Assignment

Subject:
Microprocessor based Systems

Topic:
Specifications of Different Microprocessors

Submitted to:
Engr. Tazeen Amber

Submitted By:
Mishal Shafiq 15CS01
Sidra Nazir 15CS07
Iqra Akram 15CS10

BSc Computer Systems Engineer

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
  Write detail, company, new versions, changes and applications
of 4, 8,16,32,64 bit microprocessor.
4-bit microprocessors
Intel 4004:

 White ceramic Intel C4004 microprocessor with grey traces

 Produced From late 1971 to 1981
 Common manufacturers Intel
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second.
 Min. feature size 10um
 Transistors 2300
 Data width 4
 Address width 12 (multiplexed)
 Instruction cycle time 10.8 us
 Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction cycles (10.8 or 21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600
instructions per second.
 12-bit addresses
 8-bit instructions
 4-bit data words
Application:
The first commercial product to use a microprocessor was the Busicom calculator 141-PF. The
4004 was also used in the first microprocessor-controlled pinball game, a prototype produced
by Dave Nutting Associates.
A popular myth has it that Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to leave the solar system, used an
Intel 4004 microprocessor.
Intel 4040:

 Max. CPU clock rate 500 kHz to 740 kHz

 Min. feature size 10μm
 Instruction Set expanded to 60 instructions
 Program memory expanded to 8 KB (13-bit address space)
 Registers expanded to 24
 Data Bus: 4-bit
Address Bus: 12-bit
Voltage: +15V
  8-bit microprocessors:

8-Bit Microprocessors

Intel 8008:

 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Max. CPU clock rate 0.2 MHz to 0.8 MHz
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.
 Common manufacturers Intel

 Min. feature size 10μm

Applications:
They were used in Computer terminals, calculators, bottling machines, 1970s ASEAindustrial
robots (IRB 6), simple computers, etc.
Intel 8080:

 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz to 3.125 MHz
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than 8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
 Min. feature size 6 μm

Applications:

The 8080 is used in many early microcomputers, such as the MITS Altair
8800 Computer, Processor Technology SOL-20 Terminal Computer and IMSAI
8080 Microcomputer, forming the basis for machines running the CP/M operating system.

An early industrial use of the 8080 is as the "brain" of the DatagraphiX Auto-COM (Computer
Output Microfiche) line of products which takes large amounts of user data from reel-to-reel
tape and images it onto microfiche. The Auto-COM instruments also include an entire
automated film cutting, processing, washing, and drying sub-system – quite a feat, both then
and in the 21st century, to all be accomplished successfully with only an 8-bit microprocessor
running at a clock speed of less than 1 MHz with a 64 KB memory limit. In addition, several
early arcade video games were built around the 8080 microprocessor, including Space Invaders,
one of the most popular arcade games ever made.

Intel 8085:

 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Min. feature size 3 μm
 Its clock speed was 3 5 and 6 MHz
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 Over 100 million copies were sold.

16-bit Microprocessor:
Intel 8086:

Common Manufacturers Intel, AMD, NEC, Fujitsu, Harris (Intersil), OKI, Siemens AG, Texas
Instruments, Mitsubishi, Panasonic (Matsushita)

 It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide instructions.
 Min. feature size 3um.

Intel 8088:
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086.
  It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 This chip became the most popular in the computer industry when IBM used it for its
first PC.
 The 8088 is architecturally very similar to the 8086. The main difference is that there are
only 8 data lines instead of the 8086's 16 lines. All of the other pins of the device
perform the same function as they do with the 8086 with two exceptions.

Intel 80816:
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz to 25 MHz
 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8- bit external data bus.
 They had additional components like:
 Interrupt Controller
 Clock Generator
 Local Bus Controller
 Counters
 It was based on the Intel 8086 and, like it, had a 16-bit external data bus multiplexed
with a 20-bit address bus.
 The 80186 would have been a natural successor to the 8086 in personal computers.
However, because its integrated hardware was incompatible with the hardware used in
the original IBM PC, the 80286 was used as the successor instead in the IBM PC/AT.

Application:
The Intel 80186 is intended to be embedded in electronic devices that are not primarily
computers. For example, its offshoot, Intel 80188 was embedded inside the Intel 14.4EX
modem released in 1991. The 16 MHz processor was used to perform complex algorithms
needed for forward error correction, Trellis coded modulation, and echo cancellation in the
modem.

Intel 80286:
 Introduced in 1982.
  It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit.
 It could address 16 MB of memory.
 It had 1,34,000 transistors.
 It could execute 4 million instructions per second.
 Company: Intel, IBM, AMD, Harris(Intersil), Siemens AG, Fujitsu
 Instruction set: x86-16(with MMU)
 Features:
 Protected mode
 OS Support
 32-Bit processor

Intel 80386:
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Min. feature Size 1.5µm to 1µm
 Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions.
 Different versions:
 80386 DX
 80386 SX
 80386 SL
Applications:
The first company to design and manufacture a PC based on the Intel 80386 was Compaq. By
extending the 16/24-bit IBM PC/AT standard into a natively 32-bit computing environment,
Compaq became the first third party to implement a major technical hardware advance on the
PC platform.

Intel 80486:
 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
  Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions.
 It had five different versions:
 80486 DX
 80486 SX
 80486 DX2
 80486 SL
 80486 DX4
 8 KB of cache memory was introduced.
Application:

The 486DX2 66 MHz processor was popular on home-oriented PCs during the early to mid
1990s, toward the end of the MS-DOS gaming era. It was often coupled with a VESA Local
Bus video card.
The introduction of 3D computer graphics spelled the end of the 80486's reign, because 3D
graphics make heavy use of floating point calculations and require a faster CPU cacheand
more memory bandwidth. Developers began to target the P5 Pentium processor family almost
exclusively with x86 assembly language optimizations (e.g., Quake) which led to the usage of
terms like "Pentium compatible processor" for software requirements. Many of these games
required the speed of the P5 Pentium processor family's double-pipelined architecture.

32-Bit Microprocessors:

Intel Pentium:
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 Could execute 110 million instructions per second.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.
 8 KB for data.

Intel Pentium Pro:

 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 FSB speeds 60 MHz to 66 MHz
  Min. feature size 0.35 µm to 0.50 µm
 Microarchitecture P6
 Cores 1
 Sockets 8
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 21 million transistors.
 It was primarily used in server systems.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.
 8 KB for data.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 Despite being advanced for the time, the Pentium Pro's out-of-order register renaming
architecture had trouble with running 16-bit code and mixed code (8/16-bit or 16/32-
bit), as using partial registers cause frequent pipeline flushing.
Applications:
It was reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop processor and was used
in supercomputers like ASCI Red, the first computer to reach the teraFLOPS performance mark.

Intel Pentium II:

 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 FSB speeds 66 MHz to 100 MHz
 Sockets:
MMC-1
MMC-2
Mini-Cartridge
PPGA-B615 (μPGA1)

 Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz.

 Could execute 333 million instructions per second.
 MMX technology was supported.
 L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.
Applications:
They were used in Laptops and mobiles.
The standard Pentium II is aimed at mainstream home and business users. The Pentium II
Xeon is intended for higher performancebusiness servers. There is also a mobile version of the
Pentium II for use in portable computers.

Intel Pentium II XEON:

 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was designed for servers.
 Its clock speed was 400 MHz to 450 MHz.
 L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2 MB.
 It could work with 4 Xeons in same system.

Intel Pentium III:

 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
 Min. feature size 0.25 µm to 0.13 µm
 FSB speeds 100 to 133 MHz
 It had 9.5 million transistors.

Intel Pentium IV:

 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 42 million transistors.
 All internal connections were made from aluminium to copper.

Intel Dual Core:

 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1 cache, but share the external bus and
L2 cache.
 It's important to realize that a dual-core processor does not improve single-task
performance. If you play 3D games on your PC, for example, it's very likely that's all
you're doing at the time so no multitasking is taking place that would take advantage of
a dual-core CPU. Until such time as games are designed to be multithreaded, gamers
 might prefer to choose a high-performance single-core processor instead of a dual-core
processor.
Applications:

 Hyper-Threading Technology: Enables you to run multiple demanding applications at the

same time.
 Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology: Provides flexibility for future applications that
support both 32-bit and 64-bit computing.
 Dual-Core: Two physical cores in one processor support better system responsiveness
and multi-tasking capability than a comparable single core processor.

 A dual-core processor is designed for users who frequently multitask (run multiple
programs at the same time) or who use multithreaded applications.
 It supported SMT technology.
 SMT: Simultaneously MultiThreading
 E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
Improvements:
It is thinner than ever, are capable of starting in about half a second, and offer up to two and a
half times the performance and triple the battery life when compared to the computers many
people currently own.
Intel Core processors have been optimized to best run Windows* 10, enabling new
experiences, removing computing pain points and providing more secure computing.

64 BIT MICROPROCESSOR
A 64-bit processor is a microprocessor with a word size of 64 bits

Company:
64-bit extension mode is an enhancement to the IA-32 architecture originally designed by AMD
and later adopted by Intel.
Intel, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett Packard, and AMD currently develop or offer 64-bit
processors.
Specifications:
 have 64-bit ALUs, 64-bit registers, 64-bit buses
 have datapath widths, integer size, and memory address widths of 64 bitsn(eight
octets).
 can store 264 or 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 values.
 64-bit linear memory addressing
 Physical memory support beyond 4GB (limited by the specific processor)
 Eight new general-purpose registers (GPRs)
 Eight new registers for streaming SIMD extensions (MMX, SSE, SSE2, and SSE3)
 64-bit-wide GPRs and instruction pointers

Versions:
The first is for IA-64 processors, such as Itanium and Itanium 2, and has been available in a
released production version since 2001.
The latter is for IA-32 processors with 64-bit extensions, such as the Athlon 64, Opteron,
some Semprons, the Pentium D, the Pentium Extreme Edition, and some Xeon and Pentium
4 processors supporting 64-bit extensions.

Improvement and Changes:

 64-bit computer architecture provide higher performance than 32-bit architecture by
handling twice as many bits of information in the same clock cycle.
 64-bit processors can come in dual core, quad core, and six core versions for home computing
(with eight core versions coming soon). Multiple cores allow for increase processing power and
faster computer operation.
 With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard, 64-bit
machines also offer faster I/O (input/output) speeds to things like hard disk drives and
video cards. These features can greatly increase system performance.
 A computer with a 64-bit processor can have a 64-bit or 32-bit version of an operating
system installed. However, with a 32-bit operating system, the 64-bit processor would
not run at its full capability.
 64-bit processors are becoming more and more commonplace in home computers. Most
manufacturers build computers with 64-bit processors due to cheaper prices and because more
users are now using 64-bit operating systems and programs.

Applications:
 A 64-bit processor is a microprocessor with a word size of 64 bit, a requirement for
memory and data intensive applications such as
 computer-aided design (CAD) applications
 database management systems
 technical and scientific applications
 and high-performance servers.
 The 64-bit processor is backwards compatible with older applications and operating
system.
 It detects whether an application or operating system is 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit and
computes accordingly. This is essential for enterprise situations where purchasing new
software is not feasible.