CONCEPT OF LATENT HEAT.

BASE: . a stage reaches when temperature throughout attains the boiling point. the rate
of natural evaporation has by now risen significantly. this is boilingbut not boiling off.
you will need to add further heat, the quantity being decided by the mass of liquid taken
and its latent heat of vaporization, to convert it into vapor phase. this will be the process of
vaporization
BASE; There are two main types of boiling; nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapor
form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated
above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition
boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types.
BASE ; IN SOME PART IT WES WRITTEN BELOW THIS CURVE WE DON’T APPLY
LATENT HEAT OF VAOPORIASATIOn.

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION

MEANING: (of a quality or state) existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or
concealed.
they have a huge reserve of latent talent"
the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour, or a liquid into a vapour, without
change of temperature.

Latent heat can be understood as heat energy in hidden form which is supplied or extracted to
change the state of a substance without changing its temperature. Examples are latent heat of
fusion and latent heat of vaporization involved in phase changes, i.e. a substance condensing or
vaporizing at a specified temperature and pressure.[1][2]

The terms ″sensible heat″ and ″latent heat″ refer to types of heat transfer between a body and its
surroundings; they depend on the properties of the body. ″Sensible heat″ is ″sensed″ or felt in a
process as a change in the body's temperature. ″Latent heat″ is heat transferred in a process
without change of the body's temperature, for example, in a phase change ( solid / liquid / gas ).
Both sensible and latent heats are observed in many processes of transfer of energy in nature.
Latent heat is associated with the change of phase of atmospheric or ocean
water, vaporization, condensation, freezing or melting, whereas sensible heat is energy
transferred that is evident in change of the temperature of the atmosphere or ocean, or ice,
without those phase changes, though it is associated with changes of pressure and volume.
The original usage of the term, as introduced by Black, was applied to systems that were
intentionally held at constant temperature. Such usage referred to latent heat of expansion and
several other related latent heats. These latent heats are defined independently of the
conceptual framework of thermodynamics.[3]
When a body is heated at constant temperature by thermal radiation in a microwave field for
example, it may expand by an amount described by its latent heat with respect to
volume or latent heat of expansion, or increase its pressure by an amount described by its latent
heat with respect to pressure.[4] Latent heat is energy released or absorbed, by a body or
a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process. Two common forms of latent
heat are latent heat of fusion (melting) and latent heat of vaporization (boiling). These names
describe the direction of energy flow when changing from one phase to the next: from solid to
liquid, and liquid to gas.
In both cases the change is endothermic, meaning that the system absorbs energy. For example,
when water evaporates, energy is required for the water molecules to overcome the forces of
attraction between them, the transition from water to vapor requires an input of energy.
If the vapor then condenses to a liquid on a surface, then the vapor's latent energy absorbed
during evaporation is released as the liquid's sensible heat onto the surface.
The large value of the enthalpy of condensation of water vapor is the reason that steam is a far
more effective heating medium than boiling water, and is more hazardous.

Variation with temperature (or pressure)[edit]

Temperature-dependency of the heats of vaporization for water, methanol, benzene, and acetone.

As the temperature (or pressure) rises to the critical point the LHOV falls to zero :
Amount of heat that changes the state of a material (from solid to liquid or liquid to gas) without
raising its temperature any further is called latent heat.
Heat is an important component of phase changes. This lesson will delve into the concept of latent
heat and how it affects of the behavior of matter during phase changes.

Phase Changes
Boiling a pot of water is not as simple as just turning on the stove. As you apply heat to the
water, the temperature of the water increases until it reaches 100 degrees Celsius, the boiling
point of water. The water will stay at this temperature until all of the water changes from
liquid to a gas. During this process, you are continuing to add heat energy to the water, but
the water temperature does not increase. Where is this energy going? The answer lies in the
concept of latent heat.
To understand this concept of latent heat, we must first review phase changes. Phase changes
refer to a change in matter from one state to another. The most familiar phase changes are
seen in the different states of water, such as freezing liquid water to create ice or boiling
liquid water to create a gas. As you can tell, heat plays a major role in changing matter from
one phase to another.

Definition of Latent Heat

Normally when heat energy is added to or removed from an object, the temperature of the
object changes; however, during phase changes, the temperature of an object stays constant.
The temperature remains the same because energy is required for an object to change phases.
Latent heat is the heat energy per mass unit required for a phase change to occur. If we think
about substances at a molecular level, gaseous molecules have more vibration than liquid
molecules. So when you add heat to a liquid, you are actually causing the molecules to
vibrate. The latent heat is the energy required to change the molecular movement. Each
substance has a unique latent heat value.

Formula for Latent Heat

The formula for latent heat is:
Q=m*L
This equation relates the heat Q that must be added or removed for an object of mass m to
change phases. The object's individual latent heat is noted by L. The unit of latent heat is
J/kg.
The values of latent heat are variable depending on the nature of the phase change taking
place:

 The latent heat of fusion is the change from liquid to solid.

 The latent heat of vaporization is from liquid to gas.
 The latent heat of sublimation is the change from solid to gas.

Examples of Latent Heat

In the previous example of boiling water, we know that we must continue to add heat energy
to the water before all of the liquid water turns to steam. The latent heat of vaporization for
water is 22.6 x 10^5 J/kg. This means that 22.6 x 10^5 J of heat energy must be added to turn
one kilogram of water from liquid to gas at 100 degrees Celsius.
To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account

Latent heat
Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a
change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing
its temperature. The latent heat associated with melting
a solid or freezing a liquid is called the heat of fusion; that associated
with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing a vapour is called
the heat of vaporization. The latent heat is normally expressed as the
amount of heat (in units of joules or calories) per mole or unit mass of
the substance undergoing a change of state.
For example, when a pot of water is kept boiling, the temperature remains
at 100 °C (212 °F) until the last drop evaporates, because all the heat
being added to the liquid is absorbed as latent heat of vaporization and
carried away by the escaping vapour molecules. Similarly, while ice melts,
it remains at 0 °C (32 °F), and the liquid water that is formed with the latent
heat of fusion is also at 0 °C. The heat of fusion for water at 0 °C is
approximately 334 joules (79.7 calories) per gram, and the heat of
vaporization at 100 °C is about 2,230 joules (533 calories) per gram.
Because the heat of vaporization is so large, steam carries a great deal
of thermal energy that is released when it condenses, making water an
excellent working fluid for heat engines.
Latent heat arises from the work required to overcome the forces that hold
together atoms or molecules in a material. The regular structure of
a crystalline solid is maintained by forces of attraction among its individual
atoms, which oscillate slightly about their average positions in the crystal
lattice. As the temperature increases, these motions become increasingly
violent until, at the melting point, the attractive forces are no longer
sufficient to maintain the stability of the crystal lattice. However, additional
heat (the latent heat of fusion) must be added (at constant temperature) in
order to accomplish the transition to the even more-disordered liquid state,
in which the individual particles are no longer held in fixed lattice positions
but are free to move about through the liquid. A liquid differs from a gas in
that the forces of attraction between the particles are still sufficient to
maintain a long-range order that endows the liquid with a degree of
cohesion. As the temperature further increases, a second transition point
(the boiling point) is reached where the long-range order becomes unstable
relative to the largely independent motions of the particles in the much
larger volume occupied by a vapour or gas. Once again, additional heat
(the latent heat of vaporization) must be added to break the long-range
order of the liquid and accomplish the transition to the largely disordered
gaseous state.
Latent heat is associated with processes other than changes among the
solid, liquid, and vapour phases of a single substance. Many solids exist in
different crystalline modifications, and the transitions between these
generally involve absorption or evolution of latent heat. The process of
dissolving one substance in another often involves heat; if
the solution process is a strictly physical change, the heat is a latent heat.
Sometimes, however, the process is accompanied by a chemical change,
and part of the heat is that associated with the chemical reaction. See

also melting.
Melting, change of a solid into a liquid when heat is applied. In a
pure crystalline solid, this process occurs at a fixed temperature called
the melting point; an impure solid generally melts over a range of
temperatures below the melting point of the principal
component. Amorphous (non-crystalline) substances such
as glass or pitch melt by gradually decreasing in viscosity as temperature is
raised, with no sharp transition from solid to liquid.
The structure of a liquid is always less ordered than that of the crystalline
solid and, therefore, the liquid commonly occupies a larger volume. The
behaviour of ice, which floats on water, and of a few other substances are
notable exceptions to the usual decrease in density upon melting.
Melting of a given mass of a solid requires the addition of a characteristic
amount of heat, the heat of fusion. In the reverse process, the freezing of
the liquid to form the solid, the same quantity of heat must be removed.
The heat of fusion of ice, the heat required to melt one gram, is about 80
calories; this amount of heat would raise the temperature of a gram of liquid
water from the freezing point (0 °C, or 32 °F) to 80 °C (176 °F).

Latent Heat

When a substance changes phase, that is it goes from either a solid to a liquid or liquid

to gas, the energy, it requires energy to do so. The potential energy stored in the

interatomics forces between molecules needs to be overcome by the kinetic energy the

motion of the particles before the substance can change phase.

If we measure the temperature of the substance which is initially solid as we heat it we

produce a graph like Figure 1.

Figure 1. Temperature change with time. Phase changes are indicated by flat regions
where heat energy used to overcome attractive forces between molecules

Starting a point A, the substance is in its solid phase, heating it brings the temperature

up to its melting point but the material is still a solid at point B. As it is heated further,

the energy from the heat source goes into breaking the bonds holding the atoms in

place. This takes place from B to C. At point C all of the solid phase has been

transformed into the liquid phase. Once again, as energy is added the energy goes into

the kinetic energy of the particles raising the temperature, (C to D). At point D the

temperature has reached its boiling point but it is still in the liquid phase. From

points D to E thermal energy is overcoming the bonds and the particles have enough

kinetic energy to escape from the liquid. The substance is entering the gas phase.

Beyond E, further heating under pressure can raise the temperature still further is how a

pressure cooker works.

Latent Heat of Fusion and Vaporisation

The energy required to change the phase of a substance is known as a latent heat. The

word latent means hidden. When the phase change is from solid to liquid we must use

the latent heat of fusion, and when the phase change is from liquid to a gas, we must

use the latent heat of vaporisation.

The energy require is Q= m L, where m is the mass of the substance and L is the specific

latent heat of fusion or vaporisation which measures the heat energy to change 1 kg of a

solid into a liquid.

Table 1. show the

Specific
Specific
latent heat
latent heat
Substance °C of °C
of fusion
vaporisation
kJ.kg-1
kJ.kg-1

Water 334 0 2258 100

Ethanol 109 -114 838 78

Ethanoic acid 192 17 395 118

Chloroform 74 -64 254 62

Mercury 11 -39 294 357

Sulphur 54 115 1406 445

Hydrogen 60 -259 449 -253

Oxygen 14 -219 213 -183

Nitrogen 25 -210 199 -196

Latent Heat:- It is defined as the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or
vapour, or a liquid into a vapour, without change of temperature.

Latent Heat of Fusion:- It refers to the phase change between solid and liquid
without changing temperature.

Take note that although 'heat' is often thought as state of being hot, heat actually
refers to the transfer of heat energy between objects.

Thus, the latent heat of fusion encompasses the process of adding heat
to melt a solid and the process of subtracting heat to freeze a liquid.
The latent heat of fusion, noted as L subscript f, has the same equation as the general
equation for latent heat.

This equation states that the heat Q that must be added or removed for a phase
change to occur is proportional to the mass of the substance m times its unique latent
heat of fusion, L subscript f.

While ice melts, it remains at 0 °C (32 °F), and the liquid water that is formed with the latent
heat of fusion is also at 0 °C. The heat of fusion for water at 0 °C is approximately 334 joules
(79.7 calories) per gram.

Enthalpy of fusion a.k.a latent heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy of a substance when a
specified amount of that substance is heated to change its state from solid state to liquid
state. The temperature at which this happens is known as the melting point of that
substance.

As you might know, when a substance is heated to change its state, it's temperature remains
constant until the state is changed.
E.g the temperature of a piece of ice remains constant until it fully converts into water.
That's why enthalpy of fusion is called the latent heat of fusion. Because no change in
temperature is observed even when heat is applied to the system.

Generally, the value of enthalpy of fusion is positive i.e some heat is required to be applied to
change a substance from its solid form to liquid form. Helium is the only known
exception.Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4
also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.8 K. What this means is that
when appropriate pressure is applied to these substances, they freeze on addition of heat.

The Latent Heat of fusion is the amount of thermal energy required to cause a a
liquid to freeze (by taking that much heat out) or a solid to melt (by putting that
much heat in).

For example, the latent heat of fusion for water (ice) is about 334 kJ/mol. Find the
amount of heat required to melt 36.0 g of H2O that is at 0 degrees C.

First of all, the latent heat is ONLY applied when the substance is pure and is already
at the temperature of the phase transition (for example, 0 deg C to melt ice, or 100
deg C to boil water).

Latent heat of fusion is actually the total amount of enthalpy (a kind of energy)
necessary to accomplish a phase change for a solid or liquid or gas at the
freezing/melting point.

Phase changes are generally considered at constant pressure, rather than constant
volume. Because a kg of say, 0°C water, occupies less volume than a kg of 0°C ice,
some work has to be done to push the environment out of the way as that water
expands to become ice.

Enthalpy

H is a quantity which includes the energy

U that goes into the substance at the new phase, plus the work,

W=PΔV, to expand or contract the substance into the new phase at the same
pressure:

H=U+PΔV,where P is the ambient pressure, ΔV is the change in volume, and

U is the internal energy of the substance in its new phase. Latent heat of fusion can
also be called the enthalpy of fusion.

Let's start with this: word meanings, this help you remember easier.

 Latent : it's a word that is used to describe something that's present but
shows no sign of being present. Like the latency period of a disease. Its the
time taken for a body to actually show symptoms after it has caught the
disease.

 Fusion: it means melting. Eg: the circuit fused when excess current was
passed. OR. The circuit melted when excess current was passed. Also this is
why the electric fuse is called a fuse. It melts when excess current passes
and breaks the circuit protecting the appliances.

Latent Heat of Fusion: heat that you supply to a solid, that melts the solid, but this
heat does not cause any rise in temperature of the solid.

This explains the heat and the fusion part of the term. What about latent you'd ask.
Its this: when you supply heat to an object common sense would dictate that the
object should get hotter ie its temperature should increase. The more the heat
supplied, the hotter it should get and the higher the temperature. But this isn't what
happens during melting/fusion. All the heat supplied gets used convert the solid into
liquid state at the same temperature. Since it doesn't cause rise in temperature
there's no sign of heat being added. But you know heat is being supplied. Therefore
the heat is termed latent heat.

Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization/melting are the same thing. Let
me explain it to you:

The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is

the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a
specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at
constant pressure. For example, when melting 1 kg of ice (at 0°C under a wide range
of pressures), 333.55 kJ of energy is absorbed with no temperature change. The heat
of solidification (when a substance changes from liquid to solid) is equal and
opposite.

This energy includes the contribution required to make room for any associated
change in volume by displacing its environment against ambient pressure. The
temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point or the freezing
point, according to context. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm
(101.325 kPa) unless otherwise specified.

Let's start with this: word meanings, this help you remember easier.

 Latent : it's a word that is used to describe something that's present but
shows no sign of being present. Like the latency period of a disease. Its the
time taken for a body to actually show symptoms after it has caught the
disease.

 Fusion: it means melting. Eg: the circuit fused when excess current was
passed. OR. The circuit melted when excess current was passed. Also this is
why the electric fuse is called a fuse. It melts when excess current passes
and breaks the circuit protecting the appliances.

Latent Heat of Fusion: heat that you supply to a solid, that melts the solid, but this
heat does not cause any rise in temperature of the solid.

This explains the heat and the fusion part of the term. What about latent you'd ask.
Its this: when you supply heat to an object common sense would dictate that the
object should get hotter ie its temperature should increase. The more the heat
supplied, the hotter it should get and the higher the temperature. But this isn't what
happens during melting/fusion. All the heat supplied gets used convert the solid into
liquid state at the same temperature. Since it doesn't cause rise in temperature
there's no sign of heat being added. But you know heat is being supplied. Therefore
the heat is termed latent heat.

The process of melting,that is change of solid state into liquid state is known as
fusion..You must have observed during the experiment of melting,that the
temperature of the system does not change after the melting point is reached, till all
the ice melts.This happens even though we continue to heat the beaker,that is,we
continue to supply heat.This heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming
the forces of attraction between the particles. As this heat energy is absorbed by ice
without showing any rise in temperature,it is considered that it gets hidden into the
contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.The word latent means
hidden.The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as latent heat of fusion..Do it in
the same way as we have defined the latent heat of fusion.Particles in steam,that
is,water vapour at 313 Kelvin (100°C) have more energy than water at same
temperature.This is because particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the
form of latent heat of vaporisation..So the clear definition of latent heat of
vaporisation is that the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a liquid to
gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called latent heat of vaporization
THE STEAM POWER CYCLE, a
brief overview.Water possesses three phases;
solid, liquid and gas. At most temperatures, adding heat to any
of these phases produces a proportional temperature rise termed
“sensible heat”. Sensible heat is heat added to a process that is
measured by a rise in temperature or, as JP Joule put it, heat
“indicated by the thermometer”.

GENERATION is
the act of creating steam in boilers or steam generators.
Water isn’t always ‘sensible’ (That’s a joke, son). Under normal sea
level conditions, ice can’t exceed 32 degrees F and water can’t pass
212 F even though heat is added. Energy never disappears, it must
go somewhere or do something; ice uses the absorbed energy to
change into the water phase at 32F while water assumes the steam
phase at 212 F. The English word latent comes from Latin latens,
meaning “lying hid”. Temperatures that remain constant until all
the ice has melted or water evaporated are thus referred to as
“latent heat”.The above suggests:All sensible heat applied in
superheating is available for conversion into work by the
engine.All sensible heat applied to bring the water to the
boiling temperature is lost.Part of the latent heat is available
for conversion to work and part is lost to the cooling medium.Limits
to the Rankine Cycle can be understood by examining the roles
latent and sensible heat play in the four steam cycle
elements:GENERATION* Adding sensible heat raises pressurized
temperature to the boiling point.* Adding latent heat transforms
the water into pressurized steam.* Adding more sensible heat
raises the steam temperature, superheating
it.EXPANSION* Superheat extracted from the steam in the engine
does work.* Latent heat extracted from the steam in the engine
does work.CONDENSATION* Latent heat extracted from the
exhaust steam, transforming it into condensate, does no
work.* Sensible heat extracted from the exhaust steam, cooling it
below condensation temperature, does no workFEED* Heat is
neither added or extracted.The amount of energy required to melt
ice and vaporize water are respectively called the latent heats of
fusion and vaporization. “Saturation temperature” describes the
temperature at the boiling point; at this temperature steam can be
saturated with (carry) an unspecified amount of water of identical
temperature. “Superheated steam” describes the condition at
which steam has absorbed sensible heat beyond the latent heat,
warming the steam beyond saturation temperature.