Guyot Amazon

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Hydrology and sediment transport in the Amazon basin, from the

Andes to the Ocean
Presentation · August 2012
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11 authors, including:
Jean-Loup Guyot Elisa Armijos

Institute of Research for Development Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
ANDEX - A Hydroclimate Research Program for the Andes and a Prospective GEWEX Regional Hydroclimate Project (RHP). View project
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Hydrology and sediment transport
in the Amazon basin,
from the Andes to the Ocean
Jean Loup GUYOT(1), Nore AREVALO(2), Elisa ARMIJOS(3), Marie Paule BONNET(1),
Luc BOURREL(4), Héctor CALLE(5), Stéphane CALMANT(6), Jorge CARRANZA(7),
Gérard COCHONNEAU(1), Alain CRAVE(8), Eurides DE OLIVEIRA(9),
Jhan Carlo ESPINOZA(2), Raúl ESPINOZA(10), Naziano FILIZOLA(3),
Pascal FRAIZY(11), Oscar FUERTES(5), Nicolas GRILLOT(11), Christian IZA(12),
David LABAT(4), Christelle LAGANE(4), Alain LARAQUE(4), Waldo LAVADO(7),
Jean Michel MARTINEZ(1), Edileuza MELO(3), Jean Sébastien MOQUET(4),
Patricia MOREIRA-TURCQ(4), Luis NORIEGA(5), Rodrigo POMBOSA(12),
Josyane RONCHAIL(13), William SANTINI(8), Frédérique SEYLER(14),
Patrick SEYLER(4), Francis SONDAG(1), Jaime TAMAYO(15), Philippe VAUCHEL(8)
1. IRD/GET Brasília, 2. UNALM Lima, 3. UFAM Manaus, 4. IRD/GET Toulouse,

5. SENAMHI La Paz, 6. IRD/LEGOS Toulouse, 7. SENAMHI Lima, 8. IRG/GET Lima,
9. ANA Brasília, 10. UnB Brasília, 11. IRD/GET Manaus, 12. INAMHI Quito,
13. UDD/LOCEAN Paris, 14. IRD/ESPACE Montpellier, 15. IDEAM Leticia
UMR GET Toulouse, Brasília, Manaus, Lima
UMR LEGOS Toulouse
UMR HSM Montpellier, Fort de France
UMR ESPACE DEV Montpellier, Brasília
US IMAGO La Paz, Cayenne
DEAL Cayenne
ANA Brasília
CPRM Rio de Janeiro, Manaus
UnB Brasília
UFAM Manaus
UFF Niterói
UFRJ Rio de Janeiro
UFRGS Porto Alegre
SENAMHI La Paz
UMSA La Paz
SENAMHI Lima
UNALM Lima
INAMHI Quito
UNC Palmira
IDEAM Bogota, Leticia
UCV Caracas
UNEG Puerto Ordaz
UMNg Brazzaville
SCEVN Brazzaville
CICOS Kinshasa
The Amazon basin: the largest of the world
7 countries
Andes
Foreland basins
Fitzcarrald arch
Brazilian shield
Guyanese shield
Amazon floodplain
38 HYBAM stations
But what are the exact limits of the Amazon drainage basin ?
Based on
-> National topographic map numerisation
-> SRTM -3
-> Verified limit in the Marajó island
Amazon drainage area : 5 956 000 km²
Callède et al. , 2010

Revue des Sciences de l’Eau, 23(3)
But what is the exact Amazon River discharge ?
1st method :
-> Q(OBI)+Q(ITA)+Q(ALT)+Q(X)
-> Q(X) = water balance from
residual basins
Q Amazon = 205 000 m3/s

OBI
ITA ALT
But what is the exact Amazon River discharge ?
2nd method :
-> Estuary discharge gauging
-> Estreitos discharge gauging
-> Correlation with Óbidos
Q Amazon = 206 000 m3/s

OBI
Main difficulties for the Amazon hydrologist ?
1. Water level monitoring : large amplitude (up to 18 m in the Central Amazon floodplain)
2. Missing and invalid data
(data logger and observer problems)
2. Missing data and invalid data
-> solution = satellite altimetry
Da Silva J., 2010, Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(10)

Getirana et al., 2010, Hydrological Processes, 24(2)
Da Silva et al., 2012, Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, 33(11)
3. Gauging very large and depth rivers …
OBI
MAN
SRE NAZ
BOR
3. … with high water velocity during flood periods
BOR OBI
OBI
BOR
3. Gauging very large rivers with high water velocity during flood periods
-> solution = ADCP gauging on the whole HYBAM network
4. Non univocal rating curves due to backwater effects
-> solution = correct rating curve using water level of downstream station
FVA
5. The rating curve problem of Óbidos : sea-tide effects
2010 low water 2011 high water
OBI
5. The rating curve problem of Óbidos : non univocal during large floods
2009 flood
OBI
5. The rating curve problem of Óbidos : non univocal during large floods
-> solution = correct rating curve using water slope with a downstream station
(Manning Strickler), today possible with GPS measures of water gages
OBI
6. Sampling strategy for suspended sediment in large Amazonian rivers
HYBAM Strategy
-> 10 day surface sampling

in the middle of the river
-> 1 month surface sampling

for geochemical studies
-> 2 to 4 times per year

complete section sampling
6. Sampling strategy for suspended sediment
-> 10 day surface sampling
in the middle of the river
Guyot et al. , 2005,

Laraque et al., 2005,
IAHS 291
OBI
-> use of MODIS data to estimate Surface Suspended Sediment
Martinez et al. , 2009, Catena, 79(3)

Espinoza R. et al., 2012, Journal of Hydrology, 444-445
HYBAM Strategy
-> 2 to 4 times per year

complete section sampling
TAM
-> use turbidity data to estimate Suspended Sediment profiles
[MES.] (mg/L)
0 500 1000 0 500 1000 0 500 1000 0 1000
0
10
Profondeur (m)
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 0 50 100 150 0 100 200 0 200 400

0
10
Profondeur (m)
20
30
40
50
60
OBI
7. Estimation of bottom sediment transport
-> ADCP bottom tracking correction with GPS
TAM
7. Estimation of bottom sediment transport
-> ADCP bottom tracking correction with GPS
TAM
Some results. 1. Hydrological regimes
TAM
BOR SRE
Some results
2. Runoff distribution
Mean Amazon River discharge

= 206 000 m3/s
Be careful with the discharge

data you are using !
Callède et al. , 2004, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 49(1)
Some results Ronchail et al., 2006, IAHS 308
3. Hydrological trends Espinoza J.C. et al., 2012, Environmental Research Letters, 7
Confirmed by the two

major events of the century :
-> 2009, 2012 flood
-> 2010 extreme low level
OBI
Some results
3. Hydrological trends
Espinoza et al. , 2009, Journal of Hydrology, 375(3-4)

Some results. 4. Suspended sediment regimes
Guyot et al. , 2007,

IAHS 314
Armijos, 2010
TAM
BOR SRE
Some results. 5. Erosion rates distribution
Based on > 10 000 samples

same methodology in the
whole basin
Andean erosion rates

from 500 to 2500 t/km2.yr
Shield erosion rates

from 5 to 30 t/km2.yr
Sedimentation observed
in foreland basins and in
the Central Amazon floodplain
Erosion occurs also on the

Napo and Pastaza foreland
Basins, as on the Fitzcarrald arch
Andean sediment production

estimated at 1200-1500 Mt/yr
Óbidos sediment yield estimated

at 850 Mt/yr, traducing about 40%
of sedimentation
Some results. 5. Weathering rates distribution in the Andes
Based on > 1500 geochemical samples over

the whole basin
Andean weathering rates

from 20 to 250 t/km2.yr (Moquet, 2011)
Ca
Cl-
Some results. 5. Erosion and weathering yields in the Andes of the Amazon basin
Based
(Moquet, 2011)
www.ore-hybam.org jean-loup.guyot@ird.fr
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Hydrology and sediment transport in the Amazon basin, from the

Presentation · August 2012

Jean-Loup Guyot Elisa Armijos

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Hybam Observatory and Great Ice LMTI View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

1. IRD/GET Brasília, 2. UNALM Lima, 3. UFAM Manaus, 4. IRD/GET Toulouse,

Amazon drainage area : 5 956 000 km²

Callède et al. , 2010

Q Amazon = 205 000 m3/s

Callède et al. , 2010

Q Amazon = 206 000 m3/s

Callède et al. , 2010

Da Silva J., 2010, Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(10)

2010 low water 2011 high water

-> 10 day surface sampling

-> 1 month surface sampling

-> 2 to 4 times per year

Guyot et al. , 2005,

Martinez et al. , 2009, Catena, 79(3)

-> 2 to 4 times per year

0 50 100 0 50 100 150 0 100 200 0 200 400

Mean Amazon River discharge

Be careful with the discharge

Confirmed by the two

Espinoza et al. , 2009, Journal of Hydrology, 375(3-4)

Guyot et al. , 2007,

Based on > 10 000 samples

Andean erosion rates

Shield erosion rates

Erosion occurs also on the

Andean sediment production

Óbidos sediment yield estimated

Based on > 1500 geochemical samples over

Andean weathering rates

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