The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration

Exam- ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Memory Trick: SOHCAHTOA (Indian Tribe)  used when triangle has a 90º angle.
c (Rise)
Sin C = OPP or Rise or B  SIN RISE
HYP Slope a 90º triangle  COS RUN
 TAN SLOPE
Run b (Run) a SIN and COS of any angle are between (+/-) 1
Cos C = ADJ or

or c
Slope a  0º < angle < 45º COS > SIN
Trigonometry/Math

HYP
 45º < angle < 90º SIN > COS
C
OPP Run c
Tan C = or or (Slope) A b
ADJ Rise b
Law of Sines  Law of Sines and Cosines are used when triangle has no
a = b = c B Non- 90º Triangle right angles.
Sin A Sin B Sin C  Law of Sines is used when you are given more angles
a than sides.
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc (Cos A) c
Law of Cosines
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac (Cos B)  Law of Cosines is used when you are given more sides
A than angles
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab (Cos C) b C

Variations in L.O.A. P Properties of a Force:  A Force is defined by four properties:

1. Point of Application (P.O.A.)
P Py 4 2. Magnitude ( #,kips )
Ø Py Ø 3 3. Sense (Arrowhead, Push or Pull, C or T)
2 4. Line of Action (L.O.A.) , (Angle with horizontal)
Px PX k
1 1000# = 1  The Resultant of several forces is a single force that has the
 Shallower angles (<45º) have  Steeper angles (>45º) have Ø
same effect on a body as all the other forces combined.
larger horizontal components larger vertical components
 The Resultant is also a force and is thus defined by the

four properties listed above.

Components of a Force:
 The Equilibrant is also defined as a force that has the
P
P PX Px same P.O.A., Magnitude and L.O.A. as the Resultant
Py Py but has an opposite sense (Arrow)
Py P Py
Py Algebraic Method for finding the Resultant of several
PX P Py 
PX P
forces is used when force magnitudes and lines of
PX PX action for each force are known
Forces

Variations in Sense: Transmissibility:  Algebraic Method of Force Addition

P P 1. Resolve each force into vertical and horizontal
P Py P components
Py 2. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all horizontal components
=
PX PX gives the horizontal component of the Resultant.
P 3. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all vertical components
Force Addition: gives the vertical component of the Resultant
Algebraic Method: Graphic Method for Force Addition:
 For finding the resultant of several forces  For finding the Resultant of several forces.  Graphic Method is used when a system is in equilibrium
and we need to calculate one or more unknown forces
Force Horizontal Vertical 2 3 2 that contribute to equlibrium
2 1 3
1 +/- +/- 2 1 R  Graphic Method for Force Addition
2 +/- +/- 1 1 1. Arrange all forces Head to Tail then add (independent
3 of order)
3 +/- +/-
3 2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1st Force
R +/- R X = ΣX +/- R y = ΣY Tail of 2 on Head of 1
  Resultant begins at 1s Tail and Head at the Head of the last
 Tails at same P.O.A. Tail of 3 on Head of 2 and ends at last Head 3. Resultant can be determined through calculation

September, 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 1 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Moment  A & B are called Centers of Moment, or Centers of

Moment = Force X Distance P Rotation
 The perpendicular distance (d) is called the Moment Arm,
A B
or Lever
Force P creates a Force P creates a  Summing Moments (∑M = 0) to establish equilibrium
Moments and Couples

Positive Moment _ Negative Moment  To find Beam / Truss reactions

_ about point A + about point B  To maintain equilbrium of members

CCW + CW d d  Overturning Moments due to Wind Loads or Hydrostatic

Pressure
Couple  Unlike a Moment, a Couple is NOT about a certain point,
P but rather it is about ANY and ALL points.
Moment of a  A Couple depends on Force (P), and perpendicular distance (d)
Couple= P x d between two Forces that make up the couple.
d

d
(clockwise, CW) P ( CCW )  Couple between top Chord (C) and bottom
P chord (T) in a simply supported truss
 Couple between compression in concrete ( top ) and

tension in rebar ( bottom ) of reinforced beam

Formulas Units 1. ELASTIC RANGE: straight line relationship, slope = E

1 2 3 4
P 2. PLASTIC RANGE: increase in strain, no increase in Load / Stress
F: Direct Stress PSI Fu
5 3. STRAIN HARDENING: material deforming in section (necking),
A
Stress / Strain

Fy 6
7 and in length
ΔL 8 4. FAILURE: Material is gone!
ε: Unit Strain in / in

Stress (F=P/A)
Lo 5. YIELD POINT/ YIELD STRENGTH: material is no longer elastic,
Modulus of deformation is permanent
Modulus of Elasticity: E
F 6. ULTIMATE STRENGTH: material is about to fail
E: Elasticity= PSI (slope)
ε Stress / Strain
Unit Strain ( ΔL/ L0 ) 7. RUPTURE: Kiss it Good-Bye
ε 8. E: Modulus of Elasticity.Measures material's resistance to deformation

ΔL: deformation, changes in Length (in)  EA36,A-50= 29,000 KSI ΔL = α (ΔT) L0  Shortening or Elongation of members along their axis
caused by Axial Load (P) ΔL: Deformation, change in length (in),  Change (Expansion & Contraction) of shape
Axial Loads

P : Axial Load (#,k) caused by change in temperature (ºF) due to Temperature

ΔL= PL0  P  ΔL
L0 : Original, undeformed Length (in. not ft.) ΔT: Change in temperature
AE   L0  ΔL  Examples include Columns, Trusses, Cables, Cross Bracing
α : Coefficient of thermal
A : Cross Sectional Area (in2)  A  ΔL expansion/contraction
E : Modulus of Elasticity (PSI, KSI)  E  ΔL

b = width Y  If a Member is inadequate in Shear, increasing the Area

Radius of = r = I
A = bd (either Width (b) or Depth (d)) is effective.
Area (In2) Shear d = depth Gyration A
Geometry

 If a Member is inadequate in Deflection, increasing the

d/2
c
Moment c = location of Moment of Inertia (Width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Ixx = bd3 Deflection
d

of Inertia (In4) Neutral Axis x x cubed and) is much more effective in reducing Deflection.
12
 If a Member is inadequate in Bending, increasing the
Ixx bd2 Section Bending CG ; Center of
Sxx = = Y Gravity section modulus (width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Modulus (In3) Moment b squared and) is much more effective in reducing Bending.
C 6
Roller: 1 Reaction ( V ) Pin / Hinge: 2 Reactions ( V , H ) Simply Supported: (Determinate)  Statically Determinate (Simply Supported) loading = three
unknown reactions, and can be solved using the
Support Conditions

1 2 H
2 1
equation of Static equilibrium.
V 2 1
V 3  Statically Indeterminate loading > 3 unknown Reactions
Call your engineer.
Fixed / Moment: 3 Reactions (V , H , M) Continuous: Multiple Reactions Indeterminate Loading:  Pin/Hinged connections iclude most wood to wood, bolted

steel, and precast concrete connections.

3 H 2 2  fixed connections include most welded steel / steel

V 3 3 connections and cast-in-place concrete.

M 3 1
September, 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 2 OF 4
 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Example 1:
 L< R 12k P  M = Moment
k k L
 V =Shear
 L = 5' x 12 = 4 10' 5' R w,W
 Equilibruim = ∑ Fx = 0; ∑ Fy = 0; ∑ MAny = 0
15' Load/
15'  Sum of Areas in Shear Diagram = Moment
 R = 10' x12k = 8k FBD
 Magnitude of drop = Concentrated Load
15'
 Between concentrated loads, Moment Diagram Slopes
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Uniform loads create gradual drop in Shear ( straight line )

Example 2: +  Uniform loads create curve (downward cup) in Moment

V=0 Diagram
12k 18k 12k 12k 6k -  Overhangs and cantilevers will always have a negative
w = 1k/ft. Moment in Moment Diagram. Simply supported beams
= + always have positive Moments
W = 18k 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 12' 6'
18' 18' 18'  VMAX always occurs at support Moment is minimum
k k k k k
L = 23 R = 25 L = 21 R = 21 L=2 R = 4k
M=0  MMAX occurs where V = 0
k k k k
L = 21 + 2 R = 21 + 4 L = 6'/18' x 6 = 2k k
 Uniform load coefficient, w, = slope in Shear Diagram
L = 23 k R = 25 k R = 12'/18' x 6k = 4k  Point of Inflection (P.O.I.) is a point on the

Moment Diagram where M = 0

 Point of Inflection only happens when a beam has an

overhang
 If Loading Diagram (FBD) is symmetrical, then the Shear

Diagram and the Moment Diagram are also symmetrical.

 Maximum Shear dictates how much Beam area is needed

 Maximum Moment dictates how much Bema Depth is needed

 If a hole must be punched out of a Beam to allow for passage

of pipe or similar reduction, this must happen at a location of

low Shear and low Bending Moment

 A Truss is inherently stable due to triangulation

Possible  Truss is stable in its own plane but needs bridging or
Zero Members cross-bracing perpendicular to its own plane
 All joints in an honest Truss are Pinned Joints
Method of Method of  Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in less Deflection than
C C C C C Sections: Joints: Pinned Joints (Advantage)
C C  Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in larger size members
C T
T T T T than Pinned Joint Trusses since members will have to
T T T T T resist V and M in addition to C or T (Disadvantage)
 Members carrying Tension can be much smaller than
C C C C C
members carrying Compresion
C C C C C C  m + 3 = 2 j ; where m = Number of Members
Trusses

j = Number of Joints
T T T T T  Method of Joints is used to analyze Force / Stress in every

Top and Bottom Chord Stress Web Stresses member of a Truss

 Method of Joints is also used to analyze Force / Stress in a
Stress increases towards middle Stress increases towards end panels
member that is close to a support (not in middle of truss)
 Method of Sections is used to analyze only a few (3 max)

members of a truss
 After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is

in Equilibrium ΣF X = 0 ; ΣF Y = 0 ; ΣM ANY = 0
 Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel

points; otherwise we have combined stresses

( T or C + V and M )
 Joints that have three or less members framing into them,

may potentially have Zero Members

September, 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 3 OF 4
 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Information Needed to Successfully Pass the General Structures Division of the Architect Registration Exam - ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

MATERIAL: Fv , F b , E LOAD: L, w, W, P, FBD GEOMETRY: A = bd Shear  Beam design must satisfy Shear, Bending Moment and
I = bd3/ 12 Deflection
Deflection requirements
FC , FT , F P VMAX, M MAX S = (bd2) /6 Bending
 The Allowable Stress (F) of a species of wood or a Grade
DESIGN FOR DESIGN FOR MMAX
f v < F v ; Fv α
V MAX
f b< F b ; F b =S DEFLECTION: Δactual = CONST.x (W or P) (Lx12"/ft.)3 of steel depends on the material itself and is tabulated
SHEAR: A MIN BENDING: MIN Δactual < Δallow EI in Manuals and Building Codes
 The Actual Stress ( f ) is an outcome of the application of
w P w w w
W = wL a load ( W , P ) on a member
W = wL
 When a Load is applied perpendicular to the axis of a
L W/2 L/2 L/2 W/2 W/2
P/2 W/2 W/2 member ( Normal Loading), Shear and Bending
W/2
W/2 stresses develop
P/2  The Strain associated with Bending is called Deflection
VMAX = W/2 VMAX = P/2 VMAX = W/2 and the deflected shape of a Beam is the inverse
(upside/down) of the Moment Diagram
 When a load is applied along the axis of a member,
General Beam Design

WL/8
PL/4 WL/8 Axial Compression and Tension Stresses develop
MMAX = WL / 8  The strain associated with Tension is Elongation and the
MMAX = PL/4 MMAX = WL/8
= wL2/ 8 strain associated with Compression is Shortening
3
ΔMAX = 5 WL = 5 wL4 ΔMAX = 1 PL3 = wL2/8  For the same Magnitude and span, a Uniform Load will
384 EI 384 EI 48 EI cause less Deflection than a Concentrated Load
P P P P P w for the same material and geometry
W=wL  The the same Load and Span, a Cantilever will deflect
P P L L L
L/3 L/3 L/3 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 more than a simply supported beam
0.4W 1.1W 1.1W 0.4W
 For the same Load, Material and Geometry a slight

3P/2 0.4W 0.5W 0.6W increase in Span will create a huge increase in Deflection
P
 For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
VMAX = P VMAX = 3P/2 VMAX = 0.6 W Modulus of Elasticity, E, ( a stronger material), will result
in less Deflection
0.4W  For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
PL/3 PL/2 0.6W 0.5W
Moment of Inertia, I , (a deeper member) will result in

.- . . - .
0.08WL 0.08WL
MMAX = PL/3 MMAX = PL/2 MMAX (+) = 0.08 W L less deflection
0.025WL
 The Points of Inflection on the Moment Diagram of the
+ + +
ΔMAX =
23 PL3
ΔMAX =
19 PL3 MMAX (-) = - 0.1 W L Continuous beam (Left) indicate the locations of curve
648 EI 348 EI P.O.I. reversal, and are the locations where reinforcing steel
- 0.1WL - 0.1WL would be flipped from bottom to top of the beam.

WOOD BEAMS: STEEL BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS:

 For all beams; Δactual = CONST.(W or P)(Lx12"/ft.)3
Shear: FV = 3 VMAX b Shear: F V = VMAX bf Shear: Concrete: f 'c b EI
2 A MIN b, d, f 'c  Allowable Deflecion is specified by model codes as
AWEB AV
Stirrups: f y AS a fraction of the span Δallow = L / 240, L / 360,...
Beams

h
d
AW f y, φ, A v, spacing
d

Bending: Fb = MMAX Bending : F b = MMAX Bending Concrete: f'c

SMIN b, d, f 'c
SMIN
Fb= 24 KSI Fb< 24 KSI Rebars: f y
A=bxd
(partial lateral support) f y, (φ, # rebars), A s
(full lateral support)
Sxx tables LUNB , M-Charts

WOOD COLUMNS: STEEL COLUMNS:  FC = P/A

Slenderness: slenderness Slenderness:  Long and thin ( slender ) columns tend to be
ratio kLUNB. governed by buckling
Columns

LUNB./ dLeast  Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be

r
k=0.5 k=1 k=2 governed by crushing
kwood= 0.671 E
wood 11 k 50 L/d
Fc steel 200 KL/r

September 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4