MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO

ENERGY SCIENCE
Q1. EXPLAIN THE RENEWABLE AND NON-
RENEWABLE SOURCESOF ENERGY.

Q2. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENERGY

WHICH CAN BE DERIVED FROM OCEAN?

EXPLAIN THEIR LIMITATIIONS AND

ADVANTAGES.

Q3. WHAT ARE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS.

EXPLAIN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS?

Q4. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON:

 PUMPED STORAGE HYDROPOWER PROJECTS.

 SUPERCONDUCTOR BASED ENERGY STORAGE.
 HIGH EFFICIENCY BATTRIES.

Q5. EXPLAIN COAL GASIFICATION IN DETAIL

Q.1 EXPLAIN THE RENEWABLE AND NON
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ?

1. Renewable resources-: A renewable

resource is a resource which can be used
repeatedly and replaced naturally.
Renewable energy is energy which comes
from natural resources such as sunlight ,
wind , rain , tides , and geothermal , heat
, which are renewable.(naturally replenished).

In 2008, about 19% of global final energy

consumption came from renewable, with 13%
coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly
used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity.
New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass,
wind, solar, geothermal, and bio-fuels) accounted
for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly.
The share of renewable in electricity generation is
around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming
from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable.
Types of Renewable resource
 1. SOLAR ENERGY-
 Solar energy refers to capturing the energy from
the Sun and subsequently converting it into
electricity.
 Solar energy is renewable energy. Renewable energy
is energy whose source never runs out. We can never
use up the energy source completely.
 The Sun’s energy is in the form of solar radiation.
Solar radiation makes the production of solar
electricity possible.

 China is the world’s largest generator of solar energy.

Today, it has a solar energy capacity of 130 gigawatts.
 How does solar
energy work?
 A photon is a basic unit that makes up all
light; it is a bundle of electromagnetic energy.
 When photons strike a solar cell, they loosen
electrons from their atoms. If we attach a
conductor to a cell’s negative and positive
sides, we have an electrical circuit.
 When the electrons flow through the circuit,
they generate electricity.

solar panel
A solar panel is a flat construction resembling a
window, built with technology that allows it to passively
harvest the heat of the sun or create electricity from
its energy through photovoltaics.
 Wind Energy
 Wind energy refers to capturing the energy
from moving air, i.e., wind, and converting it
into electricity.

 Humans have been using wind energy for thousands

of years. Historically, we have used it mainly for
grinding grain and pumping water.

 The term wind power means the same as wind

energy.

 According to the Global Wind Energy

Council (GWEC), global wind energy expanded by
10% in 2017 to 539 GW.

 “Wind energy is produced by the movement of air

(wind) and converted into power for human use.”

 “Wind energy is produced with wind turbines – tall,

tubular towers with blades rotating at the top.
When the wind turns the blades, the blades turn a
generator and create electricity.”
 Geothermal Energy
 Geothermal energy refers to the production
of energy using the internal heat of the Earth’s
crust. This heat comes from the radioactive
decay of minerals and continual heat loss from
the earth’s original formation.

Applications
 Generation of electricity
 Farming
 Industry
 Heating
Hydroelectric energy:
This form uses the gravitational potential
of elevated water that was lifted from
the oceans by sunlight.

Hydrogen and fuel

cells:
Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel, typically in
a vehicle, with only water as the combustion
product. Or the hydrogen can be used in fuel
cells, which are similar to batteries, to power
an electric motor
 Marine (Ocean) Energy
 Renewable ocean energy harnesses the
power of the oceans to produce
electricity.
 The oceans have an incredible amount of
power and energy potential. Even though the
marine energy technology has not fully
delivered on its potential, there has been, in
recent time, a number of areas in marine
energy that has kicked off.
 The UK is believed to be a leading player in
Marine energy. Even though its capacity
presently is only about 9megawatts, it is on
course to deliver about 120MW by 2020.

Two of these are Wave energy and Tidal

Energy.
 Waves: using wave energy converters (WEC)
to generate electricity

 Tides: using tidal barrages, fences and

turbines to generate electricity.
 BIOMASS ENERGY
 Biomass energy is an industry term that refers to
obtaining energy by burning wood, plants, and
other organic matter. Manure, for example, is
organic material.
 Although burning plants, manure, etc., releases
CO2 into the atmosphere, we class it as renewable
energy. It is renewable energy because we can
replace the plants or organic materials.

 “Biomass is organic material that comes from plants

and animals, and it is a renewable source of energy.”
2.NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
THESE SOURCE ARE THOSE NATURAL RESOURCES
WHICH ARE EXHAUSTIBLE AND CANNOT BE
REPLENISHED ONCE USED.

Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal

are considered nonrenewable resources, as their use
is not sustainable because their formation takes
billions of years.

EARTH MINIRALS AND METAL ORES:

Earth minerals and metal ores are
examples of non-renewable resources. The
metals themselves are present in vast
amounts in Earth's crust, and their
extraction by humans only occurs where
they are concentrated by natural
geological processes (such as heat,
pressure, organic activity, weathering and
other processes) enough to become
economically viable to extract.
 FOSSIL FUELS:
Fossil fuels are derived from organic matter
which has been trapped between layers of
sediments within the Earth for millions of years.
Organic matter, typically plants, have
decomposed and compressed over time, leaving
what are known as fossil fuel deposits.
These deposits, and the materials produced from
them, tend to be highly combustible, making them
a potent energy source. They're difficult to
obtain because they're typically retrieved
through drilling or mining. However, many
consider fossil fuels to be worth the effort for
the sheer amount of energy they produce.
 Crude Oil/Petroleum
 Crude oil is a nonrenewable resource that builds up in liquid form
between the layers of the Earth's crust. It's retrieved by
drilling into the ground and ocean floor, and pumping the liquid
out. The liquid is then refined and used to create many different
products.

 Crude oil is a very versatile fuel and is used to produce things like
plastics, artificial food flavorings, heating oil, petrol, diesel, jet
fuel, and propane. The top three oil-producing countries are
Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States.

 Petroleum deposits that begin to form underground are known as

oil sands, bitumen, or bituminous sands. Bitumen is too thick to be
pumped under natural conditions. Scientists refer to it as cold
molasses. With special machinery, much of this is being mined in
Alberta, Canada, serving as a major energy source for Canadians
as well as people all around the world.
 Natural Gas
Natural gas gathers below the Earth's crust and, like
crude oil, must be drilled for and pumped
out. Methane and ethane are the most common types of
gasses obtained through this process. These gases are
most commonly used in home heating as well as gas
ovens, stoves, and grills. Russia, Iran, and Qatar are
the countries with the largest recorded natural gas
reserves.

Coal
Coal is the last of the major fossil fuels. Created by
compressed organic matter, it is solid like rock and is
obtained via mining. Out of all countries, China
produces the most coal by far. In fact, it has been
the largest producer of coal for the last three
decades, producing more than 3 billion tons of coal
each year. Coal is most typically used in home heating
and the running of power plants.

Nuclear Fuels
The other form of nonrenewable resource used to produce
energy, nuclear fuels, is primarily obtained through the mining
and refining of uranium ore.
Uranium
 URANIUM
Uranium is a naturally occurring element found within the Earth's
core. Most uranium deposits occur in small quantities which miners
gather, refine, and purify. Once gathered, the uranium is brought
together and compounded into rods. The rods are then submerged
into tanks of water.

When it reaches critical mass, uranium begins to break down and

release energy which heats the water it is immersed in. The
breaking down is known as fission. The heated water then creates
pressure. This pressure drives the turbines that generate
electricity in nuclear power plants.

what is the future of non-

renewable energy?
 About 40% of the world’s energy comes from oil.
By itself, the United States uses 24% of the
world’s oil every year, while only comprising 4.5%
of the world’s population. Only 10% of energy used
in the U.S. comes from renewable sources—mostly
hydroelectric energy. Worldwide, 85% of the
energy comes from non-renewable sources. These
sources, such as oil, natural gases and coal, will
eventually be depleted.
 India still depends on non-renewal energy with the
demand for coal increasing by 9.1% in 2018-2019.
Consumption from the power sector, which uses
three-quarters of the coal, rose by 6.6%, while the
industrial demand increased, especially in the
cement sector. Coal imports rose by 13%.
Renewable fuels are expected to grow faster than
fossil fuels, although fossil fuels will account for
more than three-quarters of world energy
consumption through 2040. Natural gas is
expected to be the fastest- growing fossil fuel in
the future, with global natural gas consumption
increasing by 1.4% per year.
Q2. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF OCEAN ENERGIES?
ocean energy:
 Ocean energy refers to all forms of
renewable energy derived from the sea.
There are three main types of ocean
technology: wave, tidal and ocean thermal.
 All forms of energy from the ocean are
still at an early stage Of
commercialisation. Wave energy remains
more costly than the other ocean
technologies. Tidal range has been
deployed in locations globally where
there is a strong tidal resource.

TYPES-
1 WAVE ENERGY
2 TIDAL ENERGY (TIDAL POWER)
3 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)
Oscillating
water column
principle.

River rance tidal

power plant.

River rance
tidal power
plant.
 How does it work?
Wave energy is generated by converting
the energy within ocean waves (swells) into
electricity. There are many different wave
energy technologies being developed and
trialled to convert wave energy into
electricity.

Tidal energy comes in two forms, both of

which generate electricity:

 Tidal range technologies harvest the

potential energy created by the height
difference between high and low tides.
Barrages (dams) harvest tidal energy
from different ranges.
 Tidal stream (or current) technologies
capture the kinetic energy of currents
flowing in and out of tidal areas (such
as seashores). Tidal stream devices
 operate in arrays, similar to wind
turbines.

Ocean thermal energy is generated by

converting the temperature difference
between the ocean’s surface water and
deeper water into energy. Ocean thermal
energy conversion (OTEC) plants may be
land-based as well as floating or grazing.

Marine Power Wave and Tidal

Market:
Industrial Growth Forecast Report Marine
Power Wave and Tidal Market 2019-2025:
The Global Marine Power Wave and Tidal
Market Report provides Insightful
information to the clients enhancing their
basic leadership capacity identified with
the worldwide Marine Power Wave and
Tidal Market business, including market
dynamics, segmentation, competition, and
regional growth. Each section of the
report reveals critical information about
the global Marine Power

Wave and Tidal market that could be used

to ensure strong growth in the coming
years. All of the segments included in the
report are studied on the basis of
different factors such as Marine Power
Wave and Tidal market share,
consumption, revenue, and growth rate.

The global Marine Power Wave and Tidal

market is valued at million US$ in 2018 is
expected to reach million US$ By the end
of 2025 growing at a CAGR during 2019-
2025
Q.3 WHAT ARE Solar ENERGY
collector ?

 A solar collector is a device that collects and/or

concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These
devices are primarily used for active solar
heating and allow for the heating of water for
personal use.
 These collectors are generally mounted on the roof
and must be very sturdy as they are exposed to a
variety of different weather conditions.
 The use of these solar collectors provides an
alternative for traditional domestic water
heating using a water heater, potentially
reducing energy costs over time.
 As well as in domestic settings, a large number of
these collectors can be combined in an array and
used to generate electricity in solar thermal power
plants.
 Types of Solar
Collector
Flat Plate Collectors

 These collectors are simply metal boxes that have some sort of

transparent glazing as a cover on top of a dark-coloured absorber plate.

 The sides and bottom of the collector are usually covered

with insulationto minimize heat losses to other parts of the collector.

 Solar radiation passes through the transparent glazing material and hits

the absorber plate.

 This plate heats up, transferring the heat to either water or air that

is held between the glazing and absorber plate.

 Sometimes these absorber plates are painted with special coatings

designed to absorb and retain heat better than traditional black paint.

These plates are usually made out of metal that is a good conductor -
usually copper or aluminum.
  Evacuated Tube Collectors


This type of solar collector uses a series of evacuated tubes to heat water for

use.

 These tubes utilize a vacuum, or evacuated space, to capture the suns energy

while minimizing the loss of heat to the surroundings.

 They have an inner metal tube which acts as the absorber plate, which is

connected to a heat pipe to carry the heat collected from the Sun to the

water.


This heat pipe is essentially a pipe where the fluid contents are under a very

particular pressure.

 At this pressure, the "hot" end of the pipe has boiling liquid in it while the

"cold" end has condensing vapour.

 This allows for thermal energy to move more efficiently from one end of the

pipe to the other.Once the heat from the Sun moves from the hot end of the

heat pipe to the condensing end, the thermal energy is transported into the

water being heated for use.

 Line Focus Collectors

 These collectors, sometimes known as parabolic troughs, use highly

reflective materials to collect and concentrate the heat energy from

solar radiation.

 These collectors are composed of parabolically shaped reflective sections

connected into a long trough.

 A pipe that carries water is placed in the center of this trough so that

sunlight collected by the reflective material is focused onto the pipe,

heating the contents.

 These are very high powered collectors and are thus generally used to

generate steam for Solar thermal power plants and are not used in

residential applications.

 These troughs can be extremely effective in generating heat from the

Sun, particularly those that can pivot, tracking the Sun in the sky to
ensure maximum sunlight collection.
  Point Focus Collectors

 These collectors are large parabolic dishes composed of some

reflective material that focus the Sun's energy onto a single
point.

The heat from these collectors is generally used for
driving Stirling engines.

 Although very effective at collecting sunlight, they must

actively track the Sun across the sky to be of any value.
These dishes can work alone or be combined into an array to
gather even more energy from the Sun.

 Point focus collectors and similar apparatuses can also be

utilized to concentrate solar energy for use with Concentrated
photovoltaics.

In this case, instead of producing heat, the Sun's energy is

converted directly into electricity with high efficiency photovoltaic
cells designed specifically to harness concentrated solar energy.
 photovoltaic
cell (PV CELL)
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts

the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic

effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of

photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics,

such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light.
Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules,
otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a

single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit

voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.

operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires
three basic attributes:
a) The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or

excitons.

b) The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.

c) The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

Layers of a PV Cell:

 The most important layer of a photovoltaic cell is

the specially treated semiconductor layer. It is
comprised of two distinct layers (p-type and n-
type and it is what actually converts the
Sun's energy into useful electricity through a
process called the photovoltaic effect.
 On either side of the semiconductor is a layer of
conducting material which "collects" the
electricity produced. The final layer which is
applied only to the illuminated side of the cell is
the anti- reflection coating. Since all
semiconductors are naturally reflective, reflection
loss can be significant.
PHOTOVOLTIC
EFFECT -
The photovoltaic effect is a process that
generates voltage or electric current in a
photovoltaic cell when it is exposed to
sunlight.
These solar cells are composed of two
different types ofsemiconductors—a p-
type and an n-type—that are joined
together to create a p-n junction. By
joining these two types of
semiconductors, an electric field is
formed in the region of the junction as
electrons move to the positive p-side and
holes move to the negative n-side.
This field causes negatively charged
particles to move in one direction and
positively charged particles in the other
direction.
Light is composed of photons, which are
simply small bundles of electromagnetic
radiation or energy. When light of a
suitable wavelength is incident on these
cells, energy from the photon is
transferred to an electron of the
semiconducting material, causing it to
jump to a higher energy state known as
the conduction band. In their excited
state in the conduction band, these
electrons are free to move through the
material, and it is this motion of the
electron that creates an electric current
in the cell.
Q4. WRITE SHORT NOTES ON:
1.PUMPED storage hydropower
projects:
Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) is a
type of hydroelectric energy storage. It is
a configuration of two water reservoirs at
different elevations that can generate
power (discharge) as water moves down
through a turbine; this draws power as it
pumps water (recharge) to the upper
reservoir.

PSH capabilities can be characterized as

open loop—where there is an ongoing
hydrologic connection to a natural body of
water—or closed loop, where the
reservoirs are not connected to an outside
body of water. Pumped-storage currently
accounts for 95%of all utility-scale energy
storage in the United States. The U.S.
Department of Energy's
(DOE's) Water Power Technologies
Office (WPTO) invests in innovative
pumped-storage technologies and research
to understand and value the potential
benefits of existing and prospective
advanced pumped-storage facilities. WPTO
is currently developing a research portfolio
to evaluate and expand hydropower and
pumped storage’s contribution to grid
resiliency and reliability.
2.superconductor-based
energy storage:
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems store energy in the magnetic field created by
the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil
which has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature
below its superconducting critical temperature.

*A typical SMES system includes three parts:

superconducting coil,

power conditioning s wer ystem and cryogenically

cooled refrigerator.Once the superconducting coil is
charged, the current will not decay and the magnetic
energy can be stored indefinitely.

*The stored energy can be released back to the

network by discharging the coil. The power conditioning
system uses an inverter/rectifier to transform
alternating current (AC) poto direct current or convert
DC back to AC power. The inverter/rectifier accounts
for about 2–3% energy loss in each direction. SMES
loses the least amount of electricity in the energy
storage process compared to other methods of storing
energy.

SMES systems are highly efficient; the round-trip

efficiency is greater than 95%.

Advantages over other energy

storage methods
There are several reasons for using
superconducting magnetic energy storage
instead of other energy storage methods.
The most important advantage of SMES is
that the time delay during charge and
discharge is quite short. Power is available
almost instantaneously and very high-power
output can be provided for a brief period of
time. Other energy storage methods, such as
pumped hydro or compressed air, have a
substantial time delay associated with the
energy conversion of stored mechanical
energy back into electricity. Thus, if
demand is immediate, SMES is a viable
option.

Another advantage is that the loss of

power is less than other storage methods
because electric currents encounter
almost no resistance. Additionally, the
main parts in a SMES are motionless,
which results in high reliability.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy

Storage Systems Market Future Growth,
Size & Revenue Projection To 2025
Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage Systems Market Forecast (2019
– 2025): Superconducting Magnetic
Energy StorageSystems Market by
Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast,
Production, Import, Export and
Consumption Forecast, Production
Forecast by Type and Price Forecast,
Consumption Forecast by Application,
Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage Systems Market Production,
Consumption, Import and Export
Forecast by Regions (Provinces),
Production Forecast by Regions
(Provinces), Consumption Forecast by
Regions (Provinces)

Scope of Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage
Systems Market:
In 2019, the market size of
Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage Systems is million US$ and it
will reach million US$ in 2025, growing at
a CAGR of from 2019; while in China, the
market size is valued at xx million US$
and will increase to xx million US$ in
2025, with a CAGR of xx% during
forecast period.

3.high efficiency
batteries:
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are regarded as the
“holygrail” of energy storage systems, but their practical
applications have long been hindered by poor cyclability and
severe safety concerns. In this work, we report a fire-
retardant localized high concentration electrolyte consisting
of 1.2 M lithium bis (Fluorsulfonyl)imide in a mixture of flame-
retardant triethyl phosphate/bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether
(1:3 by mol) for 4-V class lithium metal batteries. This
electrolyte enables stable, dendrite- free cycling of lithium
metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.2%.
Moreover, it exhibits excellent anodic stability even up to 5.0
V and greatly enhances the cycling performance of lithium
metal batteries. A Li||LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 battery using
this electrolyte can retain >97% capacity after 600 cycles
at 1 C rate (ca. 1.6 mA cm−2), corresponding to a negligible
capacity decay of <0.005% per cycle. Therefore, this new
electrolyte can enable safe operation of high-energy lithium
metal batteries for practical applications.

Q5. EXPLAIN COAL GASIFICATION

 Coal gasification is the process of
producing syngas–a mixture consisting
primarily of carbon monoxide (CO),
hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
natural gas (CH4), and water vapour
(H2O)–from coal and water, air and/or
oxygen.
 Historically, coal was gasified to produce
coal gas, also known as "town
gas". Coal gas is combustible and
was used for municipal lighting, and
heating, before the advent of large-scale
production of natural gas from oil wells.
 In current practice, large-scale coal
gasification installations are primarily for
electricity generation, or for production
of chemical feedstocks. The hydrogen
obtained from coal gasification can be
used for various purposes such as making
ammonia, powering a hydrogen economy,
or upgrading fossil fuels.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR

INCREASING DEMAND:
- Proliferation of electronically connected
devices.

- Digitisation across countries.

- Electrification of transportation.

- Heating sector.

Economic benefits:
 Uses low cost feed stocks to produce high
value, clean energy
 Reduced costs with respect to disposal.
Underground coal gasification eliminates
the need for mining as it converts coal into
useful gases.

Global Top Countries Coal

Gasification Market Size 2024
Trend & Forecast Report:
The Coal Gasification Market Report provides key
strategies followed by leading Coal Gasification
industry manufactures and Sections of Market
like- product specifications, volume, production
value, Feasibility Analysis, Classification based on
types and end user application areas with
geographic growth and upcoming advancement.

The Coal Gasification market report provides

comprehensive outline of Invention, Industry
Requirement, technology and production analysis
considering major factors such as Revenue,
investments and business growth.