Structure and

Administration of Unit III

Education
 The education system in the UK is divided into four
main parts
❖ primary education,
❖ secondary education,
❖ further education and
❖ higher education.
❖ Children in the UK have to legally attend primary and
secondary education which runs from about 5 years old
until the student is 16 years of old.
❖ The education system in the UK is also split into
"key stages" which breaks down as follows

• Key Stage 1: 5 to 7 years old. Primary School

• Key Stage 2: 7 to 11 years old
• Key Stage 3: 11 to 14 years old
Secondary School
• Key Stage 4: 14 to 16 years old

At age 16 students pursue their GCSE's or General

Certificate of Secondary Education
 UK- Primary Education

Primary education begins in the UK at age 5 and continues

until age 11, comprising key stages one and two under the
UK educational system.
 UK- Secondary Education
From age 11 to 16, students will enter secondary school for
key stages three and four and to start their move towards
taking the GCSE's - learn more about secondary education
in the UK and what it will involve. Primary and secondary
education is mandatory in the UK; after age 16, education is
optional.
 UK-Further Education
Once a student finishes secondary education they have the
option to extend into further education to take their A-Levels,
GNVQ’s (General National Vocational Qualifications), BTEC’s
(Business and Technology Education Council) or other such
qualifications. UK students planning to go to college or university
must complete further education.
 UK-Higher Education
Probably the most important subject area on this site, this
explains more about the higher education system in the UK and
how it works for international students. Most international
students will enter directly into the UK higher education system,
after completing their home country’s equivalent to the UK’s
“further education.”
 UK- Degree Online
With online programs growing in popularity, this means the availability of
top-notch online programs is also on the rise. If you want to obtain a UK
accredited degree without having to relocate to the United Kingdom,
choosing to study online is a good option for you. Getting a UK accredited
degree online allows you to fit your studies into your schedule and save
money on travel costs while having access to a variety of top programs.
 National Structure of the Education System of the UK

The United Kingdom is divided into 4 countries; England,

Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is a
devolved matter in each country, and as such each country
has the authority to legislate over matters regarding
education in its own jurisdiction.
 National Structure of the Education System of the UK

The government departments responsible for education in

each country :

The Department of Children, Schools and Families in

England; The Department for Education, Lifelong Learning
and Skills in Wales; The Education and Lifelong Learning
Department in Scotland; and The Department of Education for
Northern Ireland.
 State Maintained Schools
Community schools

A Community school is run by the local authority, which

employs the staff, owns the land and buildings and decides
which admissions criteria to use
 State Maintained Schools
Foundation schools

Foundation schools are run by their own governing body, which

employs the staff and sets the admissions criteria. Land and
buildings are often owned by the governing body or a charitable
foundation.

 State Maintained Schools
Voluntary-aided schools

Voluntary-aided schools are mainly religious schools, although anyone

can apply for a place. The structure is similar to Foundation schools;
the governing body employs the staff and sets the admissions criteria.
School buildings and land are normally owned by a charitable
foundation, often a religious organisation.
 State Maintained Schools

Voluntary-controlled schools

Voluntary-controlled schools are similar to voluntary aided schools,

but are run by the local authority, which employs the school's staff
and sets the admissions criteria. School land and buildings are
often owned by a religious organisation, which also appoints some
of the members of the governing body.
 Trust Schools: A Trust school is similar to a Foundation school,
but it forms a charitable trust with an outside partner.


Specialist schools: Specialist schools focus on a particular subject

area, but still follow the National Curriculum. The subject areas
include sports, technology or visual arts.
Academies: Academies are independently run schools set up by
sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in partnership and
the local authority. Together they fund the land and buildings and
the government covers the running costs.

City Technology Colleges: City Technology Colleges are
independently run state maintained schools for pupils of all abilities
aged 11 to 18. They often focus on science and technology and offer a
range of vocational qualifications as well as GCSEs and A levels.
Community and foundation special schools: Special schools
provide for children with special educational needs.


Faith schools: Faith schools are mostly run in the same way as
other state maintained schools, although their faith status may be
reflected in their religious education curriculum, admissions
criteria and staffing policies.

Grammar schools: Grammar schools select all or a majority of

their pupils based on academic ability.

Maintained boarding schools: Maintained boarding schools

provide free tuition, but impose fees for board and lodging.
Russia- Structure and Administration
Unit III
Pre-higher Education System
 Secondary school system
The State guarantees open and free access to basic secondary
education. Basic secondary school class studies take 30-32
hours per week, senior secondary school studies take 34-36
hours per week. Secondary education leads to the award of the
attestat o polnom srednem obrasovanii after five years of basic
secondary followed by two years of upper secondary
 Higher Education System
Higher education is provided by public and non-public
accredited higher education institutions (HEI). Education in
public HEI is free of charge. Higher education is under the
jurisdiction of the State Committee for Higher Education of the
Russian Federation, which is responsible for accreditation and
licensing of HEI and for development and maintaining State
Educational Standards.
There are three levels of higher education: 1) incomplete
higher education (2 years at least); 2) basic higher education
(4 years) leading to the bakalavr's degree, the first university
level degree; 3) advanced higher education (total number of
years of post-secondary education: 5-6 years or more)
 Higher Education System

HEI are authorized to award the magistr's degree or

specialist's diploma (e.g.lawyer, engineer). There are two
levels of doctoral scientific degrees: Kandidat Nauk degree
(the first level) and Doktor Nauk degree (the second, highest
level). There are 548 public HEI and 206 private HEI in Russia;
the State Committee finances 219 public HEI, 96 HEI are
financed by the Ministry of Education (training of teachers).
There are about 3000 non-university level educational
institutions.
Types of higher education institutions in country
 Teacher education

Training of primary/basic school teachers

Non-university level educational institutions (technikums,

colleges) train teachers for pre-primary and primary schools. The
duration of the course is 2 to 5 years. Some teacher training
institutions of university level train teachers for primary schools.
The length of the course is 5 years. Graduates of these two types
of educational institutions may exercise the profession.
 Teacher education

Training of secondary school teachers

Teacher training is carried out in teacher training

university-level institutions. The programme lasts at
least 5 years. Graduates may enter the profession.
 Teacher education


Training of higher education teachers

University teachers must follow post-graduate programmes

and obtain a scientific degree.
Non-formal studies


Grading system
Admissions to Higher Education
Admissions to university level

Admission for foreign students

 Admission for foreign students

Other special academic requirements for foreign students set up at national level:

Students must have completed secondary education. There is a

compulsory pre-academic year for those who do not know Russian or/
and for those with weak pre-university training. They must successfully
pass the entrance exams. Foreign nationals entering universities should
not be older than 28 (35 for postgraduate studies).
 Administrative structure

The State Committee for Higher Education
Russian Union of Rectors, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Association of Universities, Moscow University
Association of Non-Governmental Education Institutions
Research Institute for Higher Education

Role: Financing of 219 HEI, licensing of new

educational institutions, granting accreditation,
submitting proposals to the government on further HEI
development.
USA- Structure and
Administration
Unit III
 Structure of U.S. Education
Early childhood education is followed by
primary school (called elementary school in
the United States),

middle school,

secondary school (called high school in the

United States),
 Structure of U.S. Education
postsecondary (tertiary) education- Postsecondary
education includes non-degree programs that lead to
certificates and diplomas

s i x d e g re e l e v e l s : a s s o c i a t e, ba c h e l o r, f i r s t
professional, master, advanced intermediate, and
research doctorate.

The U.S. system offer postdoctorate research

programs. Adult and continuing education, plus
special education, cut across all educational levels.
 School education
The age of entry to compulsory education in the U.S. varies,
according to the state, between 5 and 7 years of age, 6 being the
most common. The age at which compulsory schooling ends varies
between 16 and 18 years of age, the most common being 16.
 School education
School years are referred to as "grades" in the United
States. The length of primary education varies from four
to seven years, i.e. grades 1-4, 1-7, etc
 School education
There is no national structure, curriculum or governing law;
all laws and policies are set and enforced by the 50(52-DC
and Puerto Rico) state governments and the over 14,000
local school districts. All states and school districts have set
the secondary school graduation level as the completion of
12th grade, and the common name for the secondary
graduation qualification is the High School Diploma .
 School education
Many US secondary school districts and private schools
allow students to participate in the Advanced Placement
(AP) programme of the College Board. This programme
allows qualified students to take college level introductory
courses in selected subjects taught by certified faculty.
 Higher education

Higher education in the U.S. is also called postsecondary education,

but the latter term also refers to all formal education beyond
secondary school, whether higher education (defined as degree-
granting education) or not. Postsecondary vocational education and
training, which is non-degree but can produce some transferable
credits under certain circumstances.
 Higher education
The U.S. higher education system is characterized by
accessibility, diversity, and autonomy and is known for both
its size and quality. The federal government has no
jurisdiction or authority over the recognition of educational
institutions, members of the academic professions,
programmes or curricula, or degrees or other qualifications
 Higher education

Quality assurance is achieved via the system of voluntary

accreditation by specific accrediting agencies that are
recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and meet
the standards for membership in the Council for Higher
Education Accreditation (CHEA). Accreditation is a self-
regulating process of quality control engaged in by the U.S.
 Stages of studies


Non-university level Education

Post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type)
This level includes (1) all institutions that only award
qualifications under the Bachelor's degree; (2) programmes
leading to awards under the Bachelor's degree offered at
institutions that also award higher degrees
 Stages of studies


University level studies

University level first stage:Associate Degree, Bachelor Degree,
Advanced Certificate, First Professional Degree
University level second stage: Master's Degree, Post-Master's Degree/
Certificate, Diploma/Certificate, Degree of Education Specialists
University level third stage: Research Doctorate
 Stages of studies

Teacher education
Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers
Training of secondary school teachers
Training of higher education teachers
 Stages of studies


Teacher- requirements

•The completion of a teacher education program.

•Supervised teaching experience.
•The completion of basic writing and math skills tests
 Stages of studies

Non-traditional studies
Distance higher education
Lifelong higher education
Higher education training in industry
Other forms of non-formal higher education
Training of higher education teachers
 NATIONAL BODIES


United States Department of Education
Role of governing body: The Executive Branch agency
responsible for federal education programmes of all types and
levels and headed by the Secretar y of Education, a
Presidential Cabinet appointment. The federal role in
education is strictly limited by the US Constitution and by
federal statutes. The Department of Education does not
function as a governing body but operates in cooperation
with state and local authorities.
 NATIONAL BODIES


Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges
(AGB)

Role of governing body: The AGB is a membership

organization of the governing boards of higher education
institutions, both public and private. It does not exercise
control over these boards, but rather represents their
interests and provides information and training materials.
 NATIONAL BODIES



Association of Community College Trustees (ACCT)


Role of governing body: The ACCT functions as a

representational organization for members of governing
boards of public community colleges, state and local
community college systems.
 NATIONAL BODIES



Education Commission of the States (ECS)


Role of governing body: Coordinates State government

authorities in each State.
 NATIONAL BODIES



National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE)

Role of governing body: Coordinates State Boards of

Education.
 NATIONAL BODIES



National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education

and Certification (NASDTEC)
Role of governing body: NASDTEC coordinates and
represents the various state and territorial officials and offices
responsible for administering the laws and regulations
pertaining to the qualifications, licensure, and professional
performance of school teachers, administrators and other
personnel.
 NATIONAL BODIES


United States Network for Education Information (USNEI)

Role of governing body: USNEI is the official US

information service on matters of student and professional
mobility, recognition of institutions and qualifications and
related issues.
INDIA-STRUCTURE AND
EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION
Unit iii
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

Academic Structure

The common pattern of education (10 + 2 + 3)

Common pattern of education throughout the country,

consisting of primary education, elementary education
ranging from standard I to VIII and divided into primary
and Jr. High School, IX. X as secondary education and XI,
XII as Sr. Sec education
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

Academic Structure

Other forms of education have also been

developed so as to meet social demand. These
include, among others non-formal education,
open school education, vocational education,
and commercial education etc.
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

Organizational Structure

Education is the joint responsibility of States and the

Centre It has been developed to manage education
at different levels viz. Centre, State, District Block
and at Village level (Panchayat level)
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

Organizational Structure
Ministr y of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) is the main governing agency of Govt.
Of India at central level it was renamed from
Ministry of Education in 1985. It is responsible for
all matters of pertaining to education including
overall planning of programmes and providing
guidance for their implementation.
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

List of Institutions and organizations which assist and

advice the Central Government
1. Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi
(CBSE)
2. Central Hindi Directorate, New Delhi (Kendriya
Hindi Nirdeshalaya)
3. Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore
4. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages,
Hyderabad (CIEFL)
5. Educational Consultants of India Ltd., New Delhi
6. Kendriya Vidyalava Sansathana, New Delhi (KVS)
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE
List of Institutions and organizations which assist and advice
the Central Government
7. National Council of Educational Research and Training,
New Delhi (NCERT)
8. National Council of Teacher Education, New Delhi (NCTE)
9. National Institute of Adult Education, New Delhi
10. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child
Development, New Delhi
11. National Institute of Open Schooling, New Delhi (NIOS)
12. Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi
13. All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi
(AICTE)
 ACADEMIC STRUCTURE

List of Institutions and organizations which assist

and advice the Central Government
14. University Grants Commission, New Delhi
(UGC)
15. National Institute of Educational Planning and
Administration, New Delhi
16. National Sports Authority of India, New Delhi
17. National Literacy Mission, New Delhi
18. Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) ia
Council of Technical Education, New Delhi (AICTE)
 Responsibilities of the Central Government in
School Education

To make available free and compulsory

education upto the age of 14, as directed in the
Constitution.
Equalization of educational opportunities with
special reference to the reduction of inter-
state differences and the advancement of the
weaker sections of the society.
To make arrangements for the provision of
scholarships to the needy and competent
students. . 

Responsibilities of the Central Government in
School Education

To promote vocationalization of secondary

education in all States.
To improve standards of education at school
stage.
To improve the status of teachers and
organize teacher education programmes. 

Responsibilities


of the Central Government in
School Education
To facilitate and organize non-formal education
programme.
To facilitate and organize open school education
programme in all parts of the country.
To promote educational research in the country.
To promote and organize special education
programme.
To provide assistance to States, local bodies, and non-
governmental organization for development of
education, and
To provide guidance wherever required.
TYPES OF SCHOOL ENTERPRISES IN INDIA
Structure of education at state level
Responsibilities of the State Government
regarding School Education

(1) To establish and maintain educational '

institutions.
(2) To recognize for the establishment of schools.
(3) To provide grants to schools managed by|
private governing bodies.
(4) To pass laws for different types of school
education.
(5) To supervise school through DEO's and
Supervisors at Block level.
Responsibilities of the State Government
regarding School Education

(6) To recruit and place teachers in schools.

(7) To prescribe the syllabus and supply books.
(8) To establish school boards to conduct
examinations.
(9) To provide special assistance to poor and
backward students.
(10) To organize training programmes for
teachers and supervisors.
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Ministry for Education

The union government and the state

government together are responsible for the
development of education in the country.
Hence separate ministries are formed for
smooth functioning of the departments.
 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Central Ministry

On 26th Sept. 1985 the government of India created a

new ministry in the name of Ministry of Human Resource
Development. This ministry is responsible for
educational development of the country. The ministry
has two departments viz. Department of School
Education and Literacy and Department of Higher
Education.
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Central Ministry

The ministry is headed by a cabinet minister called

HRD minister followed by two state ministers, one
for Higher Education and other for School Education
and Literacy. Again a number of secretaries are also
appointed by the ministry for administrative purpose.
 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

State Ministries
The ministry for education of a particular state consists
of a cabinet minister followed by a state minister. The
state governments also formulate policies for education.
There is also provision of acts and bills in the state
legislature. These are brought whenever necessary. The
minister is responsible to present the bill in the State
Legislative Assembly for receiving grants and aids.
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Statutory Councils and Apex Bodies

The councils or apex bodies are either established

by the state governments or by the central
government. They are responsible for recognition of
courses, promotion of professional institutions and
providing grants to undergraduate and post graduate
programmes and various awards.
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Statutory Councils and Apex Bodies

•AllIndia Council for TechnicalEducation (AICTE)

•IndianCouncil for Agriculture Research (ICAR)

•NationalCouncil for Teacher Education (NCTE)

•RehabilitationCouncil of India (RCI)

•MedicalCouncil of India (MCI)

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Statutory Councils and Apex Bodies

•DentistCouncil of India (DCI)

•CentralCouncil of Homeopathy (CCH)

•CentralCouncil of Indian Medicine (CCIM) etc.

•IndianNursing Council (INC)

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

Planning
Planning is an essential component. It is
an useful exercise to be undertaken by
the administrators. It involves systematic,
organised and an articulated scheme of
working. So planning can be thought of
at the beginning of the session.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

Organisation
The effective and efficient work of the school depends
upon the good organisation. The essential element of
the organisation is people: what they do and how they
work together. So for good organisation, the
administrator should define the purpose, analyze and
identify tasks required to meet these objectives,
allocate related activities to other staff, provide for
management and coordination of activities at each
level of responsibility and lastly establish a reporting
and communication channel.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

Direction
There should be proper supervision, motivation
and communication on the part of the administrator
for getting the work done. The ultimate aim is to
see that work is accomplished according to
policies and programmes and given instructions.
Directing involves exercising leadership motivating
people, determining accountability and developing
guidelines for action.
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

Controlling
Control deals with the difference between planned
and actual performance. So administration is
concerned with managing resources, allocating
tasks, making decisions and solving problems. The
function is to create favourable conditions for the
educational process and their maintenance at an
effective level. For effective organisation, good
administration should involve planning, organizing,
directing, motivating, controlling and decision-
making.