SOCIAL ORGANIZATION/SO CIAL INSTITUTIONS •Type of group goals

What is Social Group? •Kind of group cohesion

A social group is two or more people who Social Organization

identify with and engage with each other
Is a process of bringing order and signif cance
(Macionis 2012).
into human social life. It has its roots in social
A social group is distinct from an aggregate, interaction.
which consists of people who are temporarily
According to McGee (1977;132), there are
grouped together in an area, perhaps even
certain identifying characteristics of social
performing the same things, but do not
organizations.
consider themselves to be members of the
same group. Differentiation in statuses and roles
Social Aggregate the basis of sex, age and ability w maybe
observed in the activitie different types of
"A social aggregate is a collection of people who
people.
are in the same place at the same time, but who
otherwise do not necessarily have anything in
SOCIAL FUNCTION
common, and who may not interact with each
other. According to the functionalist theory of
sociology, social function refers to the role
A social aggregate is different from a social
performed by an institution, norm, or practice.
group, which refers to two or more people who
Durkheim embraces social institutions as they
interact regularly and who have things in
perform social functions that contribute to the
common, like a romantic couple, a family
stability and maintenance of society.
friends, classmates, or co -workers, among
others. A social aggregate is also different from SOCIAL GROUPS
a social category, which refers to a group of
people defined by a shared social A social group is a collection of individuals who
characteristics, like gender, race, ethnicity, share aims and routines, a sense of unity, and a
nationality, age, class, etc. common identity.

A Social Category TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Is a collection of people that have certain PRIMARY GROUP: A primary group are small
characteristics or traits in common, but they and characterized by personal, close, and
tend not to interact with each other on a intimate relationship that lasts a long time.
regular basis. Members:
For example, teenagers is a social category, • Family
because they are all within a particular age • Childhood friends
range and share certain characteristics.
• Romantic partners
Factors that influence Groups
• Close friends
•Motivational base shared by individual

•Size of group
Members of religious groups etc. What is the Family?

SECONDARY GROUP: Secondary groups are The family is the basic social institution and the
formal, small or large, and usually short term. primary group in society. Familles vary from
These groups are typically found at work and culture to culture. Murdock (1949:1) defines the
school. family as a social group characterized common
residence, economic cooperation, and
Members:
reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at
• Class groups
least two of whom maintain a socially approved
•Workplaces sexual relationship, and one or two children.
Burgess and Locke (1963) define family as a
•Social Clubs group of person united by the mamige blood, or
•Political Parties adoption, constituting a single household
interacting and communicating with each other.
IN-GROUPS
Kinship
A group to whom you, as a person, belong, and
anyone else who is perceived as belonging to refers to the web of social relationship that form
that group. an essential part of the lives of most humans in
most socleties.
OUT-GROUPS
Descent
Consists of anyone who does not belong to your
group. Out-groups are viewed more negatively, refers to the origin or background of a person in
and receive inferior treatment in comparison to terms of family or nationality.
that of in-group members. - A descent group is a social group whose
members have common ancestry.
BIASES Uniliniel Society

Descent of an individual is reckoned either from

IN-GROUP Biases the mother's or the Father's line of descent.
Showing preference for people within your Matrilineal
group.
- kinship is seen through his or her mothers line
OUT-GROUP Biases of descent
Automatically disliking people who are not Patrilineal
within your group.
kinship is reckoned through his/her fathers line
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE of descent.
HOUSEHOLD
MARRIAGE
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
- An important institutional element of the
family is marriage. It is an institution consisting
of mores and folkways, of attitudes, Ideas, and
Ideals of social definitions and legal restrictions.
Kinship by Marriage This egalitarian nature is attributed to the
shared struggle for a living.
Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage:
refers to the type of relations develop when The Filipino family structure is based on
marriage occurs. generational authority, with the eldest sibling
having authority over younger siblings. Children
Structural Characteristics of Filipino Family
respect elders but show increased commitment
•Family is considered the basic unit of social to their relatives.
organization. Made up of a group of individuals
The Filipino family is bilateral in terms of
who are linked together by marriage, blood
descent and social allocation, with no
relations, or adoption.
distinction between paternal and maternal
•Nuclear family- made up of a married couple groups. Grandparents are called lolo, and the
and their biological child or children. larger Filipino.

Extended family- type of family whose Politics of kinship (Political

members go beyond the nuclear family made Dynasty, Alliances)
up of parents and their offspring
Political Dynasties in the philippines
Blended family- a type of family where the
parents have a child or children from previous Political Dynasties have long been present in the
marital relationships but all the members stay philippine political structure. They are typically
and congregate to form a new family unit. It is found in elite families that have established
sometimes called a step family, reconstituted themselve in a province before moving on to
family. the national government.

Joint families are prevalent among Muslims, Political dynasties

with young couples and their children living as
Generally refer to families whose members are
dependent units with either spouse's family or
involve in politics. In the philippines, political
the wife's family if they are Samal. This is due to
dynasties can be seen in families that have been
economic necessity and the female maintaining
part of the government for several generation.
her biological role.
Political Alliance
In Filipino families, blood kinship is crucial for
consanguinity, particularly in rural areas. The A political alliance, also referred to as political
"compadre" system, formed through baptism, coalition or political bloc, Is an agreement for
confirmation, and marriage, links sponsors to
• It is usually a very small, oftentime nomadic
the family, making them ritual kinsfolk.
group that is connected by family ties and is
The Filipino family is often viewed as politically independent.
patriarchal, but studies show that it is actually
Tribe
egalitarian. The division of labor between
husband and wife is mutually cooperative, with
the wife having domain over the household and
raising children. However, women in lower
socioeconomic classes struggle to exercise
resource- allocation due to limited resources.
• Is a somewhat more complex than a band. As An Economic Institution provides the
the population size increase with a shift in distribution of goods and services to the
subsistence pattern from foraging to members of society. In societies with a
horticulture or pastoralism, kinship ties and recognized economic system, five parts are
friendship are no longer sufficient to hold essential for the economic system to function
society together. accurately. These are production system, a
service system, distribution system, consumers
Chiefdom
system and system of exchange.
• Are similar to bands and tribes in being mostly
Transfer
classes societies.
A change of ownership of an asset or a
State
movement of funds and/or assets from WPS
• State level political system first appeared in one account to another is called transfer.
societies with large-scale intensive agriculture.
Redistribution (Cultural Anthropology)
Legitimacy
In cultural anthropology and sociology,
• In political science, legitimacy is the popular redistribution refers to a system of economic
acceptance of an Authority, usually a governing ffice exchange involving the centralized
law or a regime. collection of goods from members of a group,
followed by the distribution of those goods
Types of legitimacy among those members. It is a form of
1. TRADITIONAL LEGITIMACY reciprocity.

- Derives from societal customs and habits that Market Transactions

emphasize the history of the authority of The exchange of goods and services through a
tradition market is called market transaction. The set of
2. CHARISMATIC LEGITIMACY market transactions taking place in the
economy is most important in terms of
- Derives from the ideas and personal charisma measuring gross domestic product (GDP).
of the leader, a person whose authoritative Market transactions provide the basis data used
persona charisma and psychologically by number crunchers at the National Economic
dominates the people of the society to Development Authority.
agreement with the government regine and
rule. Market- An actual or nominal place where
forces of demand and supply operate, and
3. RATIONAL LEGAL LEGITIMACY where buyers and sellers interact to trade
Derives from a system of institutional goods, services or contracts or instruments, for
procedure, where government institution money or barter is called a market.
establish and enforce law and order in the State
public interest.
Is an organized political community living under
Economic Institutions, Non- State a single system of government. Often office
Institutions, Education state and government are used as synonyms,
both words refer to an organized political group
that exercise authority over a particular • The Middle Class
territory.
These are mostly professional people like
Formal Education lawyers, doctors, managers, owners of small
businesses, executives, etc. They live in spacious
Refers to the systematic and deliberate process
houses, and their income can afford them a
of hierarchically structured and sequential
comfortable lifestyle.
learning d and corresponding to to the general
concept of elementary and secondary level of • The Lower Class
schooling
These are the office clerical workers, skilled and
Non Formal Education unskilled craftsman, farm employees,
underemployed and indigent families. They live
Refers to anay organized systematic educational
in smaller houses and they are short of
activity carried outside of the frar outside of of
education or trainings.
the framework formal system.

Special Education RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM

Refers to o the education of persons who are Religion is a social institution that answers
physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or questions and explains the seemingly
different from so cultural that they require - inexplicable. Religion provides explanation for
called "normal" individuals, such als off why things happen and demystifies the ideas of
modification of school I practices to develop birth and death. Religion based on the belief in
their potential. a single deity are monotheistic. Those that
encompass many deities and polytheistic.
Social and Political
ANIMISM
Stratification
Animism refers to the beleif in a enumerable
Social Stratification
spiritual beings concerned with human affairs
The layering of these social categories into and capable of helping or harming human
higher and lower position of prestige or respect interests. Animistic beleifs were first
is called social stratification. It is also a society's competently surveyed by Sir Edward Burnett
categorization of people into socioeconomic Tylor in his work Primitive Culture (1871), to
strata, based on their occupation and income, whom is owed the continued currency of the
wealth and social status, or derived power term.
(social and political).
POLYTHEISM
Social statification is distinguished as three
However, there are some serious philosophical
social classes:
problems when thinking about the definition of
• The Upper Class God in relation to polytheistic beliefs. By the
broadest definition in most dictionaries, God
Consist of the elite families who are the most refers to the Supreme Being that is above
prolific and successful in their respective areas. everything else. By very definition, this requires
These are group of people who are that it be only one being. The reasoning is that if
stockholders, investors, and who live in an this being was just another one of many gods,
exclusive neighborhood. He would not necessarily be the highest or
supreme, A polytheist might reply that there is DISABILITY
one highest God with multiple lesser gods (ie.
Disability is a condition affecting a person's
Henotheism) However, this is still in contrast to
ability to perform tasks or perform tasks in the
the definition because those lesser beings
same way as a non-disabled individual. It can be
cannot be referred to as "God", simply because
caused by genetics, disease, accident, or
they are not the Supreme Being.
trauma, and may affect their mental, sensory, or
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS mobility function.

The CULT is a religious group that is outside the Conditions causing disability are classified by
standard cultural norms, typically centered on a the medical community as:
charismatic leader.
1. Inherited (genetically transmitted)
Example:
2. Congenital
The People's Temple, a cult that emerged in the
3. Embryonic and fatal developmental
late 1970s, was led by a man named Jim Jones.
Jones started his cult in San Francisco, and then 4. Acquired
convinced several hundred followers to move
with him to Jonestown, Guyana. He claimed to 5. Of Unknown origin
be a god and insisted on strict loyalty. In 1978, Intellectual Disability
he and 913 of his followers committed mass
suicide. Is a broad concept that ranges from mental
retardation to cognitive deficits too mild or too
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS specific (as in specific learning disability )to
There are three group categories of religious quality as mental retardation. Intellectual
organizations according to sociologists: disabilities may appear at any age.

The CHURCH is a religious group integrated with Mental Health and Emotional Disability
society. Is a psychology or behavioral pattern generally
Example: associated with subject distress or disability that
occurs in an individual, and perceived by the
The Roman Catholic Church is well integrated in majority of society as being outside of normal
the society in Spain. development or cultural expectations.
The Amish of Pennsylvania are a classic sect. Administrative and Executive Orders
Though Christian, they choose to set themselves
apart from the rest of society by their lifestyle, Community Based Rehabilitation for Persons
which eschews many aspects of modernity. with Disabilities-Executive order no. 432, dated
21 June 2005.
GLOBAL INEQUALITY The proclamation enjoins local government
It refers to the unequal distribution of resources units to adopt the Community-Based
among individuals and groups based on their Rehabilitation Program delivering services to
position in the social hierarchy (a series of their constituents with disabilities and allocate
ordered groupings of people or things within a fund to support program.
system.
Economic Independence for Persons with
Disabilities-The General Appropriations Act,
enacted in 2005, allocates at least 1% of the
yearly budget of all National Government
Agencies and instrumentalities to support
programs and projects of Persons with
Disabilities.