Yu, et al.

Int J Earth Environ Sci 2017, 2: 147

https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

International Journal of
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Review Article Open Access

Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by

the Strong Kobe Earthquake
Haitao Yu1,2* and Xinxi Li3
1
Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2
Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
3
Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Abstract Publication History:

The Daikai station, a cut and cover structure in the subway system in Kobe, collapsed during the Hyogo Received: November 02, 2017
ken-Nanbu earthquake of January 17, 1995 in Japan, which attracted significant attention on seismic design of Accepted: December 21, 2017
underground structures world widely. Based on literature review of published researches, dynamic numerical Published: December 23, 2017
analyses have been conducted to investigate the damage mechanism of the Daikai station subjected to the
strong earthquake. The equivalent linear model has been used for the soil to approximate the nonlinear Keywords:
dynamic behavior of the soil including the shear modulus and the increase of damping with strain. The
Concrete Damaged Plasticity model has been adopted to capture the damage evolution and progressive failure
The Daikai station, Collapse
of the subway station under seismic loadings. The influence of vertical motion on the seismic response of the
mechanism, Middle columns,
station is evaluated in the paper. A comparison between the numerical predictions and the damage reported
Seismic motion, Numerical
shows a good agreement. The results indicate that the middle columns are the most severely damage part
analysis
of the station and are mainly controlled by the horizontal ground motion. In contrast, the vertical seismic
motion can generally be neglected.
Introduction with the destruction position located at the connections between
the top and bottom of the column and the slab. Total length of about
It is generally believed that underground structures have a strong 110m was completely destroyed [5]. Other structural components also
seismic performance compared to surface structures because of the suffered various damages, such as the concrete of the side walls were
constrained effect of the surrounding ground [1]. Nevertheless, a spalled, and the wide cracks led to obvious leakage [6]. The maximum
number of underground structures have experienced significant subsidence of the national road above the subway was around 2.5m
damage during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, including subways, parking caused by the deformed top slab [5], as shown in Figure 1.
lots, tunnels and commercial streets. Most importantly, the strong
earthquake caused the collapse of the Daikai Station, a reinforced
concrete underground structure in the subway system in Kobe [2].
After few years, during the subsequent earthquakes, such as the Chi-
Chi earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 and Turkey earthquake
in November 1999, a number of underground structures have also
suffered severe damage, some quite extensively [3]. The damage
provides sufficient evidence to suggest that the safety of underground
structures in seismically active areas is still an important issue, but not
well understood yet, or at least not well consider during design.

In this study, published researches on damage observation and

analysis of the Daikai station are firstly reviewed and summarized. Figure 1: The damage pattern of the Daikai station [4]
Based on the literature review, dynamic numerical analyses are
conducted to investigate the damage mechanism of the Daikai station. The collapse of the Daikai station was the first case of severe
The nonlinear dynamic behavior of the soil is approximated by the earthquake-induced damage to modern underground structure, and
equivalent linear model. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity model thus a number of researchers focused on the damage mechanism
is adopted to capture the damage evolution and progressive failure of the station in order to develop design theories and methods for
of the subway station under the strong earthquake. The dynamic practitioners. As observed from the damage of the Daikai station,
explicit method (central difference method) is employed to solve the the middle columns were the most seriously destroyed parts of the
dynamic problem. The influence of the vertical motion on seismic station. Thus, many researchers began to investigate the performance
responses of the station is evaluated and compared with that of the and failure mode of the middle columns. Yamato [7] conducted static
horizontal motion. Through the investigation, the goal of the paper is analysis and considered nonlinear relationship between the moment
to determine, or at least estimate, the causes and the mechanisms of *
Corresponding Author: Prof. Haitao Yu, Department of Geotechnical
damage observed at the Daikai station, which would be beneficial for Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; E-mail:
seismic design of underground structures in future. yuhaitao@tongji.edu.cn

Literature Review Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai

Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147
The Daikai Station, a cut-and-cover structure, was built between
1962 and 1964 [2]. It was located about 15 km from the epicenter of Copyright: © 2018 Yu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the
the strong Kobe earthquake. During the earthquake, more than 30 terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
columns of the central section of the station completely collapsed, and source are credited.

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 2 of 10

and rotational angle at the end of the elements of the structure. It the response of the station. Nakamura [20] concluded that the damage
was concluded from the results that center columns failed due to of center columns depended on the stiffness of ground around the
the bending and shear failure of those columns. Based on the three- station. Uenishi [21] showed that a seismic wave with a specific
dimensional finite element analysis, Samata [8] revealed that the frequency could induce resonance of a column at midspan of the
shear failure of the middle column was prior to the flexural yielding station.
of the slabs and walls. An et al. [9] observed from numerical results
that the failure of the middle column was caused by its low shear In general, great efforts have been made in investigating the failure
capacity and poor ductility. Iwatate [10] summarized from shaking mode and the collapse mechanism of the Daikai station based on
table tests of the scaled subway station that the scaled model collapsed a series of numerical and experimental approaches. However, a
due to lack of the load carrying capacity against shear at the middle consensus on the collapse mechanism of the Daikai station has not
column. Parra-Montesinos [11] predicted a reasonable range of drifts been achieved yet. Moreover, only few investigations on the nonlinear
at which collapse was expected in the columns of the station by using seismic response of the station were addressed. As aforementioned
the Elwood-Moehle column collapse model. Huan [12] developed before, the aim of the paper is therefore to fulfill these forward
a 3D shock isolator composed of dash spring and lead rubber problems, that is, to determine the causes and the mechanisms of
beading for the middle column, and validated from 3D numerical damage observed at the Daikai station after a series of nonlinear
results that the isolator could markedly reduce the deformation numerical simulations, as addressed below.
and damage of the column when fixed at the ends of the column.
Numerical Model and Parameters
What is more interesting is that, strong vertical seismic motions The dimension of the Daikai station
were recorded during the Kobe earthquake [13]. However, limited
studies have investigated the effect of the vertical seismic motion on There were three sections for the Daikai station: the central section,
underground structures [14,15]. Iida [4] investigated that the damage the subway tunnels section and the access station section. The central
of the station due to vertical force was still unclear. Chen [16] used the section (see Figure 2), which was mainly damaged, was 17m wide and
substructure subtraction method and considered the soils above the 7.17m high. The wall thickness was 0.70m. The thicknesses of the top
station as an affiliated structure of the station. It was concluded that and bottom slab were 0.80m and 0.85m, respectively. The top slab was
the collapse of the columns of the Daikai station was induced by both located 4.8m below the ground surface. The middle columns had a
the horizontal and vertical vibrations. Based on the pushover analysis, rectangular cross section of 0.4m by 1.0m, spaced 3.5m between axes
Liu [17] indicated that the strong horizontal and vertical seismic loads in the longitudinal direction.
contributed to the failure of the subway station.
Material model for concrete structure
Other researchers investigated the damage mechanism of the Daikai
station from different views. Sakai [18] found that the frequency As well known, concrete is a complex multiphase composite
components of an input motion lower than 2Hz had a strong influence material. A number of constitutive models for the static and dynamic
on the relative displacement between the top and bottom slabs, and response of concrete have been proposed in the past [22, 23]. The
the effect of frequency components higher than 3Hz was negligible. Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model [24] developed by
Huo [19] investigated the load transfer mechanisms between the Lubliner [25], Lee and Fenves [26], was used to describe the nonlinear
underground structure and the surrounding soil and found that the behavior of concrete in this study. It uses two damage variables, the
relative stiffness between the structure and the degraded surrounding tensile damage factor dt and the compressive damage factor dc , to
ground and the frictional characteristics of the interface determined discount the elastic stiffness of concrete due to the increase of damage.

Figure 2: The central section of the Daikai station

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 3 of 10

If E0 is the initial elastic stiffness of concrete, the stress-strain The plastic strain under compression loading follows the
relations under uniaxial tension and compression loading are relationship (see Figure 4)
(1)
(4)

(2) Where and

Where σt and σc are the tensile and compressive stresses respectively, For the Daikai station, the design strength of the concrete was
while εt and εc are the tensile and compressive strains respectively. 23.52 MPa for the central columns and 20.58 MPa for other structural
components, while the strength of the specimens for the central
The plastic strain under tension loading follows the relationship columns was 39.7 MPa [4]. Table 1 shows the parameters used in the
(see Figure 3) CDP model.

(3) Material model for soil

Where and The ground surrounding the Daikai station is mainly composed
of Quaternary Holocene sand and Pleistocene clay. The nonlinear

Figure 3: The stress-strain relations of concrete under uniaxial tension loading [24].

Figure 4: The stress-strain relations of concrete under uniaxial compression loading [24].

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 4 of 10

dynamic behavior of the soil is approximated by the equivalent linear Analysis procedure
model. The parameters used in the model are referred to the test data
from Seed [27], as illustrated in Table 2 and Table 3. Dynamic explicit method [29], based on the central difference
method, is used to capture the dynamic and nonlinear behavior of
Boundary conditions and seismic inputs the soil-structure system, which is carried out using the program
ABAQUS. Test runs are carried out to determine the length of analysis
The discretization of both the soil and the concrete structure is and time step, and it is found that the above two parameters are
done with the eight-node hexahedral solid elements CPE4R, as adequate in capturing the major response.
shown in Figure 5. Perfect bonding is assumed between the subway
station and the soil. The lateral boundaries are taken in the model Two scenarios are considered in the numerical simulation:
as free boundaries. In the model the distance from the structure to horizontal motion only, in the X direction perpendicular to the subway
the lateral boundary is more than ten times the dimensions of the axis (see Figure 5a), is applied at the bottom of the discretization,
structure. The adequacy of the type of boundary and mesh size was while the displacement of the Z direction is fixed at the bottom; and
verified by running a number of preliminary numerical tests where the combination of the horizontal motion (X direction in Figure 5a)
the lateral boundaries of the discretization were placed at different and the vertical motion (Z direction in Figure 5a). This is done to
distances from the subway structure. It was decided that the size of investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the response of the
the discretization was acceptable when free-field conditions were subway station since for design that is often neglected.
recovered in the area between the structure and the boundaries.
Results and Discussion
The earthquake record that was relevant to the subway station
corresponded to that registered at the Kobe meteorological General response of the Daikai station
observatory. The ground motion imposed at the bottom of the model
with a depth of 30m is that of Figure 6. As observed from the figure, The general response of the Daikai station under the scenario of
the maximum acceleration in the horizontal direction was 0.4g and in
horizontal X motion only is discussed in this subsection.
the vertical direction, 0.15g [28].

Density/kg•m-3 Poisson’s ratio Young’s modulus/MPa Compressive yield stress/MPa Tensile yield stress/MPa
2500 0.2 3.35×10 4
39.8 3.4
Table 1: Parameters used in the CDP model for numerical calculations

Soil type depth/m Density/kg•m-3 Vs/m•s-1 Shear modulus/MPa Young’s modulus/MPa

Backfilled 2.20 1.80 188.0 62.03 180.03
Holocene clay 1.00 1.60 199.0 62.03 180.03
Holocene sand 5.80 1.80 183.0 62.03 180.03
Pleistocene clay 1.10 1.80 197.0 68.21 197.76
Pleistocene gravel 2.40 2.10 240.0 118.78 344.37
Pleistocene clay 4.75 1.80 228.0 91.53 265.38
Pleistocene gravel >10 2.10 453.0 430.32 1247.93
Table 2: Physical properties of soil layers [7]

γeff(%) lgγeff attenuation coefficient of shear modulus attenuation coefficient of damping

sand clay sand clay
≤1.0×10-4 -4.0 1.000 1.000 2.50 0.50
3.16×10-4 -3.5 0.913 0.984 2.50 0.80
1.00×10-3 -3.0 0.761 0.934 2.50 1.70
3.16×10 -3
-2.5 0.565 0.826 3.50 3.20
1.00×10-2 -2.0 0.400 0.656 4.75 5.60
3.16×10 -2
-1.5 0.261 0.443 6.50 10.0
1.00×10-1 -1.0 0.152 0.246 9.25 15.5
0.316 -0.5 0.076 0.115 13.8 21.0
1.00 0.0 0.037 0.049 20.0 24.6
3.16 0.5 0.013 0.049 26.0 24.6
≥10.00 1.0 0.004 0.049 29.0 24.6
Table 3: The nonlinear data of sand and clay [27]

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 5 of 10

Displacement responses Figure 7 illustrates that the relative displacements at the left side
wall and middle column are basically the same, with the peak value
Inertial force is the main factor for surface structures damaged in 2.15 cm and 2.17 cm respectively, occurred when time is 8.44s. They
an earthquake while displacement and strain are more significant are both caused by the shearing deformation of the surrounding
for underground structures [30]. Figure 7 shows the time history of ground.
relative displacement at the left side wall and middle column.

Figure 5: FE model of the Daikai Station.

Figure 6: The input horizontal and vertical acceleration

Figure 7: Time history of relative displacement between the top and the bottom of left side wall and middle column

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 6 of 10

Acceleration responses Stress responses

The horizontal motion at the bottom and the top of the station Figure 9-10 show the time history of major principal stress and
is shown in Figure 8. The peck acceleration of the bottom of the minor principal stress at 4 representative sites (top of middle column,
station is 0.61g, which is approximately 1.53 times of the peck input bottom of middle column, top of side wall, bottom of side wall). It is
acceleration. And the peck acceleration of the top of the station observed that the stress of the middle column is considerably larger
is 1.03g. It's 2.57 times larger than the peck input acceleration. It is than that of side wall, with the peak value (6.01 MPa) exceeding the
obviously that the acceleration responses of the station are amplified concrete tensile yield stress (3.4 MPa).
in various degrees, which is also a main factor for the station damaged
in the earthquake.

Figure 8: Time history of acceleration at the bottom and the top of the station

Figure 9: Time history of major principal stress

Figure 10: Time history of minor principal stress

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 7 of 10

Figure 11: Developed tensile damage zone in the subway station at different times.

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 8 of 10

The middle columns are subjected to large stress causing by shear The damage evolution of Dakai station is shown in Figure 11: (a)
force, axial force and bending moment. And the results obtained from the concrete of the top and bottom of the middle column begins to
the research indicate that they are the most severely damage part damage at time 4.80s; (b) when time is 4.98s, damage extends to the
among the subway structure because of the small cross-section area of entire cross-section of the middle column immediately so that the
the columns and no support constrains around them. top and bottom of the column lose tensile strength and horizontal
shear strength; (c) damage occurs at the junction regions between the
Damage evolution process walls and slabs at time 5.10s; (d) the entire cross-section of the side
walls damage completely at time 6.00s and the damage of the middle
In order to give an insight into the damage evolution process and column extends from the ends to the middle; (e) the top slab damage
mechanism of the Daikai station subjected to the earthquake, the completely at time 8.40s.
expansion of the tensile damage factor dt in the concrete structure
is plotted in Figure 11. Note that dt>0 means the concrete begins to It can be concluded that the collapse of the station attributes to the
damage while dt>1 means the concrete damage completely. damage of the middle column. The finding is consistent with the field
observations, Figure 1, of central columns of the station completely
collapsed and the damage zone located at both ends of the column
and the slab.

Figure 12: Time history of relative displacement between the top and bottom of middle
column under horizontal only and horizontal and vertical motion.

Figure 13: Time history of major principal stress of middle column under horizontal only and horizontal and
vertical motion

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 9 of 10

The effect of vertical motion References

Time history of relative displacement between the top and bottom 1. Ji Q, Yang L (2001) Seismic Damage and Restoration Measures of Subway.
of middle column under horizontal only and horizontal and vertical Journal of Catastrophology 02: 32-37.
seismic motion is shown in Figure 12. Compared with the effect of 2. EQE Summary Report (1995) The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake.
horizontal motion, vertical motion has little effect on displacement 3. Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, Lin CH, Seng CR, et al. (2001) Assessment
of the station. of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake.
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless
Technology Research 16: 133-150.
Figure 13 shows the time history of major principal stress of middle
4. LIida H, Hiroto T, Yoshida N, Iwafuji M (1996) Damage to Daikai subway
column under horizontal only and horizontal and vertical motion. It station. Soils and Foundations, Special Issue 36: 283-300.
is obtained that the vertical seismic motion has a minor effect on the 5. JSEC, Report on the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 1995, pp. 47-50.
seismic response of the subway station. And the dt caused by vertical
6. Zhuang HY, Cheng SG, Chen GX (2008) Numerical simulation and
seismic motion is almost zero all the time. Thus the horizontal seismic analysis of earthquake damages of Daikai metro station caused by Kobe
motion is the controlling factor affecting the column damage and the earthquake. Rock and Soil Mechanics 01: 245-250.
vertical seismic motion can generally be neglected. 7. Yamato T, Umehara T, Aoki H, Nakamura S, Ezaki J et al. (1996) Damage
to Daikai subway station, Kobe rapid transit system and estimation of its
reason. In Proceedings of Technical Conference on the Great Hanshin-
Conclusions Awaji Earthquake. JSCE, Tokyo 1996: 303-320
8. Samata S, Ohuchi H, Matsuda T (1997) A study of the damage of subway
The paper describes in detail the damage observed at the Daikai structures during the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Cement and
station, which was adversely affected by the strong Kobe earthquake, Concrete Composites 19: 223-239.
and presents a detailed dynamic numerical analysis of the station 9. An XH, Shawky AA, Maekawa K (1997) The collapse mechanism of
to reveal the causes and the mechanisms of damage. Evaluation of a subway station during the Great Hanshin Earthquake. Cement and
the damage observed has been done using a refined FEM model of Concrete Composites 19: 241-257.

the subway station and surrounding soils that includes non-linear 10. Iwatate T, Kobayashi Y, Kusu H, Rin K (2000) Investigation and shaking
table tests of subway structures of the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Proc.
material behavior of the concrete and the equivalent linear model of the 12WCEE.
for the soil. Two scenarios are considered in the simulations: seismic
11. Parra-Montesinos GJ, Bobet A, Ramirez JA (2006) Evaluation of Soil-
input motion in the horizontal transverse direction only, and seismic Structure Interaction and Structural Collapse in Daikai Subway Station
input motion in the horizontal transverse and vertical directions. This During Kobe Earthquake. ACI Structural Journal 103: 113-122.
is done separately to investigate the effect of the vertical accelerations 12. Huan Y, Liu J, Chen L (2009) 3D Seismic Response Study on Underground
on the response of the station. The simulations yield predictions that Structures Based on Damaged Plasticity Theory. International Conference
are consistent with the damage observed at the Daikai station. of the Associated Research Centers for Urban Underground Space.
13. Yang J (2000) Interpretation of Seismic Vertical Amplification Observed at
an Array Site. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90: 275-285.
The results obtained from the research indicate that the middle
columns are the most severely damage part among the subway 14. Wang R Luo Q (1998) Analysis on the Damage to Underground Structure
and Tunnel in Kobe Are Caused by Hanshin Earthquake. Journal of
structure because of the small cross-section area of the columns and Catastrophology 02: 63-66.
no support constrains around them. The vertical seismic motion has 15. Kongai K, Kamiya H, Nishiyama S (2001) Deformation buildup in soils
a minor effect on the seismic response of the subway station and as during the Kobe earthquake of 1995. Seismic Fault-induced Failures 01:
a result, it can be neglected for seismic design. The seismic damage 81-90.
mechanism of underground structures is still under investigation. 16. Chen GX, Zhuang HY, Zhang JL (2004) Analysis on the Earthquake
Additional work is currently being taken to analyze more in detail Response of Subway Station Based on the Substructuring Subtraction
Method. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Miligation Engineering 24:
the response of the subway station and also the relative importance of 396-401.
other models for both the concrete and soil. To ensure the functionality
17. Liu J, Liu X (2008) Pushover analysis of Daikai subway station during
of existing underground structures and enable future underground the Osaka-Kobe earthquake in 1995. The 14th World Conference on
structures to withstand earthquake, further investigation of damages Earthquake Engineering.
of other structures such as connections between tunnels and subway 18. Sakai H, Nozu A (2002) Domiant frequency component of seismic wave
stations is necessary. for the damage of underground structure. The 11th Proceedings of Japan
earthquake engineering 1033-1038.

Competing Interests 19. Huo H, Bobet A, Fernández G, Ramírez J (2005) Load Transfer
Mechanisms between Underground Structure and Surrounding Ground:
Evaluation of the Failure of the Daikai Station. Journal of Geotechnical and
The authors declare that no competing interests exist. Geoenvironmental Engineering 131: 1522-1533.
20. Nakamura S (2010) Evaluation of Damage Mechanism of Subway Station
Acknowledgements Based on the Difference Damage Between Two Damaged Subway Stations
Due to the Earthquake. Proceedings of JSCE 654: 335-354.
21. Uenishi K, Sakurai S (2000) Characteristic of the vertical seismic waves
The research has been supported by the National Natural associated with the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan earthquake
Science Foundation of China (51678438), the Shanghai Rising- estimated from the failure of the Daikai Underground Station. Earthquake
Star Program (17QC1400500), and the Shanghai Committee of Engineering and Structural Dynamics 29: 813-821.
Science and Technology (16DZ1200302 & 16DZ1201904). The 22. Hsieh SS, Ting EC, Chen WF (1982) A plasticity fracture model for concrete.
authors acknowledge the support from the State Key Laboratory International Journal of Solids and Structures 18: 181-197.
for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China 23. Han DJ, Chen WF (1987) Constitutive modeling in analysis of concrete
University of Mining & Technology (SKLGDUEK1723) and the structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division ASCE 113: 577-593.

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China. 24. ABAQUS Inc (2010) Analysis User's Manual. Volume III: Materials.

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147
Citation: Yu H, Li X (2017) Investigation on Damage Mechanism of the Daikai Station Induced by the Strong Kobe Earthquake. Int J Earth Environ Sci 2: 145.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-351X/2017/147

Page 10 of 10

25. Lubliner J, Oliver J, Oller S, Oñate E (1989) A plastic-damage model for

concrete. International Journal of Solids and Structures 25: 299-326.
26. Lee J, Fenves GL (1998) Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of
concrete structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124: 892-900.
27. Seed HB, Idriss IM (1970) Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic
Response Analysis. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University
of California, Berkeley, Report No. EERC 70-10.
28. Yoshida N, Iai S (1998) Nonlinear Site Response and Its Evaluation and
Prediction. Proceeding of the 2nd International Symposium on the Effect of
Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Yokosuka, Japan 71-90.
29. ABAQUS Inc (2007) Explicit dynamic analysis. section 6.3.3 of ABAQUS
Analysis User's Manual.
30. Hashash YMA, Hook JJ, Schmidt B, Yao JIC (2001) Seismic design and
analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space
Technology 16: 247-293.

Int J Earth Environ Sci IJEES, an open access journal

ISSN: 2456-351X Volume 2. 2017. 147