Ø physical

quantities
that have
both
numerical
and
directional
properties
§ Coordinate Systems
§ Vector and Scalar
Quantities
§ Some Properties of
Vectors
§ Components of a Vector
and Unit Vectors
 • Designation
Cartesian of or
points in a
Rectangular
Cartesian
Coordinates
coordinate system.

Coordinate • 
Every point is
Polar
labeled with
Systems Coordinates
coordinates (x, y).
Rectangular Coordinate Systems

§ Designation ofpoints in a Cartesian

coordinate system. Every point is
labeled with coordinates (x, y).
Polar Coordinate Systems

§ The plane polar coordinates ofa point are

represented by the distance r and the angle θ,
where θ is measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.
§ The right triangle is used to relate (x, y) to (r, θ).
 • Designation
Scalar of
points in a
quantity
Cartesian
coordinate system.
• 
Every point is
Vector
labeled with
Quantities quantity
coordinates (x, y).
Vector and Scalar Quantities
§ A scalar quantity is completely
specified by a single value with
an appropriate unit and has no
direction.
§ A vector quantity is completely
specified by a number with an
appropriate unit (the magnitude
of the vector) plus a direction.
Vector – a graphical representation
§ Displacement as a § A displacement is
vector quantity. always a straight-line
tip segment directed
from the starting
point to the ending
point, even if the
path is curved.
§ A displacement
tail vector is represented
by an arrow pointing
in the direction of
displacement.
 •  Equality of Two
Vectors
• Designation
AddingofVectors
• points
Negative
in a
Cartesian
of a
Some Vectorsystem.
coordinate

Properties of • Every
Subtracting
point is
labeled with
Vectors Vectors
coordinates (x, y).
•  Multiplying a
Vector by a
Scalar
Equality of Two Vectors
§ Two vectors
may be defined to
be equal if they
have the same
magnitude and if
they point in the
same direction.
Adding Vectors

§ The rules for adding vectors are

conveniently described by a graphical
method.
§ To add vector to vector , first
draw vector on graph paper, with
its magnitude represented by a
convenient length scale, and then
draw vector to the same scale,
with its tail starting from the tip
of .
Adding Vectors: Graphical Method

§ The resultant vector is the

vector drawn from the tail of to
the tip of .
Graphical Method: Polygon Method
Commutative law
of addition

§ When two
vectors are
added, the
sum is
independent
of the order
of the
addition.
Associative law of addition
§ When three or more vectors are added,
their sum is independent of the way in
which the individual vectors are
grouped together.
Negative of a Vector
§ The negative of the vector is
defined as the vector that when
added to gives zero for the
vector sum. The vectors and
– have the same magnitude
but point in opposite directions
Subtracting Vectors
§ The operation
of vector
subtraction
makes use of
the definition
of the
negative of a
vector
Subtracting Vectors
§ Another way of
looking at vector
subtraction
Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

§ Ifvector is multiplied by a
positive scalar quantity m, the
product m is a vector that has
the same direction as and
magnitude mA. If vector is
multiplied by a negative scalar
quantity 2m, the product 2m is
directed opposite .
 •  A car travels 20.0
km due north and
Designation of
then 35.0 km in a
points in a
direction 60.0° west
Cartesian
coordinate
of north.system.
Find the
Every point is and
magnitude
Sample labeled with
direction(x,
of y).
the
Problem 2.1 coordinates
car’s resultant
displacement.
Graphical Method
§ Adding the vectors in reverse order gives the
same result.
By Algebra and Trigonometry
§ From the Law of Cosines:
By Law of Cosines:
By Algebra and Trigonometry
§ From the Law of Sines:
By Law of Sines:
 •  The graphical method
of adding vectors is
not recommended
Designation of
whenever
points in a high
Components accuracy is required
Cartesian
of a Vector or in three-
coordinate system.
Every point is
dimensional
and Unit labeled with
problems.
Vectors • coordinates
Components (x, y).– the
projections of vectors
along coordinate
axes.
Components
of a Vector
Components
of a Vector
By definition of sine and cosine, and by
Pythagorean theorem
Unit Vectors
§ Vector quantities often are expressed
in terms of unit vectors.
§ A unit vector is a dimensionless vector
having a magnitude of exactly 1.
§ Unit vectors are used to specify a
given direction and have no other
physical significance.
§ They are used solely as a bookkeeping
convenience in describing a direction
in space.
Unit Vectors
Unit Vectors
Position vector (unit-vector form):
Component Method
§ In the component method of adding vectors, all
the x components are added together to find
the x component of the resultant vector and
use the same process for the y components.
Component Method
By geometric construction
§ The geometric
construction for
the sum of two
vectors shows
the relationship
between the
components of
the resultant
and the
components of
the individual
vectors.
Component Method of
Adding Vectors
§ The magnitude of resultant and the
angle it makes with the x axis are
obtained from its components
using the relationships
For three-dimensional vectors
 •  Find the sum of two
displacement
Designation of
vectors given below
points in a
and lying in the xy
Cartesian
coordinate
plane. system.
Every point is
Sample labeled with
Problem 2.2 coordinates (x, y).
 •  A hiker begins a trip by first
walking 25.0 km southeast
from her car. She stops and
sets up her tent for the night.
On the second day, she walks
Designation
40.0 km in aof direction 60.0°
points
north in
of a
east, at which point
Cartesian
she discovers a forest ranger’s
coordinate
tower. system.
•  Every point is the components
Sample (A) Determine
labeled with displacement for
of the hiker’s
Problem 2.3 coordinates
each day. (x, y).
•  (B) Determine the components
of the hiker’s resultant
displacement for the trip. Find
an expression for the resultant
in terms of unit vectors.
 Designation of
points in a
Cartesian
coordinate system.
Every point is
Sample labeled with
Problem 2.3 coordinates (x, y).