Nutrition Requirements of Ruminants
Nutrition Requirements of Ruminants
Nutrition Requirements of Ruminants
Maintenance, Production and Reproduction
Ruminant Nutrition (AN‐301)
By
Dr. Tanveer Ahmad
Associate Professor (Animal Nutrition)
Department of Livestock Production and Management
PMAS‐Arid Agriculture University
Trends in milk Production and DMI
35
DMI Milk Prod
30
25
20
Kg/day
15
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Weeks of lactation
2
Basics of dairy cow nutrition
• In early lactation, particularly in the first month
postpartum, it is nearly impossible to meet all of
the nutrient needs at the same time.
• The cow will mobilize body tissues to help meet the
requirements for maintenance and lactation.
• This nutrient mobilization and storage must be
considered when we balance diets.
• Cows in early lactation may need ___________to
supplement the ______________________, and
• Cows in late lactation need ______________than
what their milk production alone would indicate.
Basics of dairy cow nutrition
1. Cell‐wall carbohydrate (fiber) to keep rumen healthy
2. Enough nonfiber carbohydrate (starch and sugar) to
provide glucose precursors needed for making milk
3. Enough RDP to enable optimal ________________
4. Sufficient ___________to supply the necessary AA to
the udder and other tissues
5. Some fat for essential fatty acids and extra energy
substrate
6. Essential mineral and vitamins for support of
metabolism and transfer to milk.
Basics of dairy cow nutrition
• Max. DMI until ________wks of postpartum
• DMI influenced by Forage:Concentrate
• Minimum ________% Forage in diet
– Proper rumen fermentation
– Avoid milk fat depression
• Max. DMI with 65‐70% DM digestibility
• DMI is –vely correlated with NDF
• Cow can consume 20% more DM with legume
than grass
• DMI is less with fermented diet (corn silage 2‐
2.5% of bw) than with legume hay (above 3%).
DM intake
• Feed intake is usually characterized as dry
matter intake (DMI)
• DMI is affected by both animal and feed
factors.
– Body size, milk production, and stage of lactation or
gestation are the major animal factors.
– Total ration moisture conc. >50% generally decrease DMI.
– Rations high (>30%) in NDF may limit feed intake.
– Environmental temp. above the _____________________
(>20°C [68°F]), resulting in reduced DMI.
Dry matter intake by cows in mid to late
lactation (% of body weight and kg per day)
DM intake
• Roughly: 3.0% of the live body weight (LBW)
• At peak DMI, daily DMI of high‐producing
cows may be 5% of bw.
– Typical peak DMI values : 3.5%–4% of body wt.
• DMI reduced about ________ during the first
3 weeks of lactation
• If silage in diet then: 0.02kg/100kg of LBW for
each 1% increase in ration moisture contents
above 50%.
DM intake
• In mature cows,
– DMI (% of bw) is lowest during the non‐lactating,
or dry period.
– In most cows, DMI declines to its lowest rate in
the last _________________of gestation.
• Typical DMI during this period is <2% of body wt/day,
with intake rates depressed more in fat cows than in
thin ones.
DM intake
• After calving, DMI increases as milk production increases;
however, the rate of increase in FI is such that energy intake
lags behind energy req. for the first several weeks of lactation.
• Milk production and associated energy requirements
generally peak around 6–10 wk into lactation, whereas DMI
usually does not peak until 12–14 wk into lactation.
• This lag in DMI relative to energy requirements creates a
period of negative energy balance in early lactation.
• Cows are at greater risk of metabolic disease during this
period than at other times during their lactation cycle.
• Management and nutritional strategies should be designed
to maximize DMI through the period of late gestation and
early lactation.
Energy requirements
– Maintenance
– ____________
– ____________
– Body condition score
– Fetus/Pregnancy
– Milk production
– Climatic stress
• Restricted growth and delayed onset of puberty
• Reproductive disorder, etc., if too fatten
• Body score: 1 to 5. Best is 2.5
Energy requirements
• Factors
– Body size: Large animal more maintenance
– Activity: 10% more on good pasture and 20% on
poor
– Cold temp.: 8% if no shelter
– Physiological state: First calf heifer 20% while 2nd
calf heifer 10% more than mature cow. For
gestation 30% more req.
Energy requirements
• Energy intake is a function of
– ______________________of the diet and feed DMI.
• Energy density is a function of diet composition.
– High‐fiber diets: less digestible & less energy dense;
• Diet composition affects feed intake, and level of
intake affects feed passage rate, thus the amount of
time available for digestion and energy available from a diet.
• Diet composition and feeding mngt. can alter
nutrient partitioning and thus impact milk yield.
Energy requirements
The goal of feeding energy to cow in early lactation are
– to meet the cow’s high energy needs,
– ______________________________________________, &
– to supply as much fermentable energy as possible to
maximize microbial protein production.
• Sources of energy
– Fiber (acetic acid and some Propionic acid‐PA),
Starches (PA, some acetic and butyric acid; 10‐20%
starch in SI and glucose end product), sugars
(butyrate), proteins (RDP; C skeleton into short
chain Fatty A and RUP), and fats (digested in SI).
Energy requirements
• Propionate, lactate, and glucose are considered
glucogenic metabolites.
• Acetate and butyrate are lipogenic, and amino acids
are aminogenic.
• Optimal blends have been purposed (i.e., 16%
aminogenic, 29% glucogenic, 39% lipogenic,
and 16% lipid as a percentage of total ME
supply), but this is not clear.
Energy requirements
• Expressed as Net energy of Lactation (NEL)
– NE required depends on energy contents of milk:
0.74 Mcal/kg of 4 percent fat milk.
4 percent fat milk: 0.4 * Total Milk yield + 15 * Fat (kg)
Source: Van Soest,
JAS 26:119.
Fiber fractions, components, and digestibilities
Fraction Components Digestibility
Hemicellulose 20‐80%
Cellulose 50‐90%
Cell walls
Lignin 0‐20%
(NDF)
Heat damaged protein
Variable
Keratin
Fraction Components Digestibility
Cellulose 50‐90%
ADF Lignin 0‐20%
Heat damaged protein Variable
Fraction Components Digestibility
ADL Lignin 0‐20%
Fraction Components Digestibility
Starches
Fats
______________??? Soluble proteins
95‐100%
(100‐NDF%) Nonprotein nitrogen
Sugars
Pectins and Minerals
Fiber
• ADF: ____________
• NDF: _____________________
• Ruminal pH should be above 6.0
– If more NDF? Feed and energy intake will be ?
– If less NDF & more starch? cow may eat?
• Long particles of NDF are needed to stimulate
rumination (effective NDF‐ particles size > 1cm).
• The optimal NDF for a high‐producing cow is that at which
energy intake is maximized while rumen pH is maintained at
an acceptable level for most of the day
Recommended Minimum NDF Concentrations Based
on Proportion of NDF Coming from Forage Sources
– Milk Production is the major influence on
______________needs
• Healthy cow producing 50lit of milk secrete 1600gm of protein
Protein requirements
• RDP and RUP
• Microbial P can sustain milk production up to
12 L/d
– Above 12 L….there is need for RUP
• ____________________(BUN) levels
exceeding 25 mg percent (or milk urea
nitrogen (MUN) levels over 20 mg percent)
may indicate improper RUP AND RDP‐
conception may be affected.
Protein requirements
Thumb rules
– CP=19% during first one third of lactation,
– CP=14% in mid and
– CP=12% during the dry period
Factors affecting Microbial
Protein Synthesis
• Feed Intake
• OM digestibility
– ____________________?
• Feed type
• Protein level
• Feeding System
Ruminal Undegradability of Protein in Selected Feeds
Feed % Feed %
Alfalfa, dehydrated 59 Corn gluten meal 55
Alfalfa hay 28 Corn gluten feed 25
Alfalfa silage 23 Corn silage 31
Barley, grain 27 Cottonseed meal 43
Beet pulp 45 Distillers dried grains with solubles 47
Beet pulp molasses 35 Distillers dried grains 54
Blood meal 82 Feather meal, hydrolyzed 71
Brewers dried grains 49 Fishmeal 60
Brome grass 44 Linseed meal 35
Casein 19 Meat and bone meal 49
Casein, formaldehyde- treated 72 Oats 17
peanut meal 25
Clover, red 31 Rapeseed meal 28
Clover, red, silage 38 Sorghum, grain 54
Clover, white 33 Soybean meal 35
Clover- grass 54 Sunflower meal 26
Clover-grass silage 28 Wheat 22
Coconut meal 63 Wheat bran 29
Corn, grain 52 Wheat middlings 21
Urea and Other NPN products
• NPN compounds, such as urea, ammonium
salts, can be used to replace part of the
protein required in dairy cattle rations after
rumen function has become established.
Guidelines for the successful use of
urea in dairy ration
• All rations should be assessed for protein
content before either supplemental NPN or
natural protein is added to the ration. Protein
may not be needed.
• Feeds most successfully supplemented with
NPN are high in energy, low in protein, and
low in natural NPN (such as grains and corn
silage).
• Maximum amounts of urea to feed are:
– 1% urea in the grain mix; 0.5% urea in the total
ration.
– 0.5% urea in corn silage (10 lb/ton). If 0.5% is
added to corn silage, the amount in the grain
should be no more than 0.5%. The addition of 10
lb of urea per ton of corn silage will increase the
protein content from 8 to 12% on a dry matter
basis (depending on losses incurred).
– 0.4 lb urea per head per day, with cows in early
lactation limited to 0.2 lb of urea per head per
day.
Mineral Requirements
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
Conc. of blood minerals in cows with milk fever
Condition of cow Serum Minerals (mg/dl)
Ca P Mg
Normal 9.4 4.6 1.7
Normal at parturition 7.7 3.9 3.0
Milk fever
Stage 1 6.2 2.4 3.2
Stage 2 5.5 1.8 3.1
Stage 3 4.6 1.6 3.3
Calcium and Phosphorus
• Whole milk contain: 0.12% Ca
• Minimum Req. is 0.43‐0.66% depending on
prod.
• Rickets, slow growth, poor bone development,
easily fractured boned, reduced milk yield and
milk fever
• Feeding Ca 0.95 ‐1.0% may reduce DMI
• Ca:P ratio = 1:1 or 7:1 (if P is meeting req.)
Phosphorus
• Whole milk contain: 0.09%
• Req. 0.28‐0.48%
• Availability of P in dairy ration is 45‐50%
• Fragile bones, stiff joints, poor growth, low
blood P (4‐6 mg/100ml)
• Depraved appetite (chewing wood, bone, hair)
• Poor reproductive performance
• Excessive: Bone resorption, elevated plasma P
and urinary calculi
NaCl
• Min. 0.43% in diet
• Excess Cl cause acidosis if Na or K is not there.
Mg
• Milk contain: 0.015%
– Deficiency when fed on milk for long time
– Req. in early lact. 0.25‐0.30%
– Older and lact. Grazing lush rapidly growing
pasture heavily fertilized with N or K during cool
season
Potassium
• Milk contains: 0.15%
• Req. 0.9‐1.0% and for dry and young: 0.65%
• Pica, loss of hair glossiness, decrease hide
pliability, reduced FI etc.
• Forages contain considerable amount of K
Sulfur
• Milk contains: 0.03% (Methionine and cyst)
• Min req. 0.20%. Nitrogen to S ratio: 12:1
Trace elements
Element In milk Req Others
Cobalt 0.38‐1.04 0.1ppm Colostrum contain B12 synthesis req. cobalt
mcg/qt 4‐10 times more
Copper 10ppm Colostrum contain Needed for Hemoglobin
more than milk formation. Req. more if
Molyb. Is high
Iodine 10% of 0.6ppm Goiter, more if Part of thyroxoin and
the intake brasica plants diiodotyrosin
excreted
Iron 10ppm 50‐100ppm Hemoglobin
Mn 40ppm Seldom deficiency
Mo Mostly toxicity Xanthine oxidase
prob.
Se 0.3ppm Role in reprod. Vit E and Se as antioxidant
Zn 4ppm 40ppm Enzyme part Excess Ca is antagonisitc
Vitamins Requirements
• Fat soluble are of concern
• Beta carotene reduces mastitis and have a role in
reproduction
• Vitamin D: lower levels are hydroxy forms are
effective in ca and P metabolism and bone Ca
mobilization.
• Vit E and Se helps in reducing clinical mastitis and
retained placenta
• B‐complex Vit: only Niacin and choline in high
producing cow
Fat-soluble vitamins Water soluble vitamins
For req. See table (roughly 20,000 IU to
70,000IU)
Vitamin D (Ergocalciferol‐D2, Cholecalciferol‐D3)
• fat soluble
• depends on ultraviolet light for
synthesis
• can be made commercially from
irradiated yeast
• Deficiency seldom but chances if
animals are kept indoor.
Vitamin E
• fat soluble
• found in several forms of the organic
compound tocopherol
• Antioxidant and work with selenium
• Cure White muscle disease
• Stimulate Immune system
• 11‐18 IU/lb of feed for young calves
Vitamin K
• fat soluble
• utilized to form the enzyme
prothrombin
• synthesized in rumen (as K2) and
mono‐gastric intestinal tract
• If dicoumarol (sweet clover) then
deficiency chances
Thiamin
• Thiamin: coenzyme in energy
metabolism
• Polienephalomalacia: listlessness,
muscualr incoordination, progressive
blindness, convulsions and death
• Due to increase thiaminase activity by
rumen m/o, thiamin analog production
B‐ complex Vitamins
• Riboflavin: part of two coenzymes that
function in energy and protein
metabolism
• Hyperemia of the mucosa of the mouth,
lesions in the corner of the mouth,
excess salivation, loss of hair esp. on the
belly
Vitamins‐Pantothenic acid
• pantothenic acid: component of
coenzyme A
• Scaly dermatitis aroungd the eyes
and muzzles, loss of appetite,
diarrhoea, weakness and
convulsions
Vitamins‐ Niacin
• niacin: involved in metabolism of
fat, carbs and proteins
• In calf: 2.6ppm of milk replacer
• In Cow: 2 month before calving 6‐
12g/d and up to 12 week after
calving
Vitamins
• pyridoxine: coenzyme
component
• biotin: part of enzyme involved in
fatty acid synthesis
• In Calves Paralysis of hind quarter.
Req 4.5mcg/lb of feed when fed at
10% of bwt
Vitamins
• folic acid: needed in body cell
metabolism
• Carrier of one C compounds
• choline: component of fats and nerve tissues
• Extreme weakness, unable to stand, difficult
breathing,
• 236 mcg/quart of milk
• needed at greater levels than other vitamins
Vitamins
• B12: coenzyme in several metabolic
reactions
• essential part of red blood cell
maturation, synthesis of one C
compounds
• Involve in propionate metabolism
• Req. is 0.15‐0.30g/lb b.wt
Vitamins
• inositol: found in all feeds and
synthesized in the intestine
• para‐aminobenzoic acid
(PABA): function no well
known
Vitamins
• C: essential in the formation of
collagen
Thumb Rules
• DMI is 2.5 to 3.0% of live body weight
• Minimum 30% Forage in diet
• 1 kg of dry roughages per 100 kg live weight
• 3 kg (DM)of green roughages per 100 kg live
weight OR 10% of live body weight on fresh
fodder basis.
• 1 kg of concentrate per 3 kg of milk
2.5 to 3.0% DMI distribution
• 2/3 from roughages
– 1/3 from dry
– 2/3 from green
• 1/3 from concentrate
• Energy & Protein:
– Wt TDN (kg) Total Protein (gm)
– 600 4.00 570
– 400 3.13 420 (480g DigCP)
For each 1kg: 5gm TDN and 1 gm TP
For 1 kg 4%FCM:330gm TDN and 70gm TP
• For 1 Animal Unit: 3.01 kg TDN and 0.26 kg DP
– Cow and Mule=1
– Bull and Horse: 1.3
– Buffalo: 1.5
– Yearling and donkey: 0.6
– Camel: 1.7
– Sheep:0.2
– Goat:0.3
NRC (1988) Dairy Cattle Nut. Req.
Live NEL TDN, kg Total CP Ca, g P, g Vit A Vit A
weight (Mcal) (g) (1000IU) (1000IU)
• Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining
milk production) postpartum.
Stages of Lactation
• Mid‐ and late lactation—140 to 305 days
(declining milk production) postpartum.
• Dry period—60 to 14 days before the next
lactation.
• Transition or close‐up period—14 days before
to parturition