Information To The Control Room Computer, Which Then Accurately Indicates

Acoustic Sensors
An acoustic sensor is an insect pest detection sensor which works

by monitoring the noise level of the insect pests. How does it work?
Wireless sensor nodes connected to a base station are placed in the field. When
the noise level of the pest crosses the threshold, a sensor transmits that
information to the control room computer, which then accurately indicates
the infestation area.
These sensors help detect an infestation at a very early stage, thus greatly
reducing crop damage. These are a great tool for the monitoring of large field
areas with very low energy consumption.
The occurrence of insect pests can be also monitored with sensors for Leaf
Area Index (LAI) measuring. Insect pest feeding destroys leaves. This causes
plants to lose chlorophyll. This leads to a reduction in the total leaf area, and as
a result, the reduction of the plant's capacity to photosynthesize. By measuring
the leaf area index, the sensor can identify an insect attack at an early
stage and warn farmers to take the appropriate actions.
This sensor uses radiation measurements and other parameters to accurately
calculate leaf area index in real-time, in the field. This type of sensor is also
used for crop disease detection.
Sensors for Early Crop Disease Detection
Crop diseases, if not treated timely and properly, can significantly reduce the
yield, thus endangering global food security. For this reason, disease protection
is the most important task for every farmer. Since early detection can
successfully control disease, farmers use modern farm measures to protect
their crop. These measures include direct and indirect disease identification
methods.
Direct detection methods are mainly laboratory-based techniques of disease

detection. The most common are polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
immunofluorescence (IF), fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FCM), and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although providing accurate
data, these methods can’t be used for on-field disease detection.
Unlike direct, indirect methods are used directly in the field. Based on plant
stress and levels of plant volatility, indirect method sensors can identify biotic
and abiotic stresses, as well as pathogenic diseases in crops. These are
optical sensors which, based on thermography, fluorescence imaging, and
hyperspectral techniques, are able to predict plant diseases.
1. Thermography Disease Detection Method
Thermography sensors measure the differences in surface temperature of the

plant leaves and canopy. The sensor captures infrared radiation emitted
from the plant surface.
If there is a pathogen infection, the plant surface temperature will increase due
to the transpiration reduction. Based on the change in temperature, the sensor
can analyze disease presence. Thermography sensors can detect the
changes due to the disease before it even appears.
Precision disease control is limited due to its high sensitivity to the change of
environmental conditions during measurements. Another problem is that the
thermography method can’t be used to identify the type of infection.
2. Fluorescence Disease Detection Method
Sensors using the fluorescence method measure the chlorophyll fluorescence

on the leaves and measure the incident light and the change in fluorescence
parameters. It measures changes in chlorophyll and photosynthetic
activity, thus detecting the pathogen presence.
Although fluorescence measurement provides sensitive detection of

abnormalities in photosynthesis, the practical application of this technique in a
field setting is limited.
3. Hyperspectral Disease Detection Method
Sensors implementing the hyperspectral method use a wide range of spectrum,

between 350 and 2500 nm, to measure plant health. They measure the
changes in reflectance that are the results of the biophysical and
biochemical characteristic changes experienced upon
infection. Hyperspectral cameras collect the data in three dimension, with X-
and Y- axis for spatial, and Z- for spectral, thus providing more detailed and
accurate information about plant health. In order to monitor a large field area,
sensors are usually fitted to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
Hyperspectral sensors are used for early crop disease detection, thus allowing
a farmer quick and timely crop protection.

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Acoustic Sensors

An acoustic sensor is an insect pest detection sensor which works

Direct detection methods are mainly laboratory-based techniques of disease

1. Thermography Disease Detection Method

Thermography sensors measure the differences in surface temperature of the

Sensors using the fluorescence method measure the chlorophyll fluorescence

Although fluorescence measurement provides sensitive detection of

3. Hyperspectral Disease Detection Method

Sensors implementing the hyperspectral method use a wide range of spectrum,

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