10/07/2019

Electronic Communications
The TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION and PROCESSING of
Digital ECC513 INFORMATION with the use of ELECTRONICS
ENGR. GILBEY ’S JHON CIRCUITS.
Communications LADION

1 2

Historical Background
Telegraph ◦ 1901, Guglielmo Marconi
◦ 1844, Samuel Morse, ◦ Demo : wireless communication over a long distance (1700 miles)
◦ “What hath God wrought” transmitted by Morse’s electric telegraph ◦ 1906, Reginald Fessenden
◦ Washington D.C ~ Baltimore, Maryland ◦ Conducting the first radio broascast
◦ Morse code : variable-length code (a dot, a dash, a letter space, a word space) ◦ 1918, Edwin H. Armstrong
Radio ◦ Invented the superheterodyne radio receiver

◦ 1864, James Clerk Maxwell ◦ 1933, Edwin H. Armstrong

◦ Formulated the electromagnetic theory of light ◦ Demonstrated another modulation scheme ( Frequency nodulation)
◦ Predicted the existence of radio waves
Telephone
◦ 1887, Heinrich Hertz
◦ 1875, Alexander Graham Bell
◦ The existence of radio waves was confirmed experimentally
◦ Invented the telephone
◦ 1894, Oliver Lodge
◦ Demo : wireless communication over a relatively short distance (150 yards) ◦ 1897, A. B. Strowger
◦ Devised the autiomatic step-by-step switch

3 4

3 4

Electronics Digital Communications

◦ 1904, John Abbrose Eleming ◦ 1928, Harry Nyquist
◦ Invented the vacuum-tube diode ◦ The theory of signal transmission in telegraphy
◦ 1906, Lee de Forest
◦ 1937, Alex Reeves
◦ Invented the vacuum-tube triode
◦ Invent pulse-code modulation
◦ 1948, Walter H. Brattain, William Shockley (Bell Lab.)
◦ Invented the transistor ◦ 1958, (Bell Lab.)
◦ 1958, Robert Noyce ◦ First call through a stored-program system
◦ The first silicon integrated circuit (IC) produce ◦ 1960, (Morris, Illinois)
◦ The first commercial telephone service with digital switching begin.
Television
◦ 1928, Philo T. Farnsworth
◦ 1962, (Bell Lab.)
◦ The first T-1 carrier system transmission was installed
◦ First all-electronic television system
◦ 1929, Vladimir K. Zworykin ◦ 1943, D. O. North
◦ all-electronic television system ◦ Matched filter for the optimum detection of a unknown signal in a additive white noise
◦ 1939, BBC ◦ 1948, Claude Shannon
◦ Broadcasting television service on a commercial basis ◦ The theoretical foundation of digital communications were laid

5 6

5 6

1
 10/07/2019

Computer Networks
◦ 1943~1946, (Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of Pennsylvania) Satellite Communications
◦ ENIAC : first electronic digital computer ◦ 1945, C. Clark
◦ 1950s
◦ Computers and terminals started communicating with each other
◦ Studied the use of satellite for communications
◦ 1965, Robert Lucky ◦ 1955, John R. Pierce
◦ Idea of adaptive equalization
◦ 1982, G. Ungerboeck
◦ Proposed the use of satellite for communications
◦ Efficient modulation techniques ◦ 1957, (Soviet Union)
◦ 1950~1970
◦ Launched Sputnik I
◦ Various studies were made on computer networks
◦ 1971 ◦ 1958, (United States)
◦ Advanced Research Project Agency Network(APRANET) first put into service
◦ Launched Explorer I
◦ 1985,
◦ APRANET was renamed the Internet ◦ 1962, (Bell Lab.)
◦ 1990, Tim Berners-Lee ◦ Launched Telstar I
◦ Proposed a hypermedia software interface to internet (World Wide Web)

7 8

7 8

Understanding Theories of Communication Systems

Optical Communications Modulation Theory
◦ Sinusoidal carrier wave
◦ 1966, K.C. Kao, G. A. Hockham ◦ Whose amplitude, phase, or frequency is the parameter chosen for modification by the information-
◦ Proposed the use of a clad glass fiber as a dielectric waveguide bearing signal
◦ 1959~1960 ◦ Periodic sequence of pulses
◦ Whose amplitude, width, or position is the parameter chosen for modification by the information-
◦ The laser had been invented and developed bearing signal
◦ The issues in modulation theory
◦ Time-domain description of the modulation signal.
◦ Frequency-domain description of the modulated signal
◦ Detection of the original information-bearing signal and evaluation of the effect of noise on the
receiver.

9 10

9 10

Fourier Analysis ◦ In digital communications, we look at

◦ Fourier analysis provides the mathematical basis for evaluating the following ◦ The average probability of symbol error at the receiver output
issues ◦ The issue of dealing with uncontrollable factors
◦ Frequency-domain description of a modulated signal, including its transmission bandwidth ◦ Comparison of one digital modulation scheme against another.
◦ Transmission of a signal through a linear system exemplified by a communication channel or filter
◦ Correlation between a pair of signals Probability Theory and Random Processes
Detection Theory ◦ Probability theory for describing the behavior of randomly
◦ Signal-detection problem occurring events in mathematical terms
◦ The presence of noise ◦ Statistical characterization of random signals and noise.
◦ Factors such as the unknown phase-shift introduced into the carrier wave due to transmission of the
sinusoidally modulated signal over the channel

11 12

11 12

2
 10/07/2019

INFORMATION Growth of digital communication

The KNOWLEDGE or INTELLIGENCE that is 1. Increase used of COMPUTERS
communicated between two or more points in a 2. Benefits over analog communication
communication system. 3. Telephone system has been converting from
analog to digital
Also known as the “DATA”

13 14

Benefits of digital communication Digital communication

1. Noise immunity This includes systems where relatively high-frequency
2. Error detection and error correction analog carriers are modulated by relatively low-
3. Compatibility with TDM frequency digital information signals and systems
4. Digital ICs involving transmission of digital pulses.
5. DSP

15 16

Digital Radio VS. Analog Radio Digital radio system

Digital radio and analog radio system both uses INPUT BPF and Power BPF and Demodulator OUTPUT
MODULATOR Σ Amplifier and Decoder DATA
analog carriers to transport information through the DATA Amplifier

system. The difference between the two is the nature BPF

of the modulating signal. BUFFER

Carrier and
Clock Recovery Carrier

ANALOG Noise Clock

CARRIER

17 18

3
 10/07/2019

Digital Modulation Bit rate ( fb ) vs. Baud ( fn )

Information is digital and carrier is being varied Rate of change of a digital information signal
proportional to a characteristic of the
information/modulating signal
Rate of change of a signal on the transmission
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃) medium after encoding and modulation

19 20

Bandwidth ( BW ) M-ary encoding

According to H. Nyquist, digital signals can be M represents the number of conditions, levels or
propagated at a rate equal to twice the bandwidth combinations possible for a given number of binary
of the medium. variables.
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 log 𝟐 𝑴 𝑵 = log 𝟐 𝑴
From the equation, we derive the formula for
bandwidth:
𝒇𝒃
𝑩=
𝑵

21 22

Amplitude shift keying Amplitude shift keying

A binary information signal directly modulates the 𝑨
𝒗𝒂𝒔𝒌 𝒕 = 𝟏 + 𝒗𝒎 𝒕 [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 ]
amplitude of an analog carrier. 𝟐

There are TWO (2) output amplitudes possible.

23 24

4
 10/07/2019

Example Frequency shift keying

Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth A form of constant-amplitude angle modulation
necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using similar to FM except that the modulating signal is a
amplitude shift keying. binary signal that varies between two discrete
voltage levels.

25 26

Frequency shift keying Frequency shift keying

𝒗𝑭𝑺𝑲 𝒕 = 𝒗𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎 𝒕 ∆𝒇 𝒕 |𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒔 |
∆𝒇 =
where: 𝟐
vc = peak analog carrier amplitude where:
fc = analog carrier frequency fm = mark frequency = fc + ∆𝒇
vm = binary input (modulating) signal fs = space frequency = fc - ∆𝒇
∆𝒇 = peak change in the analog carrier freq.

27 28

Frequency shift keying Frequency shift keying

Mark Frequency corresponds to a logic 1 frequency 𝑩 = 𝟐 ∆𝒇 + 𝒇𝒃
Space Frequency corresponds to a logic 0 frequency
Note that this formula resembles the Carlson rule.
FSK’s bandwidth is an exception to the formula of
Logic 1 bandwidth in digital modulation
Logic 0

29 30

5
 10/07/2019

Frequency shift keying Frequency Shift keying

Fundamental frequency is the frequency at which The formula for the modulation index for FSK is
the rate of change is fastest. given by:

𝒇𝒃 ∆𝒇 |𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒔 |
𝒇𝒂 = 𝒉= 𝒐𝒓 𝒉 =
𝟐 𝒇𝒂 𝒇𝒃
through the use of modulation index, one can use
the Bessel table to determine the bandwidth.

31 32

FSK Modulator Example

Determine the (a) peak frequency deviation, (b)
minimum bandwidth and (c) baud for a binary FSK
with mark frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of
51 kHz and input bit rate of 2 kbps.

33 34

Example Example
Determine the maximum bit rate for an FSK signal Determine the bandwidth and baud for an FSK signal
with a mark frequency of 48 kHz, a space frequency with a mark frequency of 99 kHz, a space frequency
of 52 kHz and an available bandwidth of 10 kHz. of 101 kHz and a bit rate of 10 kbps.

35 36