International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences-IJPBSTM (2019) 9 (3): 249-255

Online ISSN: 2230-7605, Print ISSN: 2321-3272

Research Article | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Open Access | MCI Approved
UGC Approved Journal

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro

Retentive Floating Tablets of Diclofenac
Sodium Based on Effervescent Technology
Chanam Melody Devi1, 2*, Laldinchhana1, Lilima Nath1, Abhinab
Goswami1 and Himal Barakoti2
1Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences
(RIPANS), Zemabawk, Aizawl, Mizoram, India – 796017.
2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti,

Guwahati, Assam, India – 781026.

Received: 25 Mar 2019 / Accepted: 27 Apr 2019 / Published online: 1 Jul 2019
Corresponding Author Email: melodykhr90@gmail.com

Abstract
Floating drug delivery systems can prolong gastric retention time by formulating the dosage
form with a lower density than that of gastric fluid. This causes the system to float over the
gastric contents in the stomach without affecting the gastric emptying rate for a prolonged
period of time. The present study was designed with an aim of preparation and in vitro
evaluation of floating tablet using diclofenac sodium as a model drug. The tablets were
prepared by dry granulation method based on effervescent technology where sodium
bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. A hydrophilic swellable polymer
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used to
control the release of drug and buoyancy was achieved by sodium bicarbonate and citric acid.
Total of five formulations was prepared with varying concentration of HPMC and MCC. The
optimized formulation F5 exhibited 33.17 % drug release in 12 hrs, while the floating lag time
was 40 seconds. In-vitro dissolution study showed that the drug release profile can be
sustained by increasing the polymer concentration. The study concluded that HPMC along with
gas generating agents can be used to develop gastro-retentive floating tablets with desired
controlled and complete release of drug for a prolonged period of time.

Keywords
Diclofenac sodium, Floating tablets, Gastric Residence Time (GRT), Gastro retentive.

*****

INTRODUCTION dynamically controlled system is the low-density

Flotation is one of the most practical and promising system which has sufficient buoyancy to float over
mechanisms in achieving gastro retention of the the gastric content and remain buoyant in the
drug. Floating drug delivery system (FDDS) or stomach without affecting the stomachal evacuation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21276/ijpbs.2019.9.3.36 Chanam Melody Devi* et al 249

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Int J Pharm Biol Sci.

rate for an extended period of time. This results in Talc, Magnesium stearate and Polyvinyl pyrolidone
increased gastric retention time and better control of (PVP) were procured from Sigma Aldrich Co., USA. All
the fluctuation in plasma drug concentration. [1,2]. ingredients and reagents used were of analytical
The increase in gastric retention time improves the grade.
bioavailability of drugs by improving the solubility of Methods:
less soluble drugs in a high pH environment [3]. Drugs Preparation of floating tablets of Diclofenac Sodium
with a narrow absorption window, low aqueous Floating tablets containing diclofenac were prepared
solubility, unstable at alkaline pH and those by direct compression technique. Total of 5
possessing good absorption from the stomach are formulations was prepared using varying
good candidates for gastro-retentive systems [4]. concentrations (5% - 25%) of hydroxypropyl
Aspirin, Griseofulvin, p-nitro aniline, Ibuprofen, methylcellulose (HPMC K100 LV) and
Ketoprofen, Piroxicam, Verapamil, Cholestyramine, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Ingredients viz.
Theophylline, Nifedipine, Nicardipine, Dipyridamol, PVP, Sodium bicarbonate, magnesium stearate, talc
Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Prednisolone and and citric acid were added in a fixed amount in all
Cinnarizine are some of the suitable candidates and formulations. The compositions of all formulations
can be formulated by delivery systems [5]. are given in Table 1.
Diclofenac sodium is an anti-inflammatory drug used Diclofenac, HPMC, MCC, 10% Sodium bicarbonate
for rapid relief of pain and wound edema in were uniformly blended with isopropyl alcohol,
posttraumatic and postoperative inflammatory passed through a 16-mesh sieve and the formed
conditions, rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, bursitis, granules were dried in a tray dryer at 30 oC for 1 hr.
spondylitis, toothache, dysmenorrhoea and renal After complete drying of the granules, magnesium
colic [5,6]. It is rapidly soluble in alkaline pH (5-8) and stearate, talc, citric acid, 5% sodium bicarbonate was
poorly soluble in water and acidic pH (1-3). Since the added and further mixed for additional 2-3 minutes.
biological half-life of the drug is only 1-2 hrs, The blend was compressed into tablets having an
frequent dosing is required in order to reach average weight of 250 mg using a tablet punching
therapeutic drug plasma level in several cases. Long machine in a die having a diameter of 8 mm, punches
term administration of diclofenac leads to with a compression force of 7 tons.
gastrointestinal disturbances, peptic ulceration and EVALUATION PARAMETERS
gastrointestinal bleeding. So new drug delivery Pre-compression parameters
approaches are under extensive study in order to The powder blends of the formulation were
develop the optimized dosage regimen without evaluated for their bulk and tapped density and from
compromising the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. the values obtained, compressibility index and
The study has suggested gastro-retentive floating Hausner ratio were calculated. The flow properties of
system shows more reproducible drug absorption for the powder bled were determined from the angle of
a prolonged period of time and reduces the risk of repose.
local irritation in comparison to the single unit Post-compression parameters
dosage forms [7]. The prepared diclofenac floating tablets were
This study aimed to design an innovative carrier evaluated for various quality control tests such as
based on controlled release gastro-retentive floating weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability and
tablets of diclofenac using effervescent technology. content uniformity.
An attempt has been made to increase the solubility, Weight variation
stability and bioavailability as a whole of diclofenac From each batch of the formulations, twenty tablets
in the form of gastro-retentive floating tablets. This were selected randomly and weighed individually.
approach also may help to eliminate the necessity for The average weight was calculated out and it was
frequent dosing which in turn increases patient then compared with the individual weight. From this
compliance and decreases the occurrence of adverse percentage deviation was determined and then the
effects. result obtained was checked for IP specifications.
Hardness and friability
MATERIALS AND METHODS The hardness of tablet was determined by Monsanto
Materials: tablet hardness tester using randomly picked ten
Diclofenac Sodium was a gift sample from Aurobindo tablets from each batch. Friability test was
Pharma, Hyderabad, India. Hydroxypropyl performed by using Roche friabilator. Twenty tablets
methylcellulose (HPMC K100 LV), Microcrystalline were weighed out and were placed into the plastic
cellulose (MCC), Sodium bicarbonate, Citric acid, chamber of the friabilator that revolves at 25 rpm

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dropping the tablets at a distance of 6 inches height In-vitro dissolution study

with each revolution for 4 mins. The tablets were de- The in vitro dissolution study was performed in a
dusted, reweighed and the percentage friability was United States Pharmacopeia (USP) type II (paddle)
calculated after operating for 100 revolutions [8]. apparatus at a rotational speed of 100 rpm. The
Tablet Dimensions tablet was placed inside the dissolution vessel
The thickness and diameter of tablets were containing 900 ml of 0.1N HCl as the dissolution
measured by using a calibrated Vernier calliper for media maintaining the temperature at 37±0.5 °C. 5
which 3 tablets of each formulation were picked ml of sample were withdrawn at specified time
randomly and the standard deviation was also intervals for 12 hrs and replaced with fresh
calculated [9]. dissolution media. The absorbance of the samples
Drug Content was measured at 276 nm using a UV
The drug content of the prepared diclofenac floating spectrophotometer. The release studies were
tablets was determined by grinding 10 tablets into a performed using 3 tablets, and the mean values
fine powder. The quantities of the powder equivalent obtained were plotted against time [3].
to 15 mg of diclofenac were weighed out and In vitro drug release kinetics
transferred it into a 100 ml volumetric flask. It was The following plots were made to find out the
then filled with ethanol and mixed thoroughly. The mechanism of drug release from the prepared
solution was made up to volume and filtered (0.45 tablets-
μm pore size). 10 ml of the resulting solution was a) Zero-order kinetic model - % Qt Vs t
then diluted to 100 ml with ethanol and the b) First-order kinetic model - log (100 - % Qt) Vs t
absorbance of the resulting solution was measured c) Higuchi’s model - % Qt Vs t1/2
at 276 nm using a Thermo Fischer UV-visible d) Korsmeyer-Peppas equation - log % Qt Vs log t.
spectrophotometer. The linearity equation obtained Different kinetic models such as zero order
from the calibration curve was used for estimation of (percentage cumulative drug release vs time), first
Diclofenac in the tablet formulations [3,10]. order (log cumulative percentage of drug vs time),
In vitro buoyancy studies Higuchi model (percentage cumulative drug release
The prepared diclofenac floating tablets were placed vs square root of time) and Korsemeyer-Peppas
in a 100 ml beaker containing 0.1 N HCl as the model (log percentage cumulative drug release vs log
dissolution medium. The time required for the tablet t) were applied to interpret the drug release kinetics
to rise to one-third of the surface of the dissolution from the formulations. Based on the highest
medium was determined as Floating Lag Time (FLT) regression values for correlation coefficients for
and the time period up to which the tablet remained formulations, the best-fit model was decided [3,13].
floating on the surface of the dissolution medium
was determined as Total Floating Time (TFT) [3, 11]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Swelling index Pre-compression parameters
The prepared diclofenac floating tablets were The results of pre-compression study parameters are
weighed individually (designated as W 0) and placed shown in Table 2. All the pre-compression study
separately in a glass beaker containing 200 ml of 0.1 parameters were within the Pharmacopoeia limits.
N HCl maintaining the temperature at 37°C ± 0.5°C. Post-compression Parameters
At regular 1-hr time intervals until 5 hrs, the floating The appearances of the prepared diclofenac floating
tablets were removed from beaker, and the excess tablets were found to be off-white, smooth, and flat
surface liquid was removed. The swollen floating in shape. The results of physical characterizations are
tablets were then re-weighed (Wt), and % Swelling shown in Table 3. The thickness of the diclofenac
Index (SI) was calculated using the following formula floating tablets was measured by calibrated dial
[12]. calliper. Tablets diameters were uniform in all the
formulations with a value of 8.1±0.05 mm and
𝑊𝑡−𝑊𝑜
SI (%) = X 100 (1) thickness were in the range of 4.1±0.05 to 4.2±0.05
𝑊𝑜
mm. The standard deviation values showed that all
Where SI is swelling index, the formulations were within the range and show
Wt is the weight of tablet at time t, uniform thickness and diameter.
Wo is the weight of the dry tablet before placing in The average weight of each formulation was
the glass recorded. The values were almost uniform and lie
within the specifications. The values of tablets
ranged from 249.8±2.04 to 250.3±1.55 mg. The

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prepared diclofenac floating tablets passed the give rapid buoyancy as well as providing the tablet
weight variation test since the % weight variation buoyant for longer period of time [14,15]. In vitro
was within the pharmacopeia limits of ±5% of the buoyancy study of formulation F5 at the initial time,
weight. The hardness of all formulations was in the after 40 secs and after 24 hrs is given in Figure 1.
range of 6.5±0.5 to 7.5±0.52 kg/cm 2 which indicates Swelling index
that the hardness of all the formulations was almost The percentage of swelling obtained from the water
uniform and possess good mechanical strength. uptake studies of all the formulations is shown in
The friability values of prepared tablets were less Figure 2. It was observed that the swelling indices
than 1% which indicates that the tablets of all were increased with increase in polymer
formulations have good compactness and showing concentration. Formulation F5 containing a high
enough resistance to the mechanical shock and percentage of polymer shows the maximum swelling
abrasion. i.e. 107.28% at 5 hrs compared to that of the
The content uniformity was performed for all five formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4 containing lower
formulations. The percent drug content of tablets polymer concentration than F5. The swelling was
was found to be 98.15%, 98.27%, 97.68%, 99.13% strong enough to maintain the matrix integrity
and 100.51% of diclofenac for all the formulations F1, without disintegrating the tablets as well as to avoid
F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively. burst effect and retarded the release of drug for a
In vitro buoyancy studies prolonged period of time. Generally swelling is
The diclofenac floating tablets were prepared by essential to ensure the floating of the tablets.
effervescent technology. All floating effervescent Therefore, an appropriate balance between swelling
tablets float immediately after placing it into 0.1 N and water uptake is necessary [15,16].
HCl solution maintaining the temperature at 37±0.5 In vitro drug release studies
°C and remain buoyant over 24 hrs without In-vitro dissolution studies of all the formulations of
disintegration as given in Table 4. The in vitro diclofenac were carried out in 0.1 N HCl and
buoyancy of diclofenac floating tablets were induced percentage drug release was calculated. The drug
by sodium bicarbonate and anhydrous citric acid in release profiles of various prepared formulation are
the ratio of (5:1) without compromising the integrity shown in Figure 3. By increasing the amount of HPMC
of the polymer matrix with the possible shortest K100 LV the drug release was decreased
floating lag time (FLT) and total floating time (TFT) proportionately in the following order
more than 24 hrs. The reaction between Sodium F5<F4<F3<F2<F1. In vitro drug release studies show
bicarbonate and citric acid in the acidic environment that the drug release is higher in the case of F1 i.e.
produces carbon dioxide. It was observed that the gel 40.53% and least in case of F5 i.e. 33.17%
formed due to the hydration of the polymers was respectively in 12 hrs [17,18].
responsible for entrapping and protecting the gas Drug release kinetics
generated within the tablet, thereby decreasing the The comparison between different kinetic models
density of the tablet below 1, and the tablet starts found that Higuchi square root model showed a
floating. The prepared diclofenac floating tablets F5 higher degree of correlation coefficient (R 2) for all
exhibited short buoyancy lag time of 40 sec the prepared tablet formulations than other models
comparing to other formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4 as given in Table 5. Hence, the drug release profile of
but the total buoyancy time remained the same for the prepared tablet formulations follows diffusion
all the formulations. The decrease in floating lag time mechanism. Also, the model Korsmeyer-Peppas
of the formulation F5 could be due to increase in the indicates the type of diffusion, which was evaluated
polymer concentration that produces a firm gel that by the value of n between 0.45 and 0.89 implies non-
entrapped an increased amount of carbon dioxide to fickian diffusion [19,20].

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Int J Pharm Biol Sci.

TABLE 1: FORMULATION COMPOSITION OF ALL DICLOFENAC SODIUM FLOATING TABLETS

Ingredients (mg) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Diclofenac Sodium 100 100 100 100 100
HPMC 40 50 60 70 80
PVP 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25 9.25
Sodium bicarbonate 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5
Mg. Stearate 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Talc 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
MCC 52 42 32 22 12
Citric acid 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

TABLE 2: PRE-COMPRESSION PARAMETERS

Formulation
Angle of repose (θ) Carr’s Index Hausner ratio
No.
F1 25.01 12.93 1.175
F2 25.83 13.48 1.16
F3 25.10 13.11 1.165
F4 26.09 14.18 1.15
F5 25.43 14.18 1.15

TABLE 3: POST COMPRESSION PARAMETERS

Formulation Thickness Diameter Friability Hardness
Weight variation
No. (mm) (mm) (% wt loss) (Kg/cm2)
F1 4.1±0.05 8.1±0.05 249.4±1.2 <1 6.5±0.5
F2 4.1±0.05 8.1±0.05 249.9±2.75 <1 6.5±0.52
F3 4.2±0.05 8.1±0.05 250.3±1.55 <1 7±0.54
F4 4.1±0.05 8.1±0.05 249.8±2.04 <1 7±0.38
F5 4.2±0.05 8.1±0.05 250.3±1.55 <1 7.5±0.52

TABLE 4: IN VITRO BUOYANCY TEST

Formulation
Floating Lag Time (FLT) Total Floating Time (TFT)
No.
F1 68 secs > 24 hrs
F2 68 secs >24 hrs
F3 67 secs > 24 hrs
F4 67 secs > 24 hrs
F5 40 secs > 24 hrs

TABLE 5: RELEASE KINETIC DATA OF FORMULATIONS

Kinetic Models Zero order First order Korsemeyer Peppas Higuchi
R2=0.9516 R2 = 0.9728 R2 = 0.9874 R2 = 0.9937
F1
K0= 3.1067 K1= -0.0173 n = 0.565 KH = 11.427
R2=0.9478 R2 = 0.9695 R2 = 0.9881 R2 = 0.9954
F2
K0= 2.9743 K1= -0.0162 n = 0.6001 KH = 10.972
R2=0.9557 R2 = 0.9748 R2 = 0.9897 R2 = 0.997
F3
K0= 2.9404 K1= -0.0158 n = 0.6492 KH = 10.81
R2=0.959 R2 = 0.9761 R2 = 0.983 R2 = 0.9951
F4
K0= 2.8754 K1 = -0.0153 n = 0.68762 KH = 10.543
R2=0.9762 R2 = 0.9875 R2 = 0.9797 R2 = 0.987
F5
K0= 2.7479 K1= -0.0144 n = 0.7432 KH = 9.9455
*R2 = correlation coefficient, K 0 = Zero order rate constant, K 1= First order rate constant,
KH= Higuchi dissolution constant, n = release exponent

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Figure 1: in vitro buoyancy study of F5 (a) at the initial time (b) at 40 secs (c) after 24 hrs

120
100
% Swelling Index

F1
80
60 F2

40 F3
20 F4
0 F5
1 2 3 4 5
time (hr)

Figure 2: Swelling Indices of Diclofenac Floating Tablets (F1to F5)

45
40
35
% Drug Release

30 F1
25
F2
20
15 F3
10 F4
5
0 F5
0 5 10 15
Time (hrs)

Figure 3: In vitro release profile of diclofenac from formulations F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively

CONCLUSION at 6.5±0.5 –7.5±0.52 (Kg/cm2) hardness showed

Gastro retentive floating tablets of diclofenac satisfactory results with respect to floating lag time,
sodium were successfully prepared by effervescent total floating duration, swelling ability, and sustained
technology using sodium bicarbonate and citric acid drug release profile. It was found that floating lag
as a gas-generating agent and hydroxypropyl methyl time diclofenac floating tablets F5 exhibited short
cellulose (HPMC k100 LV) as a polymeric matrix. buoyancy lag time of 40 sec compared to other
Diclofenac floating tablets prepared were found to formulations F1, F2, F3 and F4 but the total buoyancy
be good without chipping, capping and sticking. time was over 24hrs for all the formulations. Floating
Tablets prepared with 15% w/w sodium bicarbonate tablets prepared with the increasing concentration

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of polymer was found to provide sustained 7. Kouchak M. and Atyabi F., Ion-exchange, an Approach
throughout the period of 12 hrs. Moreover, to Prepare an Oral Floating Drug Delivery System for
formulation F5 containing a high percentage of Diclofenac. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, 2: 93-97, (2004)
polymer shows the maximum swelling compared to
8. Swain R.P., Pendela S. and Panda S., Formulation and
other formulations. In vitro release studies
Evaluation of Gastro-bilayer Floating Tablets of
confirmed that the F5 formulation showed the drug Simvastatin as Immediate Release Layer and Atenolol
release of 33.17% in 12 hrs. The formulations were as Sustained Release Layer. Indian Journal of
found to follow Higuchi order kinetics and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(4): 458-468, (2016)
mechanism of drug release was diffusion which was 9. Banker G.S. and Anderson N.R., The Theory and
of non-fickian type. Based upon the results obtained Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, 3 rd Edn., Varghese
F5 was found to be most suitable for publication house: 296-302, (1991)
hydrodynamically balanced drug delivery system 10. Mirani A.G., Patankar S.P. and Kadam V.J., Risk-based
approach for a systematic development of gastro-
among all other formulations. The slow release of
retentive drug delivery system. Drug Delivery and
diclofenac along the gastrointestinal tract could
Transdermal Research, 6(5): 579–596, (2016)
result in more reproducible drug absorption and 11. Geetha A., Kumar R., Krishna M.C.H., Sateesh V. and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT 12. Bahri-Najafi R., Mostafavi A., Tavakoli N., Taymouri S.
The authors are grateful to the Department of and Shahraki M.M., Preparation and in vitro-in vivo
Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and evaluation of acyclovir floating tablets. Research in
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(2): 128-136, (2017)
Nursing Sciences (RIPANS) for providing the
13. Sriram N. and Katakam P., Formulation and evaluation
necessary facilities to carry out the research work.
of mucoadhesive microspheres of pioglitazone
hydrochloride prepared by ionotropic external
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST gelation technique. Journal of Encapsulation and
The authors declare no conflict of interest. Adsorption Sciences, 6: 22-34, (2016)
14. Gharti K., Thapa P., Budhathoki U. and Bhargava A.,
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