SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual

Heat and Mass Transfer

CODE: ME 306 P
COURSE: B.TECH (5th Semester)

Faculty In-charge: Dr. Anurag Mudgal

Mr. Rahul Deharkar
 PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY,

Mechanical Engineering Department

SUBJECT: HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

CODE: ME 306 P
COURSE: B.TECH (5TH SEM)

List of experiments

Experiment
No. Title Remark

0 Introduction to Heat and Mass transfer laboratory

1 Heat Transfer in Natural Convection

2 Forced Convection Heat Transfer

3 Stefan Boltzmann Constant

4 Emissivity Measurement

5 Parallel & Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

6 Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod

7 Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder

To find steady state temperature distribution on a 2-

8
dimensional slab.
HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube loosing heat by natural
convection.
2. Theoretical determination of the surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube loosing heat
by natural convection.
3. Comparison of theoretical and measured surface heat transfer coefficient.

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a vertical brass tube enclosed in a rectangular duct. The front side of the duct is
made of transparent section to facilitate visual observation, while the duct is open at top and bottom. An
electrical heating element embedded in a copper tube acts as the heat source. The surface temperature is
measured at different heights using thermocouples. The surface of the tube is polished to minimize
radiation losses. A voltmeter and an ammeter enable the determination of wattage dissipated by the
heater. The chamber temperature can also be measured.

THEORY

Convection heat transfer occurs by the movement of fluid particles. If the motion of fluid particles occurs by the
variation of density of the fluid due to temperature difference, then the heat transfer process is called free or
natural convection.
The Newton’s law of cooling gives the rate of heat transfer in convection.
(1)
Where h is Convective or film heat transfer co-efficient, h depends upon the fluid properties, type of flow and
geometry of the surface, Ts is average surface temperature and T7 is ambient temperature
The average surface temperature can be written as;
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6
Ts  (1-1)
6
The experimental heat transfer coefficient is given as;
(2)

Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficient  hth  :

From dimensional analysis as per the Buckingham Pi Theorem, a general relationship between the Nusselt
number (Nu), Prandtl number (Pr) and Grashoff number (Gr) been developed as given below:
Nu  c  Gr.Pr 
m
(3)
Where m and c are constants.
Nusselt Number:

Nu = =

(4)
Where hth is theoretical heat transfer coefficient, K is conductivity of air and L is characteristic length of
system.
Prandtl Number:

cp 
Pr  (5)
K
Where c p specific heat of air, µ is is viscosity of air and K conductivity of air.
Grashoff Number:

L3  g T
Gr  (6)
2
Where  is temperature coefficient, g is gravitational constant, T is temperature difference and 
kinematic viscosity of air and L is characteristic length of system.

Knowing above dimensionless numbers, the theoretical convection heat transfer coefficient can be determined
from equation (3)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Tube

 Material : Brass
 Diameter : 0.038 m
 Length : 0.5 m

Electric Heater

 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp

Thermocouples

 Type : “K” Type

 Numbers : 07
 Temperature range : 0-200 C
 Temperature Accuracy : ± 0.5 C
OPERATION PROCEDURE

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust the voltage e.g.
say 50 V.
3. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
4. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
5. Change the heat input and repeat the steps 1 to 5.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Ambient
Sr. Electric Heater Temperature on the surface of pipe (C) Temperature
No. (C)
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
1
2
3
4
5

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the heat input to the tube to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: (in separate sheet)

= V*I

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Compare experimental heat transfer coefficient with theoretical heat transfer and write your
results and discussion.
Heat Transfer in Forced Convection
OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for a horizontal tube through which air
flows under forced convection.
2. Theoretical determination of convective heat transfer coefficient for above conditions.
3. Comparison of theoretical and measured convective heat transfer coefficient.

APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of a blower to supply air and test conduit. The air form the blower passes through a flow
passage, heater and then to the test section. Air flow is measured by an orifice meter placed near the test
section. A band heater placed around the tube heats the air and is controlled by a dimmer stat. Temperature of
the air at the inlet and outlet are measured using thermocouples embedded in the walls at different distances
from the entrance. Test section is enclosed in a water jacket where the circulating water removes air. Water
flow rate is determined using a measuring jar. A bypass on the air system enables tests to be conducted at
different Reynolds numbers.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Section

 Outer diameter of tube : 48 mm

 Inner diameter of tube : 40 mm
 Length of test section : 500 mm
 Heating rod : 16 mm

Blower

 Capacity : 0.75 hp

Thermocouples

 Type : K Type

Flow Measuring Unit (Orifice Meter)

 Diameter : 30 mm
 Discharge Coefficient : 0.64

OPERATION PROCEDURE

Starting Check List:

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Switch on the main system.
3. Switch on the blower.
4. Switch on the heater.
5. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust the voltage
6. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
7. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
8. Change the heat input and repeat the steps 1 to 5.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Air Temperature Orifice

Sr. Electric Heater Temperature on the surface of pipe (C)
(C) Pressure
No.
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Inlet Outlet cm of H2O
1
2
3
4
5

SCHEMATIC SYSTEM

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the heat input to the tube to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Do not turn off the blower until the test section temperature reaches to atmospheric conditions.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficient.

1. Calculate velocity, Volumetric flow rate and Mass flow rate of Air
2. Check the condition for flow type: Laminar (L) or Turbulence (T)
3. Check L at the entry condition
4. Calculate Nusselt number (Nu)

Nu = C * (Re)m * (Pr)n
Where, C, m and n are constant which are dependent on value of Reynolds number. Use standard text book to
find the constants.
Now,
Nu,theoretical = (hthe.d)/K
After knowing theoretical Nusselt number, the theoretical heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from above
equation.
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

h = (Diff. in Manometer Limb h1 – h2) in terms of water column

AREA OF HEAT TRANSFER

A = (3.14/4)*D2
Where,
Cd Coefficient of discharge,
g acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / sec2
H Manometer reading, m
w,T Density of water at temperature at temperature T
air, T Density of air at temperature at temperature T
QA Volume of airflow, m3/ sec
h Differential pressure expressed in meters of air

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Compare experimental heat transfer coefficient with theoretical heat transfer and write your
results and discussion.
Emissivity Apparatus

OBJECTIVES

1. To measure the emissivity of gray surface at different temperatures.

APPARATUS

The experimental set up consists of two circular plates of identical dimensions. One of the plates is
made black by applying a thick layer of lamp black while the other plate whose emissivity is to be
measured is non-black. Heating coils are provided at the bottom of both plates. The plates are mounted
on asbestos cement sheet and kept in an enclosure to provide undisturbed natural convection conditions.
The heat input to the plates is varied by a dimmer stat and is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter.
Each plate is provided with three thermocouples for temperature measurement. One thermocouple is
kept in the chamber to read the ambient or chamber temperature.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Plates

 Test plate diameter : 21.5 cm

 Black plate diameter : 21.5 cm
 Thickness : 1.5 cm

Heater

 Voltage : 220 V
 Ampere : 5 – 15 A

Thermocouple

 Type : “K” Type

 Numbers :8
 Temperature accuracy :  0.5 C
 Temperature range : 0 – 200 C

OPERATION PROCEDURE

Starting Check List:

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Switch on the main system.
3. Switch on two heaters and gradually increase the input to the heaters to some value viz. 35
watt and adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the black plate 32, watt.
4. Check the temperature of the two plates with small time intervals and adjust the input of test
plate only, by the dimmer stat so that the two plates will be maintained at the same
temperature.
5. When steady state is reached note down the temperatures of test plate and black plate by
rotating the temperature selection switch.
6. Note down the chamber temperature
7. Repeat the experiments for different surface temperature.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Gray Body Black Body

Sr. Gray Body Black Body
Temperature (C) Temperature (C)
No.
V A W V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T5
1
2
3

SCHEMATIC SYSTEM

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Turn off the electric heater.

2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Tg - Gray surface temperature (K)

Tb - Black surface temperature (K)
T - Chamber temperature (K)

E Tg  T
4 4

  4
Eb Tb  T 4
 &

A-B ; Gives

RESULT TABLE & DISCUSSION

1. Discuss the variation in emissivity with change in respective variables.

Stefan Boltzmann Constant Verification

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant for radiation heat transfer
2. Plot the test plate temperature vs time graph

APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of a flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a flat non-conducting plate. A test disc
made of copper is fixed to the plate; hence thus the test disc is completely enclosed by the hemisphere.
The outer surface of the hemisphere is enclosed in a vertical water jacket used to heat the hemisphere to
a suitable constant temperature. Three iron Constantine thermocouples are attached at three strategic
places on the surface of the hemisphere to obtain the temperatures. The disc is mounted on a bakelite
sleeve which is fitted in a hole drilled at the center of the base plate. Another iron Constantine
thermocouples is fixed to the disc to record its temperature.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Section

 Hemispherical enclosure : 20 cm
 Test disk (Copper) diameter : 70 mm
 Test disk thickness : 1.5 mm
Water Heater

 Capacity : 1Kw

Thermocouples

 Type : K Type
 Numbers : 03
 Temperature range : 0 to 200 C

OPERATION PROCEDURE

Starting Check List:

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply
2. Switch on the main system.
3. Switch on the heater.
4. Heat the water in the tank by an immersion heater provided, to a temperature of about 80°C.
5. Remove the test disc before pouring the hot water in the container.
6. Pour the hot water into the container.
7. Keep stirring water to maintain uniform temperature
8. Allow sufficient time for thermal equilibrium to attain between the copper hemisphere and the
plate. This is indicated by constant temperature of three thermocouples provided for this purpose.
9. Now insert the test disc and position it exactly in the groove. A thermocouple is attached to the disc to
record the temperature
10. Start the stop watch immediately and note down the temperatures at different short intervals of time.
11. Repeat the experiment at other temperatures of the hemisphere.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Temperature-Time Response
Temperature
Time (sec) Temperature (C)
(K)

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the heat input to the tube to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Energy supplied to test disk by hemisphere by radiation


E   At Th 4  Tt 4  (1)
At - Area of test disk
Th - Temperature of hemisphere (K)
Tt - Initial Temperature of test disk (K)
Increase in internal energy of the test disk by radiation energy
dTt
mC p (2)
dt
 
Under equilibrium conditions E   At Th 4  Tt 4  mC p
dTt
dt
dTt
mC p
 dt

 At Th  Tt 4
4

dTt
curve
Using the temperature vs time characteristics of thermo couple plot dt

Use above equation to calculate Steffen Boltzmann Constant “”

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Compare experimental Steffen Boltzmann Constant with theoretical Steffen Boltzmann Constant
and write your results and discussion.
Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the effectiveness of heat exchanger under parallel flow and counter flow condition.
2. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger under parallel flow and
counter flow condition.
3. Theoretical estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient for the experiment conditions.
4. Comparison of experimental and theoretical heat transfer coefficient.
5. Determine NTU (no. of transfer unit for outer surface) for parallel flow and counter flow
conditions

APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot water is supplied from an electric
geyser passes through the inner tube, while the cold water from over head tank passes through outer
tube. The flow rate of both hot and cold water is controlled by the flow control valve. Inlet and exit
temperatures of hot and cold water are measured using thermocouples. Flow rate of the water is
measured by the rotameter. The outer tube is provided with insulation to minimize the heat loss to the
surroundings.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Section:
 Inner tube diameter
 Outer : 0.0095 m
 Outer tube diameter
 Inner : 0.0127 m
 Length of test tube section : 1.6 m

Heating Coil:
 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp

Thermocouples:
 Type : “K” Type
 Numbers :4
 Temperature accuracy :  0.5 C
 Temperature range : 0 – 200 C

THEORY

A double pipe heat exchanger consists of two concentric, different diameter tubes with fluid flowing in each as
indicated in Figures 1. If the two fluids travel in opposite directions as illustrated in Figure 1a, the exchanger is a
counter flow type. If the fluids travel in the same direction as shown in Figure 1b, parallel flow exists. The same
apparatus is used for either flow configuration.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

The heat transfer in parallel and counter flow arrangement is given as;

q  U 0 A0  T LMTD

Where Uo is overall heat transfer coefficient, Ao is outer surface area of tube and  T  LMTD is Logarithmic
Mean-Temperature Difference.

The experimental overall heat transfer coefficient can be written as;

q
U 0, EXP 
A0  T  LMTD

The heat exchange between the hot and cold water can be written as;

qh  mh,wc pw Thi  Tho 

qc  mc,wc pw Tco  Tci 

The average heat transfer can be written as;

qh  qc
q
2
Log-Mean Temperature Difference:

Parallel Flow:

T1  T2
 T LMTD 
 T 
ln  1 
 T2 
T1 and T2 are shown in Figure 1.

Counter Flow:

T1  T2
 T LMTD 
 T 
ln  1 
 T2 
T1 and T2 are shown in Figure 1.

Effectiveness:

It is defined as the ration of actual heat transfer to maximum heat transfer that could be possibly be transferred
from one fluid to the other.
 Ch Thi  Th 0  Cc Tco  Tci 
 
Cmin Thi  Tci  Cmin Thi  Tci 

Where Ch , Cc and Cmin represent heat capacity of hot, cold fluid and minimum heat capacity of fluid
respectively.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

T1
T1
T2
T2

(a) (b)
Figure 1 Concentric tube heat exchanger (a) Counter flow arrangement (d) Parallel flow arrangement

OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Make all the connections as shown in figure and check valve positions and any leakage through
the system
2. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
3. Switch on the main system.
4. Adjust the desired flow rate of water either parallel/counter flow heat exchanger.
5. Switch on the electric geyser set the hot water temperature say 50 to 60 C.
6. Allow sufficient time for thermal equilibrium to attain between hot and cold water
7. After reaching to thermal equilibrium conditions, note down the readings of temperature by
rotating knob.
8. Note down the reading of hot and cold water flow rate.
9. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates.
10. Follow the steps 1 to 8 by changing the flow conditions through the test rig.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Table 1: Parallel Flow Condition

Hot Water Cold Water

Sr.
Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet Temp. Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet Temp.
No.
(Kg/hr) (C) (C) (Kg/hr) (C) (C)
1
2
3
Table 2: Counter Flow Condition

Hot Water Cold Water

Sr.
Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet Temp. Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet Temp.
No.
(Kg/hr) (C) (C) (Kg/hr) (C) (C)
1
2
3

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Turn off the electric geyser.

2. Allow cold water to flow through electric geyser till its temperature goes down to room
temperature.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: As per mentioned in theory.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Plot results of Overall heat transfer vs Flow rate

2. Plot results effectiveness vs Flow rate
Thermal conductivity of the metal bar

OBJECTIVES

1. To measure the thermal conductivity of the metal bar.

2. To measure the temperature distribution along the length of metal bar.
3. Comparison of theoretical and measured temperature along the length of metal bar.
4. To measure temperature distribution on centre of rod with respect to time.

APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heating coil while the other end
is projected inside the cooling water jacket. The metal rod is surrounded by an insulating material like asbestos
to minimize lateral heat transfer from the rod and thus ensure a more nearly constant temperature gradient
along the length of the rod. The temperature of the bar is measured along the length at six locations using
thermocouples while the radial temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples at two
different sections in the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmer stat for controlling the heat input
to the metal rod while the water flow rate through the jacket can be circulated by flow control valve. The water
flow rate and its temperature rise can be noted down.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Metal Bar

 Material : To Find
 Length of metal bar : 0.25 m
 Diameter of metal bar : 0.025 m

Electric Heater

 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp

Thermocouples

 Type :K
 Numbers : 08
 Temperature range : 0 – 200 C (+ 0.5 Celcius)

THEORY
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is most easily verified (or tested) in the one dimensional configuration of this
experiment. In equation form, Fourier’s Law is;
dT
q  kA (1)
dx
where q is the heat flowing through the rod of dimensions (W), k is the thermal conductivity of the material of
dimension W/(m·K), A is the cross sectional area m2 ), and ∂T/∂x is the temperature gradient of dimensions
(K/m).
The thermal conductivity of the metal rod is given from Eqn. 1 as;
q 1
k .
A dT
dx
OPERATION PROCEDURE

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust the voltage e.g.
say 50 V.
3. Start and adjust the cooling water flow rate through the jacket using flow control valve.
4. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
5. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel and also the mass
flow rate of water.
6. Change heat input to the metal rod and repeat the steps 1 to 5.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Table 1 Temperature along metal rod

Temperature Distance X (m)

Sensor No.
1 0.035
2 0.075
3 0.115
4 0.155
5 0.195
6 0.235
Table 2 System measurements
Cooling water Coolant
Sr. Electric Heater Thermocouple Readings (C) temperature Mass Flow
No. (C) rate
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 (cc/min)
1
2
3
4

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the heat input to the metal rod to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Don’t turn off water circulation through the jacket until the temperature of the metal rod reaches
to the atmospheric condition.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Under the steady state heat conduction, heat transfer through metal rod is equal to heat carried by
coolant.

Heat flowing out of the bar = Heat carried away by the cooling water

dT
kA  mwc pw T8  T7  (1)
dx

Where mw is mass flow rate of coolant.

dT
Plot the variation of temperature along the length of the bar, from the plot determine .
dx

From equation 1;

mwc pw T8  T7 
k
dT
A
dx
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

1. Based on comparison of experimental value of conductivity with theoretical.

2. Using experimental value of conductivity calculate the temperature distribution along the metal
rod and compare with experimental temperature distribution (plot temperature vs axial distance
(thermocouple location)
Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder at various temperature (heat input).
2. To find temperature distribution across the radial direction of spine.(mathematically).

APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres of different size. Heatingcoil is
provided in the inner sphere. The space between the inner and outer sphere is filled by the insulating
powder (Asbestos) whose thermal conductivity is to be determined. The heat input to the heating coil is
adjusted by using dimmer stat. Thermocouples are used to record the temperature of insulating powder
which are embedded on the outer shell surface.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test Section

 Radius of inner sphere : 0.05 m

 Radius of outer sphere : 0.1 m

Heating Coil

 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp

Thermocouples

 Type : “K” Type

 Numbers : 10
 Temperature range :0-200C
 Temperature accuracy :  0.5 C

THEORY

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is most easily verified (or tested) in the one dimensional configuration of this
experiment. In equation form, Fourier’s Law is;

dT
q  kA (1)
dr
whereq is the heat flowing through the rod of dimensions (W), k is the thermal conductivity of the material of
dimension W/(m·K), A is the cross sectional area m2 ), and dT/dris the temperature gradient of dimensions
(K/m).
Consider the transfer of heat by conduction through the wall of a hollow sphere formed by the insulating
powdered layer packed between two thin copper spheres (Ref. Fig. 1). The heat conduction through insulating
power can be written as;

4 kri r0
q . Ti  T0 
r0  ri (2)
The thermal conductivity of insulating powder can be written as;

q.  r0  ri 
k
4 ri r Ti  T0  (3)

Average inner sphere temperature

T1  T2  T3  T4
Ti  (4)
4

Average outer sphere temperature

T5  T6  T7  T8
T0  (5)
4

Heat input can be given as;

q  V .I (6)
Knowing above parameters, the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder can be determined from equation
(2).

OPERATION PROCEDURE

Starting Check List:

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust the voltage e.g.
say 50 V.
3. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
4. See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
6. Change heat input to the metal rod and repeat the steps 1 to 5.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Inner Sphere Surface

Sr. Electric Heater Outer Sphere Surface Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)
No.
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
1
2
3
4
5
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the heat input zero to electric coil.

2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

1. Compare experimental conductivity with theoretical value and make your comments
Introduction to Computational Heat Transfer

OBJECTIVE:

Consider a 2D slab at steady state subjected to constant temperatures on each side.

1. Apply Boundary conditions to general heat conduction equation for the above mentioned
problem and comment on the obtained equation.
2. Develop algorithm to calculate the temperature profile at steady state.
3. Write a program to calculate the temperature profile for the given temperatures.

THEORY:

General heat conduction equation is as follows

Applying Boundary conditions

1. 2D system: Neglecting z-axis terms

2. Steady State:

3. No Internal heat generation:

4. Considering constant conductivity in the slab: k = constant

Node formation of the geometry:

Taylor series expansion:

Similarly

Using above equation in heat conduction equation

For , we get

On solving

Where is the temperature of the node in the slab and are the
temperature of nodes in X and Y directions

COMMENTS:
For a 2D steady state condition,
1. The temperature profile depends only on the temperature.
2. Temperature profile does not depend on the properties of material like density and specific
heat.
3. The temperature profile depends on the conductivity only in cases where conductivity of a
material varies in X and Y direction.
ALGORITHM & FLOW CHART:
MAT-LAB CODE:

% 2D heat Steady heat conduction equation

% Specified Side temperatures
% Start
clear all;
clc;
%Initializing %
w = 5; % Width of the slab
h = 5; % Height of the slab
nx = 50; % Nodes in X direction
ny = 50; % Nodes in Y direction
dx = w/nx; % Calculating dx
dy = h/ny; % Calculating dy
xl = 0:dx:w;
yl = 0:dy:h;
% Initial Temperature Profile and Temperature on each side %
t_top = 100; % Top side temperature
t_bottom = 300; % Bottom side temperature
t_left = 200; % Left side temperature
t_right = 400; % Right side temperature
tm = (t_top+t_bottom+t_left+t_right)/4;
convergance_criteria = 1e-6; % Convergance Criteria/Error limit %
for j = 1:1:length(yl)-1;
for i = 1:1:length(xl)-1;
T(i,j) = tm;
end
end
T(:,1) = t_left;
T(:,length(xl)) = t_right;
T(1,:) = t_top;
T(length(yl),:) = t_bottom;
t = T;
err = 1;
k = 0;
% Calculation of Temperature profile using heat conduction equation %
while err > convergance_criteria
for j = 2:1:length(yl)-1;
for i = 2:1:length(xl)-1;
fxy = 2*((dx*dx)+(dy*dy));
fxx = dx*dx/fxy;
fyy = dy*dy/fxy;
T(i,j) = (fxx*(T(i+1,j)+T(i-1,j)))+(fyy*(T(i,j+1)+T(i,j-1)));
end
end
err = max(max(abs(t-T)));
t = T; % Updating Old Temperature Profile %
k = k+1;
hold on
end
% Result display
contourf(T)
xlabel('X-Axis')
ylabel('Y-Axis')
title('2D Temperature Distribution profile')
%Stop
OUTPUT:

3D representation of the temperature profile of 2D Slab

Contour plot of the Temperature profile