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    duyphat04081994
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    This document outlines 7 problems related to Poisson's equation and the heat equation on Rn. Problem 1 involves solving the Poisson equation on R with fundamental solution -|x|/2 and considers conditions for bounded and decaying solutions. Problem 2 extends this to R2 with fundamental solution -log|x|/2π. Problem 3 considers the Poisson equation on Rn for n≥3 with fundamental solution 1/n(n-2)|x|2-n and proves uniqueness of decaying solutions. Problem 4 establishes a maximum principle on Rn for n≥3. Problem 5 relates averages over balls and spheres. Problem 6 reconstructs data from solutions to the 1D wave equation. Problem 7 proves a maximum principle for

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    PDE Assignment

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    This document outlines 7 problems related to Poisson's equation and the heat equation on Rn. Problem 1 involves solving the Poisson equation on R with fundamental solution -|x|/2 and considers conditions for bounded and decaying solutions. Problem 2 extends this to R2 with fundamental solution -log|x|/2π. Problem 3 considers the Poisson equation on Rn for n≥3 with fundamental solution 1/n(n-2)|x|2-n and proves uniqueness of decaying solutions. Problem 4 establishes a maximum principle on Rn for n≥3. Problem 5 relates averages over balls and spheres. Problem 6 reconstructs data from solutions to the 1D wave equation. Problem 7 proves a maximum principle for

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    16 views2 pages

    PDE Assignment

    Uploaded by

    duyphat04081994
    This document outlines 7 problems related to Poisson's equation and the heat equation on Rn. Problem 1 involves solving the Poisson equation on R with fundamental solution -|x|/2 and considers conditions for bounded and decaying solutions. Problem 2 extends this to R2 with fundamental solution -log|x|/2π. Problem 3 considers the Poisson equation on Rn for n≥3 with fundamental solution 1/n(n-2)|x|2-n and proves uniqueness of decaying solutions. Problem 4 establishes a maximum principle on Rn for n≥3. Problem 5 relates averages over balls and spheres. Problem 6 reconstructs data from solutions to the 1D wave equation. Problem 7 proves a maximum principle for

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    of 2

    Math 516: Assignment #1 (due: Fri., Sep.

    29)

    1. [Poisson on R] Let f ∈ Cc∞ (R), and consider the “Poisson” ODE problem

    d2
    − u(x) = f (x), x ∈ R. (1)
    dx2
    2
    (a) Prove that Φ(x) := − 21 |x| satisfies − dx
    d
    2 Φ = δ in the sense of distributions – that
    ∞
    is, for any φ ∈ Cc (R), ˆ
    1
    |x| φ00 (x) dx = φ(0).
    R 2
    (b) Verify directly that Φ ∗ f solves (1).
    (c) Under what condition on f does (1) admit a bounded solution? How many?
    (d) Under what condition on f does (1) admit a solution with u(x) → 0 as |x| → ∞?
    How many?

    2. [Poisson on R2 ] Let f ∈ Cc∞ (R2 ), and consider the Poisson problem

    −∆u(x) = f (x), x ∈ R2 . (2)


    1
    Recall the fundamental solution for the Laplacian on R2 is Φ(x) = − 2π log |x|.

    (a) Find the first two terms of an asymptotic expansion of Φ ∗ f as |x| → ∞.


    (b) Under what condition on f does (2) admit a bounded solution? Prove that
    under this condition, there is a unique solution u ∈ C 2 (R2 ) which decays:
    lim|x|→∞ u(x) = 0.

    3. [Poisson on Rn≥3 ] Let n ≥ 3, f ∈ Cc∞ (Rn ), and consider the Poisson problem

    −∆u(x) = f (x), x ∈ Rn . (3)


    1
    Recall the fundamental solution for the Laplacian on Rn is Φ(x) = n(n−2)α(n) |x|2−n .
    Prove that there is a unique solution u ∈ C 2 (Rn ) which decays: lim|x|→∞ u(x) = 0.

    4. [A maximum principle for Laplace on Rn ] Suppose n ≥ 3. Show that if u ∈


    C 2 (Rn ), with lim|x|→∞ u(x) = 0, satisfies −∆u(x) = f (x), with f ∈ Cc∞ (Rn ) and
    f (x) ≥ 0, then either u(x) > 0 for all x ∈ Rn , or else u(x) ≡ 0.

    5. [Averages over balls and spheres] Fix x ∈ Rn , and show that if u ∈ C 1 (B(x, R)),
    and for each r ∈ (0, R),
    u(x) = u(y) dy,
    B(x,r)

    then for each r ∈ (0, R),


    u(x) = u(y) dS(y).
    ∂B(x,r)

    1
    6. [Reconstruction of data for wave equation on R] Consider the Cauchy problem
    for the wave equation on R:
    
    utt = uxx , x ∈ R, t > 0
    u(x, 0) = 0, ut (x, 0) = v0 (x)

    with v0 ∈ Cc∞ (R).

    (a) Show that v0 is not uniquely determined by measuring the solution at a single
    point in space, { u(0, t) | t ≥ 0 }. What part of v0 can be recovered from this?
    (b) Show that v0 is uniquely determined by measuring the solution at two points in
    space.

    7. [Maximum principle for heat on Rn – c.f. Evans pp 57-58]


    In class we (will have) stated the maximum principle for the heat equation on bounded
    domains. Prove the following version of the weak maximum principle on Rn : a solution
    u ∈ C12 (Rn × (0, T ]) ∩ C(Rn × [0, T ]) solving the heat equation in Rn × (0, T ) and
    satisfying the growth estimate
    2
    u(x, t) ≤ Aea|x| , x ∈ Rn , t ∈ [0, T ]

    for some A > 0, a > 0, satisfies

    sup u = sup u(x, 0).


    Rn ×[0,T ] Rn

    (Hint: for some constants (to be chosen) T1 , , µ, consider v(x, t) := u(x, t)−µ(T +−
    |x|2
    t)−n/2 e 4(T1 +−t) . Verify that this function also satisfies the heat equation, and apply
    the maximum principle on a cylinder B(0, R) × [0, T1 ]. In the end you will take µ to
    0.)
    Remark: In fact, without a growth condition like this, both the maximum principle
    and uniqueness fail in Rn . There are non-zero solutions of the heat equation on Rn
    with zero initial data (but these grow very fast as |x| → ∞ – see the book of F. John,
    Ch. 7.

    Sep. 25, 2017

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