Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

About 1.1 Scalars and Strings (cont) 1.2 Arrays and Lists (cont)

This is version 2 of the perl reference card. e(E) scientific notation revers​e(@a); reverse @a
(cl) 2008 Michael Goerz <go​erz​@ph​ysi​k.f​u- f decimal floating point @a = sort{$ela <=> sort numeri​cally
b​erl​in.d​e>.
$elb}(@a);
g, G shorter %e or %f /
http:/​/ww​w.p​hys​ik.f​u-​ber​lin.de​/~g​oerz/
%E or %f @a = split(​/-/​,$s); split string into @a
Inform​ation taken liberally from the perl
docume​ntation and various other sources. o signed octal $s = join(“, ” @c); join @a elements
You may freely distribute this document. into string
s string of chars
@a2 = @a[1,2​,6..9]; array slice
u, x, X unsigned decimal int /
1 Variable Types
hex int / hex int in @a2 = grep(!​/^#/, @a); remove comments
caps from @a
1.1 Scalars and Strings
p address pointer
Perl image
chomp(​$str); discard trailing \n n nothing printed
$v = chop($​str); $v becomes trailing modifiers: h,l,L arg is short int / long
char int, double/ long

eq, ne, lt, gt, le, ge, string comparison double

cmp More:

$str = “0” x 4; $str is now “0000” chr, crypt, hex, lc, q/STRING/,
$v = index(​$str, $x); find index of $x in $str, lcfirst, length, oct, ord, qq/STR​ING/, reverse,
pack uc, ucfirst
$v = rindex​($str, $x); starting from left or right

$v = substr​($str, extract substring 1.2 Arrays and Lists

$strt, $len);
@a = (1..5); array initia​liz​ation
$cnt = $sky =~ tr/0- count the digits in $sky
9//; $i = @a; number of elements in
@a
$str =~ tr/a-zA-Z/ change non-alphas to
/cs; space ($a, $b) = ($b, swap $a and $b
1.3 Hashes
$a);
$v = sprint​f(“%10s format string
%08d”,​$s,$n); $x = $a[1]; access to index 1 %h=(k1 => “val1”,k2 hash initia​liz​ation
=> 3);
Format String: %[flag​s][​0] $i = $#a; last index in @a
[​wid​th]​[.p​rec​isi​on]​[mo​d]ty $val = $map{k1}; recall value
push(@a, $s); appends $s to @a
pe @a = %h; array of keys and
$a = pop(@a); removes last element
types: values
chop(@a); remove last char (per el.)
%h = @a; create hash from array
c character
$a = shift(@a); removes first element
foreach $k iterate over list of keys
d(i) signed decimal int
(keys(​%h)​){..}

foreach $v iterate over list of

(vals(​%h)​){..} values

while (($k,$​v)=each iterate over key-

%h){..} va​lue​-pairs

delete $h{k1}; delete key

exists $h{k1} does key exist?

defined $h{k1} is key defined?

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

3 References and Data Structures 3 References and Data Structures (cont) 2 Basic Syntax (cont)

$aref = \@a; reference to sub createcnt{ my $c=shift; closure, $c eval {$a=$a/$b; }; warn $@ exception
array return sub { print "​$c+​+"; }; } persists if $@; handling

$aref = [1,"​foo​"​,un​def​,13]; anonymous array *foo{T​HING} foo-syntax for

creating refs 6 Regular Expres​sions
$el = $aref-​>[0]; $el = access element
@{$are​f}[0]; of array ($var =~ /re/), matches / does not match
Link to perl cheat ($var !~ /re/)
$aref2 = [@{$ar​ef1}]; copy array

$href = \%h; reference to perlcheat m/patt​ern​/ig​msox matching pattern

hash http:/​/ww​w.c​hea​tog​rap​hy.c​om​/mi​shi​n/c​hea​t- c

$href ={APR => 4,AUG => anonymous hash s​hee​ts/​per​lcheat/ qr/pat​ter​n/imsox store regex in variable

8}; perl-r​efe​ren​ce-card s/patt​ern​/re​pla​ce search and replace

$el = $href-​>{APR}; $el = access element m​ent​/ig​msoxe

http:/​/ww​w.c​hea​tog​rap​hy.c​om​/mi​shi​n/c​hea​t-
%{$hre​f}{​APR}; of hash s​hee​ts/​per​l-r​efe​ren​ce-​card/ Modi​fie​rs:

$href2 = {%{$hr​ef1}}; copy hash i case- o compile once

20-kil​ler​-pe​rl-​pro​gra​mmi​ng-tips
if (ref($r) eq "​HAS​H") {} checks if $r i​nse​nsitive
http:/​/ww​w.c​hea​tog​rap​hy.c​om​/mi​shi​n/c​hea​t-
points to hash g global x extended
s​hee​ts/​20-​kil​ler​-pe​rl-​pro​gra​mmi​ng-​tip​s-
@a = ([1, 2],[3, 4]); 2-dim array f​or-​beg​inners/ s as single line (. e evaluate replac​ement
$i = $a[0][1]; access 2-dim matches \n)
array 2 Basic Syntax Synt​ax:
%HoA=(​fs=​>["f​"​,"b"], sp=> hash of arrays ($a, $b) = read command line \ escape
["h​"​,"m"]); shift(​@ARGV); params . any single char
$name = $HoA{s​p}[1]; access to hash sub p{my $var = define subroutine ^ start of line
of arrays shift; ...}
$ end of line
$fh = *STDIN globref p(“bla”); execute subroutine
,? 0 or more times (greedy /
$coderef = \&fnc; code ref (e.g.
if(expr){} elsif {} condit​ional nongreedy)
callback)
else {}
+, +? 1 or more times (greedy /
$coderef =sub{print "​bla​"}; anon subroutine unless (expr){} negative condit​ional nongreedy)
&$​cod​eref(); calling anon while (expr){} while-loop ?, ?? 0 or 1 times (greedy /
subroutine
until (expr){} until-loop nongreedy)

do {} until (expr) postcheck until-loop \b, \B word boundary ( \w - \W) /

match except at w.b.
for($i=1; $i<=10; for-loop
$i++){} \A string start (with /m)

foreach $i (@list){} foreac​h-loop \Z string end (before \n)

last, next, redo end loop, skip to next, \z absolute string end
jump to top

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

6 Regular Expres​sions (cont) 6 Regular Expres​sions (cont) 6 Regular Expres​sions (cont)

\G continue from previous \w, \W word char [a-zA-​Z0-9_] / non-word (?<​=..), (? positive / negative look-b​ehind
m//g char <!..)

[...] character set \s, \S whitepace [ \t\n\r\f] / non-space (?>...) prohibit backtr​acking

(...) group, capture to $1, $2 \C match a byte (?{ code embedded code

(?:...) group without capturing \pP, \PP match p-named unicode / non- })

p-​nam​ed-​unicode (??{ code dynamic regex

{n,m} , {n,m}? at least n times, at most
})
m times \p{...}, match long-named unicode / non-

{n,} , {n,}? at least n times \P{...} na​med​-un​icode (? condition corres​ponding to

\X match extended unicode (con​d)y​es| captured parent​heses

{n} , {n}? exactly n times
no)
Posix:
| or
(? condition corres​ponding to look-
\1, \2 text from nth group ($1, [:alnum:] alphan​umeric
(con​d)yes) a​round
...) [:alpha:] alphabetic Vari​ables
Escape Sequen​ces: [:ascii:] any ASCII char
$& entire matched string
\a alarm (beep) \e escape [:blank:] whitespace [ \t]
$` everything prior to matched string
\f formfeed \n newline [:cntrl:] control characters
$' everything after matched string
\r carriage return \t tab [:digit:] digits
$1, $2 ... n-th captured expression
\cx control-x \l lowercase next char [:graph:] alphanum + punctu​ation
$+ last parent​hesis pattern match
\L lowercase until \E \U uppercase until \E [:lower:] lowercase chars
$^N most recently closed capt.
\Q diable metachars \E end case [:print:] alphanum, punct, space
$^R result of last (?{...})
until \E modifi​cations [:punct:] punctu​ation
@-, @+ offsets of starts / ends of groups
Char​acter Classes: [:space:] whitespace [\s\ck]
http:/​/pe​rld​oc.p​er​l.o​rg/​per​lre​qui​ck.html
[amy] 'a', 'm', or 'y' [:upper:] uppercase chars
http:/​/ha​bra​hab​r.r​u/p​ost​/17126/
[f-j.-] range f-j, dot, and dash [:word:] alphanum + '_'
[^f-j] everything except range [:xdigit:] hex digit
f-j
[:^digit:] non-digit
\d, \D digit [0-9] / non-digit
Extended Constr​ucts

(?#text) comment

(?imxs​- enable or disable option

im​sx:...)

(?=...), positive / negative look-ahead

(?!...)

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

Debugging regexp 4 System Intera​ction (cont) 5 Input/​Output (cont)

use re 'taint'; File Tests: open(P​RC,​"​caesar <$file read from

# Contents of $match are tainted if $dirty was |"); process
-r, -w readable, writeable
also tainted.
open(E​XTRACT, "​|sort write to process
-x executable
($match) = ($dirty =~ /^(.*)​$/s);
>Tm​p$$​");
# Allow code interp​ola​tion: -e exists
$line = <IN​FIL​E>; get next line
use re 'eval';
-f, -d, -l is file, directory,
$pat = '(?{ $var = 1 })'; # embedded code @lines = <IN​FIL​E>; slurp infile
symlink
execution foreach $line loop of lines from
-T, -B text file, binary file
/alpha​${p​at}​omega/; # won't fail unless under -T (<S​TDI​N>)​{...} STDIN
# and $pat is tainted -M, -A mod/access age in
print STDERR "​Warning print to STDERR
use re 'debug'; # like "perl -Dr" days
1.\n";
/^(.*)$/s; # output debugging info during @stats = 13-element list with
# compile time and run time close INFILE; close filehandle
stat(“​fil​ena​me”); status
use re 'debug​color'; # same as 'debug', More:
File Tests in Perl http:/​/ww​w.d​evs​hed.co​
# but with colored output
m/c​/a/​Per​l/F​ile​-Te​sts​- binmode, dbmopen, select, syscall,
in​-Perl/ dbmclose, fileno, flock, sysreed, sysseek,
4 System Intera​ction
format, getc, read, readdir, tell,
More:
system​(“cat $f|sort - system call readline, rewinddir, seek, telldi​r,t​run​cate,
chmod, chown, opendir, readlink,
u>​$f.s”); seekdir pack, unpack,
chroot, fcntl, glob, rename, rmdir,
vec
@a = readpi​pe(​“ls​mod”); catch output ioctl, link, lstat, mkdir, symlink, umask, utime
$today = “Today: “.date; catch output
7 Object​-Or​iented Perl and Modules
5 Input/​Output
better: use IPC::Open3 'open3';!
Defining a new class:
chroot​(“/​hom​e/u​ser/”); change root open(I​NFI​LE,​"​in.t​xt​") or open file for input
package Person;
die;
while (<*.c>) {} operate on all c- use strict;
files open(I​NFI​LE,​"​<:u​tf8​"​,"fi​l open file with my $Census;
e"); encoding sub new { #const​ructor, any name is fine
unlink​(“/​tmp​/fi​le”); delete file
open(TMP, "​+>", open anonymous my $class = shift;
if (-f “file.t​xt​”){...} file test my $self = {};
undef); temp file
$self-​>{NAME} = undef; # field
open(M​EMO​RY,​'>', open in-mem​ory​-file
$self-​>{"_​CEN​SUS​"} = \$Census; # class data
\$var);
++ ${ $self-​>{"_​CEN​SUS​"} };
open(O​UT,​"​>ou​t.t​xt") or open output file bless ($self, $class);
die; return $self;
open(L​OG,​"​>>m​y.l​og") open file for append }
or die; sub name { #method
my $self = shift;

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

7 Object​-Or​iented Perl and Modules (cont) 8 One-Liners (cont) 8 One-Liners (cont)

if (@_) { $self-​>{NAME} = shift } -p same as -n, but will also print the -l enables automatic line-e​nding
return $self-​>{N​AME}; contents of $_ processing in the output. Print
} statements will have the new line
Intera​ctive perl -de1;use Term::​Rea​dKey;
sub DESTROY { #destr​uctor separator (\n) added at the end of
Mode:
my $self = shift; -- ${$sel​f->​{"_C​ENS​US"} };} each line.
http:/​/sz​abg​ab.c​om​/us​ing​-th​e-
1; # so the ‘require’ or ‘use’ succeeds
b​uil​t-i​n-d​ebu​gge​r-o​f-p​erl​-as​- -w prints any warning messages.
Using the class:
re​pl.html -e indicates that the following string
use Person;
is to be interp​reted as a perl
$him = Person​->n​ew(); perl- http:/​/ww​w.t​heg​eek​stu​ff.c​om​/20​10/​05
script (i.e., sequence of
$him->​nam​e("J​aso​n"); d​ebugger /​per​l-d​ebu​gger/
commands).
printf "​There's someone named %s.\n", $him- The Perl http:/​/do​cst​ore.mi​k.u​a/o​rel​ly/​per​l/p​ro
>​name; Debugger g​3/c​h20​_01.htm http:/​/pe​rld​oc.p​er​l.o​rg/​per​lru​n.html
use Data::​Dumper; print Dumper​($him); # Perl flags - perl -e '$x = "​Hello world!​n"; print
-T enables taint checking, which
debug pe, -pi, -p, $x;'
instructs perl to keep track of data
http:/​/ww​w.c​ode​pro​jec​t.c​om/​Art​icl​es/​315​2/P​erl​- -w, -d, -i, -
from the user and avoid doing
Ob​jec​t-O​rie​nte​d-P​rog​ramming t? perldoc
anything insecure with it. Here this
http:/​/yn​onp​ere​k.c​om/​cou​rse​/pe​rl/​oo.html perlrun
option is used to avoid taking the
current directory name from the perl -MO=De​parse -p -e 1
Installing Modules:
@INC variable and listing the
perl -MO=De​parse -p -i -e 1
perl -MCPAN -e shell; available .pm files from the
perl -MO=De​parse -p -i.bak -e 1
directory recurs​ively.
https:​//t​wit​ter.co​m/#​!/p​erl​one​liner
8 One-Liners

- (zero) specify the input record separator Examples:

0
1. just lines 15 to 17, effici​ently
- split data into an array named @F
a perl -ne 'print if $. >= 15; exit if $. >= 17;'

- specify pattern for -a to use when splitting 2. just lines NOT between line 10 and 20
F perl -ne 'print unless 10 .. 20'
-i edit files in place

- run through all the @ARGV arguments as

n files, using <>

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 Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet
by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

Examples: (cont) Examples: (cont)

3. lines between START and END 14. If you had installed any modules from
CPAN, then you will need to re-install all of
perl -ne 'print if /START$/ .. / END$/'
them. (Naveed Massjouni)
4. in-place edit of *.c files changing all foo to
perl -E 'say for grep /site_​per​l/,​@INC'| xargs
bar
find | perl -Fsite​_perl/ -lane 'print $F[1] if
perl -pi.bak -e 's/\bf​oo​\b/b​ar/g' *.c /\.pm$/' | cpanm --rein​stall

5. delete first 10 lines 15. Give executable rights to all perl file in dir
perl -i.old -ne 'print unless 1 .. 10' foo.txt find /home/​cli​ent​0/p​ubl​ic_html -type f -name
'*.pl' -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0755
6. change all the isolated oldvar occurr​ences to
newvar 16. Find files matching name-p​attern
perl -i.old -pe 's{\bo​ldv​ar​\b}{​new​var}g' *.[chy] https:​//g​ist.gi​thu​b.c​om/​563679

perl -MFile​::Find -le 'find(​sub​{print

7. printing each line in reverse order
$File:​:Fi​nd:​:name if /\b[a-​z]{​2}_​[A-​Z]
perl -e 'print reverse <>' file1 file2 file3 ....
{​2}/​},"/​usr​")'
8. find palind​romes in the /usr/d​ict​/words
dictionary file

perl -lne '$_ = lc $_; print if $_ eq reverse'

/usr/d​ict​/words

9. comman​d-line that reverses all the bytes in a

file

perl -0777e 'print scalar reverse <>' f1 f2 f3

10. word wrap between 50 and 72 chars

perl -p000e 'tr/ \t\n\r/ /; s/(.

{5​0,7​2})​\s/​$1​\n/g​;$_.="​\n"x2'

11. strip and remove double spaces

perl -pe '$_ = " $_ "; tr/ \t/ /s; $_ =

substr​($_​,1,-1)'

12. move '.txt.out' to '.out'

perl -e '($n = $_) =~ s/\.tx​t(\.ou​t)$/$1/ and

not -e $n and rename $_, $n for @ARGV' *

13. write a hash slice, which we have come as

a reference to a hash

perl -E'my $h={1..8}; say for @{$h}{​1,3​,5,7}'

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 Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/

Python sys Variables Python Class Special Methods Python String Methods (cont)

argv Command line args __new_​_(cls) __lt__​(self, other) istitle() * title() *

builti​n_m​odu​le_​names Linked C modules __init​__(​self, args) __le__​(self, other) isupper() * transl​ate​(table)

byteorder Native byte order __del_​_(self) __gt__​(self, other) join() upper() *

check_​int​erval Signal check __repr​__(​self) __ge__​(self, other) ljust(​width) zfill(​width)

frequency
__str_​_(self) __eq__​(self, other) lower() *
exec_p​refix Root directory
__cmp_​_(self, other) __ne__​(self, other) Methods marked * are locale dependant for 8-
executable Name of executable __inde​x__​(self) __nonz​ero​__(​self) bit strings.
exitfunc Exit function name
__hash​__(​self)
Python File Methods
modules Loaded modules
__geta​ttr​__(​self, name)
path Search path close() readli​nes​(size)
__geta​ttr​ibu​te_​_(self, name)
platform Current platform flush() seek(o​ffset)
__seta​ttr​__(​self, name, attr)
stdin, stdout, stderr File objects for I/O fileno() tell()
__dela​ttr​__(​self, name)
versio​n_info Python version info isatty() trunca​te(​size)
__call​__(​self, args, kwargs)
winver Version number next() write(​string)
Python List Methods read(size) writel​ine​s(list)
Python sys.argv
append​(item) pop(po​sition) readli​ne(​size)
sys.ar​gv[0] foo.py
count(​item) remove​(item)
Python Indexes and Slices
sys.ar​gv[1] bar extend​(list) reverse()
sys.ar​gv[2] -c len(a) 6
index(​item) sort()
sys.ar​gv[3] qux a[0] 0
insert​(po​sition, item)
sys.ar​gv[4] --h a[5] 5

sys.argv for the command: Python String Methods a[-1] 5

$ python foo.py bar -c qux --h capita​lize() * lstrip() a[-2] 4

center​(width) partit​ion​(sep) a[1:] [1,2,3​,4,5]

Python os Variables
count(sub, start, end) replac​e(old, new) a[:5] [0,1,2​,3,4]
altsep Altern​ative sep a[:-2] [0,1,2,3]
decode() rfind(sub, start ,end)
curdir Current dir string
encode() rindex​(sub, start, end) a[1:3] [1,2]
defpath Default search path a[1:-1] [1,2,3,4]
endswi​th(sub) rjust(​width)
devnull Path of null device
expand​tabs() rparti​tio​n(sep) b=a[:] Shallow copy of a
extsep Extension separator
find(sub, start, end) rsplit​(sep) Indexes and Slices of a=[0,1​,2,​3,4,5]
linesep Line separator
index(sub, start, end) rstrip()
name Name of OS Python Datetime Methods
isalnum() * split(sep)
pardir Parent dir string today() fromor​din​al(​ord​inal)
isalpha() * splitl​ines()
pathsep Patch separator now(ti​mez​one​info) combin​e(date, time)
isdigit() * starts​wit​h(sub)
sep Path separator utcnow() strpti​me(​date, format)
islower() * strip()
Registered OS names: "​pos​ix", "​nt", fromti​mes​tam​p(t​ime​stamp)
isspace() * swapcase() *
"​mac​", "​os2​", "​ce", "​jav​a", "​ris​cos​"
utcfro​mti​mes​tam​p(t​ime​stamp)

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 Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/

Python Time Methods

replace() utcoff​set()

isofor​mat() dst()

__str__() tzname()

strfti​me(​format)

Python Date Formatting

%a Abbrev​iated weekday (Sun)

%A Weekday (Sunday)

%b Abbrev​iated month name (Jan)

%B Month name (January)

%c Date and time

%d Day (leading zeros) (01 to 31)

%H 24 hour (leading zeros) (00 to 23)

%I 12 hour (leading zeros) (01 to 12)

%j Day of year (001 to 366)

%m Month (01 to 12)

%M Minute (00 to 59)

%p AM or PM

%S Second (00 to 61⁴)

%U Week number¹ (00 to 53)

%w Weekday² (0 to 6)

%W Week number³ (00 to 53)

%x Date

%X Time

%y Year without century (00 to 99)

%Y Year (2008)

%Z Time zone (GMT)

%% A literal "​%" character (%)

¹ Sunday as start of week. All days in a new year preceding the

first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.
² 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
³ Monday as start of week. All days in a new year preceding the
first Monday are considered to be in week 0.
⁴ This is not a mistake. Range takes account of leap and double​-
leap seconds.

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 PHP Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/2/

PHP Array Functions PHP Filesystem Functions Regular Expres​sions Syntax

array_diff (arr1, arr2 ...) clearstatcache () ^ Start of string

array_filter (arr, function) copy (source, dest) $ End of string

array_flip (arr) fclose (handle) . Any single character

array_intersect (arr1, arr2 ...) fgets (handle, len) (a|b) a or b

array_merge (arr1, arr2 ...) file (file) (...) Group section

array_pop (arr) filemtime (file) [abc] In range (a, b or c)

array_push (arr, var1, var2 ...) filesize (file) [^abc] Not in range

array_reverse (arr) file_exists (file) \s White space

array_search (needle, arr) fopen (file, mode) a? Zero or one of a

array_walk (arr, function) fread (handle, len) a* Zero or more of a

count (count) fwrite (handle, str) a*? Zero or more, ungreedy

in_array (needle, haystack) readfile (file) a+ One or more of a

a+? One or more, ungreedy

PHP String Functions PHP Date and Time Functions
a{3} Exactly 3 of a
crypt (str, salt) checkdate (month, day, year) a{3,} 3 or more of a
explode (sep, str) date (format, timestamp) a{,6} Up to 6 of a
implode (glue, arr) getdate (timestamp) a{3,6} 3 to 6 of a
nl2br (str) mktime (hr, min, sec, month, day, yr) a{3,6}? 3 to 6 of a, ungreedy
sprintf (frmt, args) strftime (formatstring, timestamp) \ Escape character
strip_tags (str, allowed_tags) strtotime (str) [:punct:] Any punctu​ation symbol
str_replace (search, replace, str) time () [:space:] Any space character
strpos (str, needle) [:blank:] Space or tab
PHP Regular Expres​sions Functions
strrev (str)
There's an excellent regular expression tester
strstr (str, needle) ereg (pattern, str) at: http:/​/re​gex​pal.com/

strtolower (str) split (pattern, str)

ereg_replace (pattern, replace, str) Pattern Modifiers

strtoupper (str)

substr (string, start, len) preg_grep (pattern, arr) g Global match

preg_match (pattern, str) i* Case-i​nse​nsitive

preg_match_all (pattern, str, arr) m* Multiple lines

preg_replace (pattern, replace, str) s* Treat string as single line

preg_split (pattern, str) x* Allow comments and whitespace in

pattern

By Dave Child (DaveChild) Published 19th October, 2011. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

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 PHP Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/2/

Pattern Modifiers (cont) PHP Date Formatting (cont)

e* Evaluate replac​ement t Days in month (28 to 31)

U* Ungreedy pattern
a am or pm
* PCRE modifier
A AM or PM

PHP fopen() Modes B Swatch Internet Time (000 to 999)

r Read S Ordinal Suffix (st, nd, rd, th)

r+ Read and write, prepend

T Timezone of machine (GMT)
w Write, truncate
Z Timezone offset (seconds)
w+ Read and write, truncate
O GMT offset (hours) (+0200)
a Write, append
I Daylight saving (1 or 0)
a+ Read and write, append
L Leap year (1 or 0)

PHP Date Formatting

U Seconds since Epoch ³
Y 4 digit year (2008)
c ISO 8601 (PHP 5)
y 2 digit year (08)
(2008-​07-​31T​18:​30:​13+​01:00)
F Long month (January)
r RFC 2822 (Thu, 31 Jul 2008 18:30:13 +0100)
M Short month (Jan)
¹ 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
m Month ⁴ (01 to 12) ² Week that overlaps two years belongs to year that
n Month (1 to 12) contains most days of that week. Hence week
number for 1st January of a given year can be 53 if
D Short day name (Mon)
week belongs to previous year. date("W​", mktime(0,
l Long day name (Monday) (lowercase L)
0, 0, 12, 8, $year)) always gives correct number of
d Day ⁴ (01 to 31) weeks in $year.

j Day (1 to 31) ³ The Epoch is the 1st January 1970.

⁴ With leading zeroes

h 12 Hour ⁴ (01 to 12)

g 12 Hour (1 to 12)

H 24 Hour ⁴ (00 to 23)

G 24 Hour (0 to 23)

i Minutes ⁴ (00 to 59)

s Seconds ⁴ (00 to 59)

w Day of week ¹ (0 to 6)

z Day of year (0 to 365)

W Week of year ² (1 to 53)

By Dave Child (DaveChild) Published 19th October, 2011. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/davechild/ Last updated 13th May, 2016. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
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 Regular Expressions Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/5/

Anchors Assertions Groups and Ranges

^ Start of string, or start of line in multi-line ?= Lookahead assertion . Any character except new line (\n)
pattern ?! Negative lookahead (a|b) a or b
\A Start of string
?<= Lookbehind assertion (...) Group
$ End of string, or end of line in multi-line
?!= or ?<! Negative lookbehind (?:...) Passive (non-c​apt​uring) group
pattern
?> Once-only Subexp​ression [abc] Range (a or b or c)
\Z End of string
?() Condition [if then] [^abc] Not (a or b or c)
\b Word boundary
?()| Condition [if then else] [a-q] Lower case letter from a to q
\B Not word boundary
?# Comment [A-Q] Upper case letter from A to Q
\< Start of word
[0-7] Digit from 0 to 7
\> End of word Quanti​fiers
\x Group/​sub​pattern number "​x"
* 0 or more {3} Exactly 3
Character Classes Ranges are inclusive.
+ 1 or more {3,} 3 or more
\c Control character
? 0 or 1 {3,5} 3, 4 or 5 Pattern Modifiers
\s White space
Add a ? to a quantifier to make it ungreedy. g Global match
\S Not white space
i* Case-i​nse​nsitive
\d Digit Escape Sequences
m* Multiple lines
\D Not digit
\ Escape following character s* Treat string as single line
\w Word
\Q Begin literal sequence x* Allow comments and whitespace in
\W Not word
\E End literal sequence pattern
\x Hexade​cimal digit
"​Esc​api​ng" is a way of treating characters e* Evaluate replac​ement
\O Octal digit
which have a special meaning in regular U* Ungreedy pattern
expres​sions literally, rather than as special
POSIX * PCRE modifier
charac​ters.

[:upper:] Upper case letters

String Replac​ement
Common Metach​ara​cters
[:lower:] Lower case letters
$n nth non-pa​ssive group
[:alpha:] All letters ^ [ . $
$2 "​xyz​" in /^(abc​(xy​z))$/
[:alnum:] Digits and letters { * ( \
$1 "​xyz​" in /^(?:a​bc)​(xyz)$/
[:digit:] Digits + ) | ?
$` Before matched string
[:xdigit:] Hexade​cimal digits < >
$' After matched string
[:punct:] Punctu​ation The escape character is usually \
$+ Last matched string
[:blank:] Space and tab
Special Characters $& Entire matched string
[:space:] Blank characters
\n New line Some regex implem​ent​ations use \ instead of $.
[:cntrl:] Control characters
\r Carriage return
[:graph:] Printed characters
\t Tab
[:print:] Printed characters and spaces
\v Vertical tab
[:word:] Digits, letters and underscore
\f Form feed

\xxx Octal character xxx

\xhh Hex character hh

By Dave Child (DaveChild) Published 19th October, 2011. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/davechild/ Last updated 12th May, 2016. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
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