Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Fourth Quarter

Unit 4 Lesson 3 Unit 5 Lesson 4

Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution Social Network Theory- is a study of how people,
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid organizations, or groups interact with others inside their
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, network.Study of social network (Social Network Analysis)
and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and Node- person or organization participating the network.
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and Ties- Various types of connections between Nodes.
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our Types of Social Network
posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy  Ego-centric Networks-are connected with a single
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, node or individual.
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this  Socio-centric Networks-are closed networks by
Constitution. default.
Citizenship- defined as “membership in a politicalcommunity  Open-system Networks-the boundary lines are not
which is personal and more or less permanent in character.” clearly defined.
Human Rights-Defined as “membership in a
politicalcommunity which is personal and more or less Unit 6 Lesson 1
permanent in character.” Kinship -means relationship on blood or marriage
TYPES OF KINSHIP
Unit 5 Lesson 1 a. Fictive kinship – people who are not related by blood or
Social Group - has been understood as a unit of interacting marriage
personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses b. Consanguineal kin - kinship based on bloodline
existing among them c. Affinal kinship- kinship based on marriage
PRIMARY GROUP-is the basic universal human relationship. KINSHIP BY BLOOD
This kind of group where the members have intimate, Descent – A group in which membership depends on
personal, “face to face” relationship. common descent from a real or mythical ancestor
EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY GROUPS A. UNILINEAL DESCENT- A group in which membership may
1. Family- is considered the oldest social institution; the basic rest either on patrilineal descent or matrilineal descent.
unit of society . It is in the family where there is an B. COGNATIC DESCENT- Refers to all descendants of an
interlocking network of interpersonal and interdependent ancestor who enjoy membership of a common descent group
relationships. by virtue of any combination of male or female linkages.
2. Neighborhood- are often social communities with Marriage- is an institution that admits men and women to
considerable face-to-face interaction among members. family life.
3. Peer Group- influencethe norms, values, interests, and TYPES OF MARRIAGES
activities of its members. It also plays a crucial role in a.) Polygamy- is the marriage of man to several woman.
influencing a child’s style and prerogative. Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man marries
SEONDARY GROUP- is a group which the individual comes in more than one woman at a given time. Polyandry is the
contact with later in life. marriage of one woman with more than one man.
b.) Monogamy-is a form of marriage in which in one man
Unit 5 Lesson 2 marries one woman.
Social Group: According to Purpose It is the most common acceptable form of marriage. Serial
1. Task Groups-A group formed to accomplish jobs, tasks, or monogamy happens when an individual is allowed to marry
obligation. again after the death of the first spouse or after divorce.
2. Relationship Group-A group formed to fulfill the feeling of c.) Group Marriage- is a type of marriage with two or more
companionship. Similar to “barkada” or peer group women with two or more men.
3. Influence Group-Group formed to support a particular
cause or ideology. Ex. Political parties, campaign groups, Unit 6 Lesson 2
activists Political Science- is the systematic study of the state and
Social Group: According to Social Organization government. Is a social science discipline concerned with the
1. Gemeinschaft-A social system in which most relationships study of state, nation, government ang politics ang policies of
are personal, traditional or both. Composed of many primary government.
groups, its structure is referred to as a “community”. Four Main Types of Political Organization
2. Gesselschaft- A society of bargaining and contract. Band-Is a basic social unit found in many
Relationships are individualistic, impersonal, formal, forgagingsocieties.Usually a very small group, it may make up
contractual and realistic. Referred to as “society”. larger group that congregates from time to time.
Peer Pressure- Is a social pressure by members of one’s peer Tribes- Comprise several bands or lineage groups .Occupy a
group to take a certain action, adopt certain values, or distinct territory. Are more formal than a band. They
conform in order to be accepted, belong and feel part of a comprise 100 to several thousands of people.
group. Chiefdom- Political unit headed by a chief, who holds power
over more than one community group.Chiefdoms are not
Unit 5 Lesson 3 egalitarian but instead have social rank, with the chief and his
Reference Group - A group that individual refers to and family holding power.
identifies either consciously or unconsciously.It can be a State- Is a community of persons more or less numerous,
primary group, status group, or a professional association. permanently occupying a definite portion of territory.Is a
INFORMAL- It is based on the group members’ shared centralized political unit that governs a large population
interest and goals.It is not structured w/ a specific goal in
mind.
FORMAL-It has a specific goal or mission. It also have a
specific structure and positions of authority.

1
 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Fourth Quarter

Unit 6 Lesson 3 COOPERATIVE- cooperative is firm owned, controlled,

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS- The act of coordinating the and operated by a group of users for their own benefit.
other factors of production- land, labor, and capital. TRADE UNION- a trade union is an organization made up
ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM of members ( a membership-based organization) and its
1. Property- Understood as socially acknowledge right. membership must be made up mainly of workers.
Involves the right of ownership which differs from a
simple possession over goods or commodities Unit 6Lesson 5
2. Economic Exchange- Process by which individuals and EDUCATION – is the process of facilitating learning, or
organizations give each other valuable goods and the acquisition of knowledge, skills, value, belief’s,
services in return to different goods and services and habits.
3. Division of Labor- Refers to the distribution of work in FORMAL EDUCATION – is imparted by direct instruction.
reference to age, gender, skill, or qualification. INFORMAL EDUCATION – comes about indirectly; the
4. Economic Socialization- Process by which people learn the learner often is unaware that he is having a learning
values and behavior needed to fill positions in the experience.
economic community.
5. Price- Refers to the monetary value of goods and services. Unit 6 Lesson 6
It is determined by the interplay of supply and demand. RELIGION- is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature
6. Law of Supply and Demand- States that when demand is and the purpose of the universe especially when
greater than supply, the price increases; and when considered as the creation of a super human agency
supply is greater than demand, price decreases. or agencies.
Animism -is the belief that all things have a spirit.
TYPES OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS - Sacrifices, prayers, dances must be offered to
1. Sole Proprietorship-known as “one-man business”. the spirits to be blessed.
- The proprietor solely manages the business and undertakes Hinduism- A person’s position in this present life was
the risks of the business. determined by his actions in previous life
- The proprietor owns capital and performs all the functions Buddhism - Buddhism is strictly not a religion in the
of an entrepreneur. context of being a faith and worship owing
2. Partnership- business is carried on by two or more men allegiance to a supernatural being.
called partners. - Every person is striving to attain spiritual
- Business arrangement in which two or more individuals enlightenment
share the capital, profits, and liabilities of a business - Selfish desires are the cause of all pains and
ventures. miseries in life
3. Corporation- legal entity that is separate and distinct from - Believe that a person has countless rebirth
its owners. Islam- there is the one almighty God, named Allah, and
- They have the right to enter into contracts, loan, and everything that happens is Allah’s way.
borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, - Believe that Mohammad is the last prophet
- Own assets and pay taxes. - Alah is viewed as the creator of the universe and
- Referred as “legal person”. the source of all good and
- Legal entity that separate and distinct from its’ owner Christianity- God can be known in a personal way.
4. Cooperative-established for the purpose of providing - There is one God and Jesus is the only son of
services on a non-profit basis to its shareholders or members God . Jesus was crucified but was resurrected.
who own and control it. Followers reach the salvation by following the
TYPES OF COOPERATIVE IN THE PHILIPPINES teaching of God .
1. Credit Cooperative- promotes and undertakes - Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God
savings and lending services among its members. and the savior of humanity.
2. Consumer’s Cooperative- procures and distributes
commodity to members and non-members Unit 7 Lesson 7
3. Producer’s Cooperative- undertakes a joint production HEALTH-“the absence of disease”; “the condition of
whether agricultural or industrial being sound in body, mind or spirit; especially:
4. Marketing Cooperative- engages in the supply of freedom from physical disease or pain.”
production inputs to members and markets their BASIC CONDITIONS FOR MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
products. 1. Proper diet
5. Services Cooperative- engages in medical and dental For keeping good health, we should take a balanced
care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance, diet containing required amount of essential nutrients
housing, etc. like proteins, vitamins, etc.
6. Multipurpose Cooperative- combines two or more of 2. Personal and domestic hygiene
the business activities of these different types of 3. CLEAN FOOD, WATER AND AIR- For keeping good health,
cooperatives. we should wash the food grains, fruits and vegetables
Unit 6 Lesson 4 with clean water before using them.
Bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits 4. REGULAR EXERCISE AND WALK
and advances and other related services. 5. Have a regular sleep- sleep helps restore your body’s
ROLE OF BANKS energy, repair muscle tissue and triggers the release of
1. Banks are where people can safely deposit their hormones that effect growth and appetite.
savings. 6. Relaxation
2. Banks are largely responsible for the payments While there are no specific guidelines for how much
system. relaxation, Mental Health America suggests that “people
3. Banks issues loans to both people and companies. should incorporate into their lifestyle, making time to
Corporation- is a company of group of people authorized unwind and enjoy life is an important part of maintaining
to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. good health..

2
 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Fourth Quarter

7. AVOID BAD HABITS OR VICES 2. Open System-In an open society, classes exist but they are
To keep good health, people should avoid smoking not institutionalized; class boundaries are unclear; the people
tobacco, chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and taking do not show excessive class consciousness.
drugs. The use of these substances can have serious
effects on the mind and body. Unit 7 Lesson 3
Bughat or binat- is the term used to refer to the ailments Ethnicity -is a term that describes shared culture—the
(headache, chills, body pains, malaise, dizziness, muscle practices, values, and beliefs of a group.
weakness, and in some it is blindness) a mother -This might include shared language, religion, and traditions,
experiences after giving birth or after having suffered among other commonalities
abortion or miscarriage is she did not follow certain SOCIAL INEQUALITY- occurs when resources in a given
rituals after childbirth. society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of
USOG/BUYAG-it is a Filipino superstition that attributes an allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of
illness to the greeting of a stranger. It is believed that socially defined categories of persons.
young children are susceptible to usog.
Unit 7 Lesson 1
Social Stratification- is defined as the arrangement of any
social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are
unequal with regard to power,property, social evaluation,
and/or pyshic gratification
Components of Social Stratification
1. Social Status -refers to the positions of an individual
or group within a social structure
2. Social Role -refers to the behavior or expected of a
person who occupies a particular status.
3. Social Class -refers to the level or category where
persons have more or less the same soci-economic
priviliges in society
Bases of Social Stratification
1. Power or Authority -is the ability to secure one's
ends in life, even against opposition. The degree to
which one directs, manages, or dominates others
2. Property or Wealth-refers to the rights over goods
and services.
3. Prestige or Social Evaluation - implies social
judgement that a status or position is more
pretigious and honorable than others.

Unit 7 Lesson 2
Social mobility- is the movement of persons from one
position to another in the stratification system.
Horizontal Social Mobility- individuals or group may move
from one position to another in the stratification system.
(Anyone can reach the apex or peak of the hierarchy).
Moving between social groups having the same social
status
Ex:-Changing jobs without altering occupational status
Vertical Social Mobility- movement of individuals into either
a higher or lower stratum.
Ex.-Changing Jobs or Marrying
Career Mobility- type of social mobility in which persons
experience change in their social position over the course
of their lifetime. It can be downward mobility or upward
mobility.
Intergenerational Social Mobility- the persons acquires his
position from the parents’ social stratification level.
Ex: -Father to Son
-Mother to Daughter
1. Closed System- the stratification isbased on ascribed
statuses or statuses assigned to people because of either
innate traits or social characteristics of parents.
3 TYPES OF STRATIFICATION (based on ascribed statuses).
a. The Slave System- is a closed stratification system wherein
some individuals are considered property from the time of
birth.
b. Estate System- is a closed stratification system based on
ownership of land. The Land in this system were inherited
rather than achieved
c. Caste System- is a closed stratification system wherein the
stratum is arranged in the order of superiority to inferiority.