 1 False
36

1 1
The point ( , ) is not on the unit circle.
3 2

1 3
d. ( , )
2 2

1 3 1 3
( , ) implies that x = and y =
2 2 2 2

Substitute the values of x and y inx2 + y2 = 1

1 2 3 2
( ) + ( ) = 1
2 2

1 3
+ = 1
4 4

4
= 1 True
4

1 3
The point ( , ) is on the unit circle.
2 2

Knowing this equation, the other coordinate of a point of intersection of the

unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in standard position can be obtained
when one of its coordinates is given.

Example 1:
1
If the x-coordinate of an angle in standard position is , what is the y-
2
coordinate?

Solution:

Use the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1. Substitute the given value
of x in the equation of the unit circle to obtain the value of y.

5
 2
 1
  + y =1
2
Substitute the given x-coordinate
2
2
1  1 1
+ y2 = 1   =
4 2 4
1
y 2 = 1- Addition property of equality
4
3 1 4 −1 3
y2 = 1− = =
4 4 4 4

3 Take the square root of both numerator and

y=±
4 denominator

3
y=± 4 =2
2

3
∴y = ± .
2

Example 2:
1
The y-coordinate of an angle in standard position is . If the terminal side
7
of the angle lies between 90o and 180o, what is its x-coordinate?

Solution:

Use the equation of the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1. Substitute the given y-

coordinate to find the x-coordinate.

2
 1
x2 +   = 1 Substitute the given y-coordinate
7

2
1  1 1
x +
2
=1   =
49 7 49

1
x 2 = 1− Addition Property of Equality
49

48 1 49 − 1 48
x2 = 1− = =
49 49 49 49

6
 48
x=± Take the square root of both sides
49

16 ⋅ 3
x=±
49

4 3
x=±
7

4 3
∴x = − , since 90o < θ <180o which means that the terminal side of
7
the angle lies in the second quadrant where the x-coordinate is negative.

Try this out

A. Let B be a point on the first quadrant of the unit circle. The x-coordinate of
1
the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side at B is .
2
Y
C B ( 1 , y)
• 2

X A
O F

• •
D E

1. Name the angle in standard position.

2. What special kind of triangle is formed out of points O, B, and F?
3. How will you find the y-coordinate of B?
4. Find the y-coordinate of ∠AOB.
5. What is the sign of the y-coordinate of B?
6. What then are the coordinates of B?
7. What are the coordinates of point C which is a reflection of point B in
the second quadrant?
8. If D is a reflection of C in the third quadrant, what are the coordinates
of the terminal point of ∠AOD?

7
 9. If E is a reflection of B in the fourth quadrant, what are the coordinates
of the terminal point of ∠AOE?
10. In what quadrant is the abscissa or x-coordinate of the terminal point of
an angle positive? Negative?
11. What about the y-coordinate or ordinate? In what quadrant is it
positive? Negative?

B. Determine whether each of the following points lie on the unit circle.

3 4
1. ( , )
5 5
2. ( 0.8, -0.6 )
2 −1
3. ( 2 , )
3 3

4. ( 2 , -1 )
− 8 − 15
5. ( , )
17 17

C. One of the coordinates of the point of intersection of the unit circle and the
terminal side of an angle in standard position is given. Find the other
coordinate.

1 1
1. x = - 6. y = , 0 < θ < 90°
2 2
2 1
2. y = − 7. y = , 90° < θ < 180°
5 7
1 2
3. y = 8. x = − ,180° < θ < 270°
10 3
1 1
4. x = 9. y = − , 270° < θ < 360°
3 5
2 5
5. x = 10. x = , 0 < θ < 90°
2 7

8
 D. Find the missing coordinate of the point of intersection of the unit circle and
the terminal ray of an angle in standard position.

 3   3
1.  , __  θ is in QI 7.  __,−  θ is in QIII
 2   4
 
 
2. ( __, -0.6) θ is in QIII 8.  __,− 3  180 < θ < 270°
 5 
 5  
3.  __,  θ is in QII
 13  2 
9.  , __  0° < θ < 90°
4. ( __, 1) θ = 90° 7 

5. (0, __) θ = 270°  5 

10.  __,  90° < θ < 180°
 12 
 12 
6.  − , __  θ is in QII
 13 

Lesson 2

The Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle in the form 180on ± A

In geometry, you have learned that angles whose measures are 30o, 45o,
and 60o are called special angles. Now, let these special angles be amount of
rotations on the unit circle as you can see in the figures below. Angle measures
π π π
30, 45 and 60 are also the arclengths , and respectively
6 4 3
Y Y Y
π
π π 3
4 1
1 6 1
60o
X 30o
X 45o X

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

What do you think are the coordinates of each of the terminal points?

9
 Consider figure 1. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle. Drop a
perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M. Notice that
triangle OPM is a 30o-60o-90o triangle.

Y Recall that in a 30o-60o-90o triangle, the

1
length of the leg opposite the 30o angle is the
2
P(x,y) 1
1 length of the hypotenuse. Hence, y = .
o y 2
X 30
O x M The x-coordinate of P can be obtained
using the equation of the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1.
By substitution,
2
1 3
x2 +   = 1 x2 =
Figure 1  2 4

1 3
x2 + =1 x= ±
4 4

1 3
x2 = 1 - x= ±
4 2

3 π  3 1
Since P is in QI, then x = . Thus, P ( )has coordinates  ,  .
2 6  2 2

Consider this time figure 2. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle.
Drop a perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M.
Notice that triangle OPM is a 45o-45o-90o triangle and that a 45o angle in
standard position has its terminal side in the first quadrant.
Y
Recall that in a 45o-45o-90o, the lengths of
P(x, y) the two legs are equal. Thus, in Figure 2, x = y.

1 y The coordinates of P can be obtained

X 45o using the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1
O x M
where x = y.

x2 + x2 = 1

Figure 2 1
2x2 = 1 x=±
2
2
1 1 2
x =
2
x=± or ± 2

2 2 2

10
 2 2
But P is in quadrant I. Hence, x = and y = .
2 2

π  2 2
∴P ( ) has coordinates  , .

4  2 2 

Now, consider figure 3. Let P(x, y) be the terminal point of the angle. Drop
a perpendicular from P to the x-axis and call the point of intersection M. Notice
that ∆POM is a right triangle where ∠POM = 60o.
Y
To determine the coordinates of P, use the
P(x,y) same relation as in Figure 1 since ∠OPM = 30o.
1
1
60o
y Knowing that the side opposite 30o is the
X M
2
O x
1
length of the hypotenuse, then in figure 3, x = .
2
To find y, use the equation of the unit
circle, x2 + y2 = 1. Thus,
Figure 3
2
1
  + y =1
2

2

1
y2 = 1 −
4
3
y=
4

3
y=±
4

3
y=±
2
3
Since P is in the first quadrant y = .
2

π 1 3
Hence, P( )has coordinates  , .

3 2 2 

11
 The coordinates of the terminal points of special angles on a unit circle
can now be used to determine the coordinates of points of intersection of angles
in the form 180on ± A where A is a special angle. This can be done by
determining the location of the terminal point of the given angle and the reference
angle, A.

Example:

1. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal

side of a 135o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

3π
The terminal point of 135o or is located in the second quadrant. Its
4
reference angle can be determined using the form 180on – A.
Y
135 = 180o(1) – A
135o = 180o – A
P(x,y) A = 180o – 135o
A = 45o
O
135

X
3π π
or 135o is a reflection of or 45o in QII.
4 4
 2 2 
Thus, the terminal point P of 135o has coordinates  − , .
 2 2 

2. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a

210o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

7π
The terminal point of 210o or is located in QIII. Its reference angle can
6
be determined using the form 180on + A.
Y
180o(1) + A = 210o
180o + A = 210o
A = 210o – 180o
A = 30o
X
Notice that 210o is a reflection of 30o in the
P(x,y) third quadrant. Hence, its coordinates can be
obtained using the coordinates of 30o but following
the signs of the ordered pairs in the third quadrant.

12
 7π  3 1
Hence, the terminal point P of 210o or − 
6
has coordinates  2 ,− 2  .
 

3. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a

660o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

11π
The terminal side of 660o or is in the fourth quadrant. It can be written
3
in the form 180on - A.
Y 180o(4) – A = 660o
– A = 660o – 720o
-A = -60o
A = 60o

X Observe that 660o is a reflection of 60o on

the fourth quadrant. Hence, the coordinates of
the terminal point can be obtained from the
P(x, y) coordinates of 60o but following the signs of
coordinates in the fourth quadrant.
11π 1 3 
Then, P( ) has coordinates  ,− .
3 2 2 
4. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a -
750o angle on the unit circle.

Solution:

25π
The direction of rotation of -750o or − is clockwise starting from (1, 0).
6
Its terminal side is located in the fourth quadrant and be expressed in the form
180on ± A where A is a special angle.
Y
180o(-4) – A = -750o
-720o – A = -750o
-A = -750 + 720o
X -A = -30o
P(x, y) A = 30o

Thus, the reference angle of -750o is 30o. The coordinates of the terminal
point can be obtained from the coordinates of the points of intersection of the
terminal side of 30o and the unit circle.

13
 Therefore, the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
25π  3 1
of -750o or − and the unit circle are  ,−  .
6  2 2

Observe from the examples that the coordinates of the point of

intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in standard
position are as follows:
 3 1 
1. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 30°, the coordinates are  ± ,±  .
 2 2
 1 3 
2. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 60°, the coordinates are  ± ,± .
 2 2 
3. If an angle is of the form 180°n ± 45°, the coordinates are
 
 ± 2 ,± 2  .
 2 2 


The signs of the coordinates depend upon the position of the terminal side
of the angle.

Try this out

Find the reference angle for each of the following angles on a unit circle
and determine the coordinates of its terminal point.

1. 120o 6. 315o 11. 765o 16. -225o

2. 150o 7. 330o 12. -120o 17. -300o
3. 225o 8. 480o 13. -135o 18. -480o
4. 240o 9. 510o 14. -150o 19. -600o
5. 300o 10. 585o 15. -210o 20. -1020o

Lesson 3

The Sine and Cosine Functions

In the previous lesson, you have learned that each terminal point P of special angles
on the unit circle corresponds to coordinates of a point (x, y) that satisfies the equation of
the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1. These coordinates of points have special names. The relation
between the angle and the y-coordinate is called the sine function while the relation
between the angle and the x-coordinate is called the cosine function.

14
 Y
In the figure at the left, the terminal side of
P(x, y) = (cos θ, sin θ) angle θ intersected the unit circle at point P(x, y).
Thus, the x-coordinate of P is called the cosine
X θ
function of θ and can be expressed as cos θ = x,
and the y-coordinate of P is called the sine
function of θ and can be expressed as sin θ = y.

Hence, for each value of θ in the unit circle, the x-coordinate of the terminal point is
the cosine of θ and the y-coordinate is the sine of θ.

In symbols, x = cos θ and y = sin θ

Examples:

1. Evaluate sin 0o and cos 0o.

Solution:
Y
When θ = 0o is set in standard position, it intersects
the unit circle at the point (1, 0). By definition, sin θ = y
and cos θ = x.
P(1, 0)
X
Hence, in P(1,0) where x = 1 and y = 0
sin 0o = 0 and cos 0o = 1.

π
2. Evaluate sin 90o and cos 90o. ( Note: 90o = )
2

Solution:
Y
(0, 1) θ = 90o is set in standard position on the unit circle
as shown in the figure. Its terminal side intersects the unit
circle at the point (0, 1). By definition, sin θ = y and cos θ
90o
X = x.

Hence, sin 90o = 1 and cos 90o = 0 or

π π
sin = 1and cos = 0.
2 2

Note that the sine and cosine functions of angles which are integral multiples of 90o
can be easily evaluated.

15
 The table below shows the sine and cosine functions of the integral multiples of 90o
for 0o ≤ θ ≤ 360o.

π 3π
θ 0 90o or 180o or π 270o or 360o or 2 π
2 2
P(θ) (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1) (1, 0)

sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0

cos θ 1 0 -1 0 1

To evaluate angles that are not multiples of 90o, use the concept of reference angles
as in the previous lesson.

π
3. Evaluate sin 30o and cos 30o. (Note: 30o = )
6

Solution: Y

θ = 30o is set in standard position, as in the

figure at the left, the terminal side of the angle
( )
( )
3
1 P , 21 3 1
intersects the unit circle at the point P 2 , 2 .
2
o
Y 30

By definition,
1 3
sin 30o = and cos 30o = or
2 2
π 1 π 3
sin = and cos =
6 2 6 2

π
Similarly, angles of multiples of 30o or can be found in the other quadrants: 150o
6
5π 7π 11π
or in QII, 210o or in QIII and 330o or in QIV.
6 6 6

16
 π
4. Evaluate sin -60o and cos -60o. ( Note: 60o =
3

Solution: Y π
If θ = -60o or - is in standard position as in the
3
figure, its terminal side intersects the unit circle at the

X
-60o
point ( ,− )
1
2
3
2 .

Hence, by definition,
1
P ( ,− )
1
2 2
3
1 3
sin -60o = and cos -60o = - or
2 2
π 1 3
sin - = and cos -60o = - .
3 2 2

19π
5. Evaluate sin 570o and cos 570o. (Note: 570o = )
6

Solution: Y
The figure at the left shows 570o in standard position.
Its reference angle is 30o and the terminal side intersects the

X
570o
unit circle at the point (− ,− ) 3
2
1
2.

(
P − 2
3
,− 21 ) Hence, by the definition of sine and cosine functions,
1 3
sin 570o = - and cos 570o = - or
2 2

19π 1 19π 3
sin = - and cos =- .
6 2 6 2

17
Try this out
A. The unit circle below is divided into 8 congruent arcs. Complete the table.

C Terminal Degree Coordinates Sin θ Cos θ

D B Point Measure
A
B
X E A C
D
H E
F
F
G G
H

B. Evaluate the following:

1. sin 60o 6. sin 420o

2. cos 120o 7. sin -45o
3. cos 135o 8. cos -90o
4. sin 150o 9. sin -180o
5. cos 270o 10. cos -330o

C. Identify the quadrant/quadrants where the angle is/are located:

1. sin θ > 0 5. sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0

2. cos θ < 0 6. sin θ > 0 and cos θ > 0
3. cos θ > 0 7. sin θ < 0 and cos θ > 0
4. sin θ < 0 8. sin θ < 0 and cos θ < 0

18
 Lesson 4

The Other Circular Functions

In Lesson 3, you learned about two circular functions of an angle θ, sine and cosine.
Aside from these two functions, there are four other circular functions of an angle θ in
standard position. These are the tangent function, cotangent function, secant function and
cosecant function.

The Tangent Function

The third basic function is the tangent function (abbreviated as tan). This function is
defined in terms of sine and cosine functions.
Y
The tangent function is defined as the set of all
P(x, y)
 y
1 ordered pairs  θ,  where x ≠ 0, θ is an angle in
θ  x
X standard position and y and x are the second and first
coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
of θ with the unit circle, respectively.

sin θ y
Since y = sin θ and x = cos θ, then tan θ = or , where cos θ ≠ 0.
cos θ x

The Cotangent Function

The cotangent function (abbreviated as cot) is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 x
 θ,  where y ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and x and y are the first and second
 y
coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of θ with the unit circle,
respectively.
cos θ x
Since x = cos θ and y = sin θ, then cot θ = or , where sin θ ≠ 0.
sin θ y

The Secant Function

The secant function(abbreviated as sec) is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 1
 θ,  where x ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and x = cos θ.
 x
1 1
Since x = cos θ, then sec θ = or , where cos θ ≠ 0.
cos θ x

19
The Cosecant Function

The cosecant function (abbreviated as csc)is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
 1
 θ,  where y ≠ 0, θ is an angle in standard position and y = sin θ.
 y
1 1
Since y = sin θ, then csc θ = or , where sin θ ≠ 0.
sin θ y

Did you notice that tangent and cotangent functions are reciprocal functions? The
same is true for secant and cosecant functions.

The value of the tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant of special angles can be
obtained using their x and y coordinates.

Examples:

π
1. Evaluate tan 30o, cot 30o, sec 30o and csc 30o. (Note: 30o = )
6

Solution:
 3 1 3 1
P(30o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 30o = and sin 30o = .
 2 2 2 2

Therefore, by definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

1 1 2 2 3 2 3
1 2 1 3 3 sec 30o = = 1• = • =
tan 30o = 2 = • = • = 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 3 3 3 3
2
2
1 2 2
csc 30o = = 1• = = 2
3 1 1 1
3 2 2 3
cot 30o = 2 = • = = 3 2
1 2 1 2
2

π
2. Determine tan 45o, cot 45o, sec 45o and csc 45o. (Note: 45o = )
4

Solution:
 2 2
If P(45o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 45o = 2 and sin 45o = 2 .

 2 2  2 2

20
 Therefore, by definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

2 sec 45o =
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
tan 45o = 2 = • = =1 = 1• = • = = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

2 csc 45o =
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
cot 45o = 2 = • = =1 = 1• = • = = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

Notice that the tan 45o and cot 45o are equal and that sec 45o and csc 45o are also
equal. It is because the right triangle formed by a 45o-45o-90o is an isosceles right triangle.

π
3. Find tan 60o, cot 60o, sec 60o and csc 60o. (Note: 60o = )
3

1 3
If P(60o) =  ,  . Hence, cos 60o = 1 and sin 60o = 3 .

2 2  2 2

Therefore, by the definition of tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant,

3 1 2 2
sec 60o = = 1• = = 2
3 2 2 3 1 1 1
tan 60o = 2 = • = = 3
1 2 1 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 2 3
csc 60o = = 1• = • =
1 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 3
cot 60o = 2 = • = • = 2
3 2 3 3 3 3
2

Observe that tan 60o = cot 30o and sec 60o = csc 30o. Why is it so? It is because 30o
and 60o are complementary angles. Hence, their functions are also complementary.

The tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions of other angles in the form
180on ± 30o, 180on ± 45o and 180on ± 60o can be obtained from the functions of 30o, 45o,
and 60o, respectively.

21
4. Evaluate tan 0o, cot 0o, sec 0o, and csc 0o.

Solution:

P(0o) = (1, 0). Hence cos 0o = 1 and sin 0o = 0.

Therefore, by definition,

0 1
tan 0o = =0 sec 0o = =1
1 1

1 1
cot 0o = = undefined csc 0o = = undefined
0 0

Division by zero is not defined. Hence, cot 0o and csc 0o are not defined.

π
5. Evaluate tan 90o. (Note 90o = )
2

Solution:

If P(90o) = (0, 1). Hence, cos 90o = 0 and sin 90o = 1.

Therefore, by definition,

1 1
tan 90o = = undefined sec 90o = = undefined
0 0

0 0
cot 90o = =0 csc 90o = =0
1 1

Division by zero is not defined. Therefore, tan 90o and sec 90o are not defined.

The Circular Functions of other Angles

The circular functions of angles which are not multiples of the quadrantal angles and
special angles can be obtained using a scientific calculator or a table of trigonometric
functions. In this module, the use of a scientific calculator is encouraged for you to make
use of the technology. Caution is given that before you use a scientific calculator, that is,
you have to familiarize yourself with the model of the scientific calculator you are going to
use. This module will not prescribe a particular scientific calculator.

22
Examples:

Use a scientific calculator to evaluate the following

1. sin 15o 3. cot 100o 5. sec 20o05’

2. cos 34o15’ 4. tan 125o40’ 6. csc 320o

Answers:

1. sin 15o = 0.258819 4. tan 125o40’ = -1.393357

2. cos 34o15’ = 0.826590 5. sec 20o05’= 1.064743
3. cot 100o = -0.176327 6. csc 320o = -1.555724

Note that the symbol ‘ means minutes. Thus, 34o15’ means 34 degrees 15 minutes.
Answers in the examples are given up to six decimal places.

Try this out

A. Find the six circular functions of the following angles using the definition of the functions.

1. 120o 6. 225o
2. 135o 7. 240o
3. 150o 8. 270o
4. 180o 9. 300o
5. 210o 10. 330o

B. Find the value of the following using a scientific calculator or a trigonometric table.

1. sin 23o 6. csc 102o 11. sec 120o30’ 16. cos 37o25’
2. cos 34o 7. tan 44o23’ 12. cot 87o50’ 17. sin 200o52’
3. tan 16o 8. cos 48o16’ 13. cos 95o15’ 18. cot 312o45’
4. cot 43o 9. sin 55o20’ 14. tan 112o47’ 19. tan 300o35’
5. sec 95o 10. cot 29o29’ 15. csc 50o10’ 20. sec 320o28’

C. Identify the quadrant/quadrants where the angle is located given the following
conditions:

1. tan θ > 0 4. cot θ < 0 and cos θ > 0

2. cot θ < 0 5. sec θ > 0 and sin θ > 0
3. tan θ > 0 and sin θ < 0 6. cot θ > 0 and sin θ < 0

23
 Let’s Summarize
1. If OA (1, 0) is the initial side of an angle on the unit circle and P is any point on the
unit circle then, OP is the terminal side of ∠AOP and the coordinates of point P
satisfy the equation of the unit circle, x2 + y2 = 1.

 3 1 
2. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 30° are  ± ,±  .
 2 2

 1 3 
3. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 60° are  ± ,± .
 2 2 

 2 2 
4. The coordinates of an angle in the form 180°n ± 45° are  ± ,± .
 2 2 

5. Sine function is the relation between an angle and the y-coordinate while cosine
function is the relation between an angle and the x-coordinate.

6. Tangent function is the ratio of y to x while cotangent function is the ratio of x to y,

where x and y are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side
of an angle in standard position and the unit circle.

7. Secant function is the reciprocal of the cosine function while cosecant function is
the reciprocal of the sine function.

24
 What have you learned
4
1. The y-coordinate of an angle in the along the unit circle is - . If the terminal side of
5
the angle is located in the third quadrant, what is its x-coordinate?

3 1 1 3
a. b. c. - d. -
5 5 5 5

2. An angle measuring 60o is in standard position along the unit circle. What are its
coordinates?
1 3   3 1
a.  , 
c. 
 2 ,2

 2 2   
 
 1 3   3 1 
b.  − ,− d.  − , 
 2 2   2 2

3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 600o
angle and the unit circle?
 3 1  2 2
a.  ,  c.  , 

 2 2   2 2 
 1 3 1 3 
b.  − ,−  d.  ,−
 2 2 
2 2 

4. What is the x-coordinate of a 540o angle along the unit circle?

1 3 2 d. -1
a. − b. - c. -
2 2 2

5. It is the reciprocal of the cosine function.

a. Tangent function c. Cosecant function

b. Sine Function d. Secant function

6. What is sec 240o

a. 2 2 3 c. -2 2 3
b. d. −
3 3

25
 Answer Key
How much do you know

1. c 3. b 5. c 7. a 9. a
2. c 4. c 6. b 8. d 10. a

Try this out

Lesson 1

A. 1. ∠BOA  1 3
− , 
2. Right triangle 7.  2 2 
 
3. Pythagorean Theorem
 1 
3 8.  − ,− 3 
4.  2 2 
2 
5. positive 1
 ,− 3 

9. 2
1 3
 2 
6.  , 
2 2 
  10. Pos: QI & QIV; Neg: QII & QIII
11. Pos: QI & QII; Neg: QIII & QIV

B. 1. Lies on the unit circle

2. Lies on the unit circle
3. Does not lie on the unit circle
4. Does not lie on the unit circle
5. Lies on the unit circle

3 2 2 6
C 1. y = ± 5. y = ± 9. x =
2 2 5
21 3 2 6
2. x = ± 6. x = 10. y =
5 2 7
3 11 4 3
3. x = ± 7. x = −
10 7
2 2 7
4. y = ± 8. y = −
3 3

1 5 3 5
D. 1. 6. 9.
2 13 7
2. -0.8 7 119
12 7. − 10. −
3. − 4 12
13 22
4. 0 8. −
5
5. -1

26
Lesson 2

 1 3  1 3  3 1 
1. 60o  − ,  8. 60o  − ,  15. 30o  − ,
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
     
2. 30o − 3 , 1 9. 30o − 3 , 1 16. 45o  −
2 2
,
 2 2  2 2 2 2 
    
    1 3
3. 45o − 2 , - 2  10. 45o − 2 , - 2  17. 60o  , 
 2 2   2 2 
  2 2 
 1   2 2  1 3 
4. 60o − , - 3  11. 45o  ,  18. 60o  − , -
 2 2   2 2  2 
    2
1   1   1 3
5. 60o  ,- 3  12. 60o − , - 3  19. 60o  − , 
2 2   2 2 
   2 2 
 2 2    1 3
6. 45o  ,- 13. 45o − 2 , - 2  20. 60o  , 
 2 2   2 2 
  2 2 
 3 1  
7. 30o  ,-  14. 30o − 3 , - 1
 2 2   2 2 
 

Lesson 3

Terminal Degree Coordinates Sin θ Cos θ

Point Measure of Points
(θ)
A 0o (1, 0) 0 1
B 45o  2 2 2 2
 , 
 2 2  2 2
 
C 90o (0, 1) 1 0
D 135o   2 2
− 2 , 2  -
 2 2  2 2
 

E 180o (-1, 0) 0 -1
F 225o   2 2
− 2 , - 2 - -
 2 2  2 2


G 270o (0, -1) -1 0

H 315o  2 2  2 2
 ,- -
 2 2  2 2


27
 3 3 C. 1. I, II
B. 1. 6. 2. II, III
2 2
1 2 3. I, IV
2. − 7. − 4. III, IV
2 2
2 5. II
3. − 8. 0 6. I
2
1 7. IV
4. 9. 0 8. III
2
3
5. 0 10.
2
Lesson 4
A.

Angle Coordinates sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ csc θ

1. 120o  − 1 , 3  3 − 1
2 − 3 − 3 -2 2 3
 2 2  2 3 3

2. 135o (− 2
2
, 2
2
) 2
2
- 2
2 -1 -1 − 2 2
o
3. 150  − 3
, 21 
1
2 - 3
− 3 − 3 - 2 33 2
 2  2 3

4. 180o (-1, 0) 0 -1 undefined 0 -1 undefined

5. 210o  − 3
, - 21  - 21 - 3 3 3 - 2 33 -2
 2  2 3

6. 225o (− 2
2
,- 2
2
) - 2
2
- 2
2 1 1 − 2 - 2
7. 240o  − 1 , - 3  - 3 − 1
2 3 3 -2 - 2 33
 2 2  2 3

8. 270o (0, -1) -1 0 undefined 0 undefined -1

9. 300o  1 , - 3  - 3 1
2 - 3 - 3 2 - 2 33
2 2  2 3

10. 330o  3
, - 21  - 21 3
- 3 - 3 2 3 -2
 2  2 3 3

B. 1. 0.390731 6. 1.022341 11. -1.979294 16. 0.794238

2. 0.829038 7. 0.978703 12. 0.037834 17. -0.356194
3. 0.286745 8. 0.665665 13. -0.091502 18. -0.924390
4. 1.072369 9. 0.822475 14. -2.380844 19. -1.692031
5. -11.47371 10. 1.768694 15. 1.302234 20. 1.296589
C. 1. I, III 2. II, IV 3. III 4. IV 5. I 6. III
What have you learned
1. d 6. c
2. a 7. c
3. b 8. a
4. d 9. b
5. d

28